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Rigante D, Leoni C, Onesimo R, Giorgio V, Trevisan V, Zampino G. Aberrant N-myristoylation as a prelude to autoimmune manifestations in patients with SHOC2 mutations. Autoimmun Rev 2023; 22:103462. [PMID: 37793491 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2023.103462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Donato Rigante
- Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Università Cattolica Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.
| | - Chiara Leoni
- Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Onesimo
- Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Giorgio
- Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Università Cattolica Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Trevisan
- Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Zampino
- Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Università Cattolica Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
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Alhalak R, Al-Haideri MH, Khan A. An Unusual Presentation of Cardiofaciocutaneous Syndrome Diagnosed Through Whole Genome Sequencing: A Case Report. Cureus 2023; 15:e35021. [PMID: 36938251 PMCID: PMC10022705 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.35021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome is a rare, sporadic disease caused by germline mutations in the Ras/MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) pathway. Patients usually present with craniofacial anomalies, cardiac defects, and neurocutaneous abnormalities. The features of cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome overlap with two other syndromes known as Noonan's syndrome and Costello's syndrome. Similarly, those two syndromes are caused by mutations in the Ras/MAPK pathway. The diagnosis of cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome is suspected based on the clinical presentation and confirmed by genetic analysis. We report a case of a seven-month-old boy who presented with complaints of developmental delay, poor weight gain, and seizures. Physical examination revealed several dysmorphic features, including coarse facies, long philtrum, thin upper lip, a broad forehead, and long toes. Neurological examination showed hypotonia in all four limbs, with normal power and reflexes. However, the infant did not have any remarkable cutaneous abnormalities. Whole-exome sequencing picked up a BRAF gene mutation, and the patient was diagnosed with cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome. On follow-up, the patient developed findings suggestive of autoimmune hepatitis. Cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome remains a challenging diagnosis that requires a detailed assessment of the patient, as well as qualified centers with genetic analysis for diagnosis confirmation. Management of cardiofaciocutaneous patients requires a multidisciplinary team approach in order to improve the outcomes. Further exploration is required into atypical presentations of the disease as well as autoimmune disease associated with RASopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rouzy Alhalak
- Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, ARE
| | - Mohammed H Al-Haideri
- Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, ARE
| | - Arif Khan
- Pediatric Neurology, Neuropedia Hospital, Dubai, ARE
- Pediatric Neurology, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, ARE
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Muñoz Navarro C, Del Carmen Sánchez Beltrán M, Arriagada Vargas C, Batalla Vázquez P, Diniz Freitas M, Limeres Posse J, Diz Dios P, García Mato E. Analysis of the Oral Microbiome in a Patient with Cardiofaciocutaneous Syndrome and Severe Periodontal Disease: Impact of Systemic Antibiotic Therapy. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11. [PMID: 36551411 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11121754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
An 8-year-old girl diagnosed with cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome presented to our department with gingival pain, inflammation, and bleeding. Her medical history included hypoplasia of the corpus callosum, intellectual disability, trichothiodystrophy, global developmental delay, myopia, laryngomalacia, hypothyroidism, and osteoporosis. A diagnosis was reached of "periodontitis as a direct manifestation of systemic diseases". During 9 years of follow-up, there were exacerbation episodes with spontaneous gum bleeding, ulcers in the interdental papilla, tooth mobility, and progressive tooth loss. Some of these exacerbation episodes resolved clinically with the administration of amoxicillin and metronidazole. We therefore proposed an oral microbiome study (subgingival and saliva samples) before and after antibiotic therapy. The most abundant genera at the subgingival level before administering antibiotics were Prevotella, Streptococcus, Fusobacterium, Leptotrichia, and Aggregatibacter. Of the 94 genera sequenced, 57 were less abundant in the post-treatment state than at baseline, particularly certain Gram-negative periodontal pathogens such as Porphyromonas, Treponema, Aggregatibacter, Fusobacterium, and Campylobacter. In contrast, other genera related to oral health, such as Haemophilus, Granulicatella, and Abiotrophia, showed an increase after administering the antibiotic. In conclusion, periodontitis exacerbations as a direct manifestation of systemic disease can occasionally be controlled exclusively with systemic antibiotics, without the need for performing mechanical periodontal therapy. This clinical recovery is correlated to substantial changes in the oral microbiome, which lead to the recovery of eubiosis of the microbiota.
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Zenker M. Clinical overview on RASopathies. Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet 2022; 190:414-424. [PMID: 36428239 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.32015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
RASopathies comprise a group of clinically overlapping developmental disorders caused by genetic variations affecting components or modulators of the RAS-MAPK signaling cascade, which lead to dysregulation of signal flow through this pathway. Noonan syndrome and the less frequent, clinically related disorders, Costello syndrome, cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome, Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines, and Noonan syndrome-like disorder with loose anagen hair are part of the RASopathy spectrum and share a recognizable pattern of multisystem involvement. This review describes the "Noonan syndrome-like" phenotype as a common phenotypic signature of generalized developmental RAS pathway dysregulation. Distinctive features of the different entities are revisited against the background of the understanding of underlying genetic alterations and genotype correlations, which has evolved rapidly during the past 20 years, thereby leading to suggestions regarding the nosology of RASopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Zenker
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Magdeburg, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
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Tamburrino F, Scarano E, Schiavariello C, Perri A, Pession A, Mazzanti L. Endocrinological manifestations in RASopathies. Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet 2022; 190:471-477. [PMID: 36401574 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.32013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The evaluation of endocrine involvement in RASopathies is important for the care and follow-up of patients affected by these conditions. Short stature is a cardinal feature of RASopathies and correlates with multiple factors. Growth hormone treatment is a therapeutic possibility to improve height and quality of life. Assessment of growth rate and growth laboratory parameters is routine, but age at start of therapy, dose and effects of growth hormone on final height need to be clarified. Puberty disorders and gonadal dysfunction, in particular in males, are other endocrinological areas to evaluate for their effects on growth and development. Thyroid dysfunction, autoimmune disease and bone involvement have also been reported in RASopathies. In this brief review, we describe the current knowledge on growth, growth hormone therapy, endocrinological involvement in patients affected by RASopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Tamburrino
- Rare Diseases Unit, Department of Pediatrics, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Emanuela Scarano
- Rare Diseases Unit, Department of Pediatrics, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Concetta Schiavariello
- Rare Diseases Unit, Department of Pediatrics, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Annamaria Perri
- Rare Diseases Unit, Department of Pediatrics, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Pession
- Pediatric Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Laura Mazzanti
- Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Leguit RJ, Orazi A, Kucine N, Kvasnicka HM, Gianelli U, Arber DA, Porwit A, Ponzoni M. EAHP 2020 workshop proceedings, pediatric myeloid neoplasms. Virchows Arch 2022. [PMID: 35819517 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-022-03375-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The first section of the bone marrow workshop of the European Association of Haematopathology (EAHP) 2020 Virtual Meeting was dedicated to pediatric myeloid neoplasms. The section covered the whole spectrum of myeloid neoplasms, including myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN), myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasms (MDS/MPN), and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The workshop cases are hereby presented, preceded by an introduction on these overall rare diseases in this age group. Very rare entities such as primary myelofibrosis, pediatric MDS with fibrosis, and MDS/MPN with JMML-like features and t(4;17)(q12;q21); FIP1L1::RARA fusion, are described in more detail.
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D'Esposito V, Di Tolla MF, Lecce M, Cavalli F, Libutti M, Misso S, Cabaro S, Ambrosio MR, Parascandolo A, Covelli B, Perruolo G, Sansone M, Formisano P. Lifestyle and Dietary Habits Affect Plasma Levels of Specific Cytokines in Healthy Subjects. Front Nutr 2022; 9:913176. [PMID: 35811952 PMCID: PMC9270017 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.913176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-grade chronic inflammation (LGCI) is a common feature of non-communicable diseases. Cytokines play a crucial role in LGCI. This study aimed to assess how LGCI risk factors [e.g., age, body mass index (BMI), smoke, physical activity, and diet] may impact on specific cytokine levels in a healthy population. In total, 150 healthy volunteers were recruited and subjected to questionnaires about the last 7-day lifestyle, including smoking habit, physical activity, and food frequency. A panel of circulating cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors was analyzed by multiplex ELISA. BMI showed the heaviest impact on the correlation between LGCI-related risk factors and cytokines and was significantly associated with CRP levels. Aging was characterized by an increase in IL-1b, eotaxin, MCP-1, and MIP-1α. Smoking was related to higher levels of IL-1b and CCL5/RANTES, while physical activity was related to MIP-1α. Within the different eating habits, CRP levels were modulated by eggs, red meat, shelled fruits, and greens consumption; however, these associations were not confirmed in a multivariate model after adjusting for BMI. Nevertheless, red meat consumption was associated with an inflammatory pattern, characterized by an increase in IL-6 and IL-8. IL-8 levels were also increased with the frequent intake of sweets, while a higher intake of shelled fruits correlated with lower levels of IL-6. Moreover, IL-6 and IL-8 formed a cluster that also included IL-1b and TNF-α. In conclusion, age, BMI, smoke, physical activity, and dietary habits are associated with specific cytokines that may represent potential markers for LGCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittoria D'Esposito
- URT “Genomic of Diabetes”, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology (IEOS), National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Manuela Lecce
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Michele Libutti
- Oncology Department, Azienda Sanitaria Locale Napoli 3 Sud, Naples, Italy
| | - Saverio Misso
- Unit of Transfusion Medicine, Azienda Sanitaria Locale Caserta, Caserta, Italy
| | - Serena Cabaro
- URT “Genomic of Diabetes”, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology (IEOS), National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Ambrosio
- URT “Genomic of Diabetes”, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology (IEOS), National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessia Parascandolo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
| | - Bianca Covelli
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Perruolo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
| | - Mario Sansone
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Polytechnic and Basic Sciences School, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Pietro Formisano
- URT “Genomic of Diabetes”, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology (IEOS), National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
- *Correspondence: Pietro Formisano
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Szczawińska-Popłonyk A, Popłonyk N, Niedziela M, Sowińska-Seidler A, Sztromwasser P, Jamsheer A, Obara-Moszyńska M. Case report: The cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome due to a novel germline mutation in MAP2K1: A multifaceted disease with immunodeficiency and short stature. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:990111. [PMID: 36313893 PMCID: PMC9614356 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.990111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome (CFCS) belongs to the group of RASopathies, clinical disorders defined by disruptions in the RAS/MAPK signaling pathway. It is caused by heterozygous gain-of-function germline mutations in genes encoding protein kinases: BRAF, MAP2K1 (MEK1), MAP2K2 (MEK2), and in the GTPase-encoding gene KRAS. CFCS is characterized by craniofacial dysmorphic features, congenital heart defects, severe malnutrition, proportionate short stature, anomalies within the structure of skin and hair, and psychomotor disability. The pathophysiology of growth impairment is multifactorial with feeding difficulties, growth hormone deficiency, and insensitivity. Immunodeficiency has not been hitherto reported as an integral part of CFCS yet an increased activation of the RAS/MAPK signaling pathway may contribute to explaining the causal relationship between RASopathy and the dysfunctions within the B and T lymph cell compartments resulting in a deficiency in T cell costimulation and B cell maturation with impaired class switch recombination, somatic hypermutation, and high-affinity antibody production. We report on a boy born prematurely at 32 WGA, with the perinatal period complicated by pneumonia, respiratory distress syndrome, and valvular pulmonary stenosis. The boy suffered from recurrent pneumonia, obstructive bronchitis, sepsis, urinary tract infection, and recurrent fevers. He presented with severe hypotrophy, psychomotor disability, short stature, craniofacial dysmorphism, dental hypoplasia, sparse hair, and cryptorchidism. Whole genome sequencing showed a novel heterozygous pathogenic germline missense variant: c.364A > G; p.Asn122Asp in the MAP2K1 gene, supporting the diagnosis of CFCS. The immunological workup revealed hypogammaglobulinemia, IgG subclass, and specific antibody deficiency accompanied by decreased numbers of T helper cells and naive and memory B cells. Replacement immunoglobulin therapy with timely antibiotic prophylaxis were instituted. At the age of six years, growth hormone deficiency was diagnosed and the rGH therapy was started. The ever-increasing progress in genetic studies contributes to establishing the definitive CFCS diagnosis and sheds the light on the interrelated genotype-phenotype heterogeneity of RASopathies. Herein, we add new phenotypic features of predominating humoral immunodeficiency to the symptomatology of CFCS with a novel mutation in MAP2K1. While CFCS is a multifaceted disease, increased pediatricians' awareness is needed to prevent the delay in diagnostics and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Szczawińska-Popłonyk
- Department of Pediatric Pneumonology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Institute of Pediatrics, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Natalia Popłonyk
- Student Scientific Society for Pediatric Endocrinology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Marek Niedziela
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Rheumatology, Institute of Pediatrics, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Anna Sowińska-Seidler
- Department of Medical Genetics, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Paweł Sztromwasser
- Department of Biostatistics and Translational Medicine, Medical University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland.,MNM Diagnostics, Poznań, Poland
| | - Aleksander Jamsheer
- Department of Medical Genetics, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Monika Obara-Moszyńska
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Rheumatology, Institute of Pediatrics, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
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Siano MA, Pivonello R, Salerno M, Falco M, Mauro C, De Brasi D, Klain A, Sestito S, De Luca A, Pinna V, Simeoli C, Concolino D, Mainolfi CG, Mannarino T, Strisciuglio P, Tartaglia M, Melis D. Endocrine system involvement in patients with RASopathies: A case series. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1030398. [PMID: 36483002 PMCID: PMC9724702 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1030398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Endocrine complications have been described in patients affected by RASopathies but no systematic assessment has been reported. In this study, we investigate the prevalence of endocrine disorders in a consecutive unselected cohort of patients with RASopathies. STUDY DESIGN 72 patients with a genetically confirmed RASopathy (Noonan syndrome [NS], N=53; 29 LEOPARD syndrome [LS], N=2; cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome [CFCS], N=14; subjects showing co-occurring pathogenic variants in PTPN11 and NF1, N=3) and an age- and sex-matched healthy controls were included in the study. Endocrine system involvement was investigated by assessing the thyroid function, pubertal development, auxological parameters, adrenal function and bone metabolism. RESULTS Short stature was detected in 40% and 64% of the NS and CFCS subcohorts, respectively. Patients showed lower Z-scores at DXA than controls (p<0.05) when considering the entire case load and both NS and CFCS groups. Vitamin D and Calcitonin levels were significantly lower (p< 0.01), Parathormone levels significantly higher (p<0.05) in patients compared to the control group (p<0.05). Patients with lower BMD showed reduced physical activity and joint pain. Finally, anti-TPO antibody levels were significantly higher in patients than in controls when considering the entire case load and both NS and CFCS groups. CONCLUSIONS The collected data demonstrate a high prevalence of thyroid autoimmunity, confirming an increased risk to develop autoimmune disorders both in NS and CFCS. Reduced BMD, probably associated to reduced physical activity and inflammatory cytokines, also occurs. These findings are expected to have implications for the follow-up and prevention of osteopenia/osteoporosis in both NS and CFCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. A. Siano
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, Università di Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - R. Pivonello
- Dipartmento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
| | - M. Salerno
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Traslazionali, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Napoli, Italy
| | - M. Falco
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, Università di Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - C. Mauro
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, Università di Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - D. De Brasi
- Dipartimento di Pediatria, Azienda Ospedaliera di rilievo Nazionale (A.O.R.N). “Santobono-Pausillipon”, Napoli, Italy
| | - A. Klain
- Dipartimento di Pediatria, Azienda Ospedaliera di rilievo Nazionale (A.O.R.N). “Santobono-Pausillipon”, Napoli, Italy
| | - S. Sestito
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università “Magna Graecia” di Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - A. De Luca
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Fondazione Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy
| | - V. Pinna
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Fondazione Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy
| | - C. Simeoli
- Dipartmento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
| | - D. Concolino
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università “Magna Graecia” di Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Ciro Gabriele Mainolfi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche Avanzate, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - T. Mannarino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche Avanzate, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - P. Strisciuglio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Traslazionali, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Napoli, Italy
| | - M. Tartaglia
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - D. Melis
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, Università di Salerno, Salerno, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Traslazionali, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Napoli, Italy
- *Correspondence: D. Melis,
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