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Tesi N, van der Lee S, Hulsman M, van Schoor NM, Huisman M, Pijnenburg Y, van der Flier WM, Reinders M, Holstege H. Cognitively healthy centenarians are genetically protected against Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2024. [PMID: 38634500 DOI: 10.1002/alz.13810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) prevalence increases with age, yet a small fraction of the population reaches ages > 100 years without cognitive decline. We studied the genetic factors associated with such resilience against AD. METHODS Genome-wide association studies identified 86 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with AD risk. We estimated SNP frequency in 2281 AD cases, 3165 age-matched controls, and 346 cognitively healthy centenarians. We calculated a polygenic risk score (PRS) for each individual and investigated the functional properties of SNPs enriched/depleted in centenarians. RESULTS Cognitively healthy centenarians were enriched with the protective alleles of the SNPs associated with AD risk. The protective effect concentrated on the alleles in/near ANKH, GRN, TMEM106B, SORT1, PLCG2, RIN3, and APOE genes. This translated to >5-fold lower PRS in centenarians compared to AD cases (P = 7.69 × 10-71), and 2-fold lower compared to age-matched controls (P = 5.83 × 10-17). DISCUSSION Maintaining cognitive health until extreme ages requires complex genetic protection against AD, which concentrates on the genes associated with the endolysosomal and immune systems. HIGHLIGHTS Cognitively healthy cent enarians are enriched with the protective alleles of genetic variants associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). The protective effect is concentrated on variants involved in the immune and endolysosomal systems. Combining variants into a polygenic risk score (PRS) translated to > 5-fold lower PRS in centenarians compared to AD cases, and ≈ 2-fold lower compared to middle-aged healthy controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niccolo' Tesi
- Delft Bioinformatics Lab, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Section Genomics of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Aging, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sven van der Lee
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Section Genomics of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Aging, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marc Hulsman
- Delft Bioinformatics Lab, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Section Genomics of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Aging, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Natasja M van Schoor
- Department of Epidemiology and Data Sciences, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Mental Health Program, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn Huisman
- Department of Epidemiology and Data Sciences, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Mental Health Program, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yolande Pijnenburg
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wiesje M van der Flier
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology and Data Sciences, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Reinders
- Delft Bioinformatics Lab, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Henne Holstege
- Delft Bioinformatics Lab, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Section Genomics of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Aging, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Bull D, Matte JC, Navarron CM, McIntyre R, Whiting P, Katan M, Ducotterd F, Magno L. The hypermorphic PLCγ2 S707Y variant dysregulates microglial cell function - Insight into PLCγ2 activation in brain health and disease, and opportunities for therapeutic modulation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:166978. [PMID: 38061598 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipase C-gamma 2 (PLCγ2) is highly expressed in hematopoietic and immune cells, where it is a key signalling node enabling diverse cellular functions. Within the periphery, gain-of-function (GOF) PLCγ2 variants, such as the strongly hypermorphic S707Y, cause severe immune dysregulation. The milder hypermorphic mutation PLCγ2 P522R increases longevity and confers protection in central nervous system (CNS) neurodegenerative disorders, implicating PLCγ2 as a novel therapeutic target for treating these CNS indications. Currently, nothing is known about what consequences strong PLCγ2 GOF has on CNS functionality, and more precisely on the specific biological functions of microglia. Using the PLCγ2 S707Y variant as a model of chronic activation we investigated the functional consequences of strong PLCγ2 GOF on human microglia. PLCγ2 S707Y expressing human inducible pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC)-derived microglia exhibited hypermorphic enzymatic activity under both basal and stimulated conditions, compared to PLCγ2 wild type. Despite the increase in PLCγ2 enzymatic activity, the PLCγ2 S707Y hiPSC-derived microglia display diminished functionality for key microglial processes including phagocytosis and cytokine secretion upon inflammatory challenge. RNA sequencing revealed a downregulation of genes related to innate immunity and response, providing molecular support for the phenotype observed. Our data suggests that chronic activation of PLCγ2 elicits a detrimental phenotype that is contributing to unfavourable CNS functions, and informs on the therapeutic window for targeting PLCγ2 in the CNS. Drug candidates targeting PLCγ2 will need to precisely mimic the effects of the PLCγ2 P522R variant on microglial function, but not those of the PLCγ2 S707Y variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Bull
- Alzheimer's Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, University College London, The Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Julie C Matte
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Carmen M Navarron
- Alzheimer's Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, University College London, The Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca McIntyre
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Whiting
- Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
| | - Matilda Katan
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona Ducotterd
- Alzheimer's Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, University College London, The Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Lorenza Magno
- Alzheimer's Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, University College London, The Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom.
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van der Pan K, Khatri I, de Jager AL, Louis A, Kassem S, Naber BA, de Laat IF, Hameetman M, Comans SE, Orfao A, van Dongen JJ, Díez P, Teodosio C. Performance of spectral flow cytometry and mass cytometry for the study of innate myeloid cell populations. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1191992. [PMID: 37275858 PMCID: PMC10235610 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1191992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Monitoring of innate myeloid cells (IMC) is broadly applied in basic and translational research, as well as in diagnostic patient care. Due to their immunophenotypic heterogeneity and biological plasticity, analysis of IMC populations typically requires large panels of markers. Currently, two cytometry-based techniques allow for the simultaneous detection of ≥40 markers: spectral flow cytometry (SFC) and mass cytometry (MC). However, little is known about the comparability of SFC and MC in studying IMC populations. Methods We evaluated the performance of two SFC and MC panels, which contained 21 common markers, for the identification and subsetting of blood IMC populations. Based on unsupervised clustering analysis, we systematically identified 24 leukocyte populations, including 21 IMC subsets, regardless of the cytometry technique. Results Overall, comparable results were observed between the two technologies regarding the relative distribution of these cell populations and the staining resolution of individual markers (Pearson's ρ=0.99 and 0.55, respectively). However, minor differences were observed between the two techniques regarding intra-measurement variability (median coefficient of variation of 42.5% vs. 68.0% in SFC and MC, respectively; p<0.0001) and reproducibility, which were most likely due to the significantly longer acquisition times (median 16 min vs. 159 min) and lower recovery rates (median 53.1% vs. 26.8%) associated with SFC vs. MC. Discussion Altogether, our results show a good correlation between SFC and MC for the identification, enumeration and characterization of IMC in blood, based on large panels (>20) of antibody reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyra van der Pan
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Indu Khatri
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Anniek L. de Jager
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Alesha Louis
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Sara Kassem
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Brigitta A.E. Naber
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Inge F. de Laat
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Marjolijn Hameetman
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Suzanne E.T. Comans
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Alberto Orfao
- Translational and Clinical Research Program, Cancer Research Center (IBMCC; University of Salamanca - CSIC), Cytometry Service, NUCLEUS, Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca and Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Jacques J.M. van Dongen
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, Netherlands
- Translational and Clinical Research Program, Cancer Research Center (IBMCC; University of Salamanca - CSIC), Cytometry Service, NUCLEUS, Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca and Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Paula Díez
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, Netherlands
- Sarcomas and Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, Health Research Institute of Asturias (ISPA) and Asturias Central University Hospital (HUCA), Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Cristina Teodosio
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, Netherlands
- Translational and Clinical Research Program, Cancer Research Center (IBMCC; University of Salamanca - CSIC), Cytometry Service, NUCLEUS, Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca and Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
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