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Dahri M, Beheshtizadeh N, Seyedpour N, Nakhostin-Ansari A, Aghajani F, Seyedpour S, Masjedi M, Farjadian F, Maleki R, Adibkia K. Biomaterial-based delivery platforms for transdermal immunotherapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 165:115048. [PMID: 37385212 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, immunotherapy is one of the most essential treatments for various diseases and a broad spectrum of disorders are assumed to be treated by altering the function of the immune system. For this reason, immunotherapy has attracted a great deal of attention and numerous studies on different approaches for immunotherapies have been investigated, using multiple biomaterials and carriers, from nanoparticles (NPs) to microneedles (MNs). In this review, the immunotherapy strategies, biomaterials, devices, and diseases supposed to be treated by immunotherapeutic strategies are reviewed. Several transdermal therapeutic methods, including semisolids, skin patches, chemical, and physical skin penetration enhancers, are discussed. MNs are the most frequent devices implemented in transdermal immunotherapy of cancers (e.g., melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma, cervical, and breast cancer), infectious (e.g., COVID-19), allergic and autoimmune disorders (e.g., Duchenne's muscular dystrophy and Pollinosis). The biomaterials used in transdermal immunotherapy vary in shape, size, and sensitivity to external stimuli (e.g., magnetic field, photo, redox, pH, thermal, and even multi-stimuli-responsive) were reported. Correspondingly, vesicle-based NPs, including niosomes, transferosomes, ethosomes, microemulsions, transfersomes, and exosomes, are also discussed. In addition, transdermal immunotherapy using vaccines has been reviewed for Ebola, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Hepatitis B virus, Influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, Hand-foot-and-mouth disease, and Tetanus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Dahri
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Computational Biology and Chemistry Group (CBCG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Nima Beheshtizadeh
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Regenerative Medicine group (REMED), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasrin Seyedpour
- Nanomedicine Research Association (NRA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran; Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amin Nakhostin-Ansari
- Sports Medicine Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Faezeh Aghajani
- Research Development Center, Arash Women's Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Simin Seyedpour
- Nanomedicine Research Association (NRA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran; Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Moein Masjedi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Farjadian
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Reza Maleki
- Department of Chemical Technologies, Iranian Research Organization for Sciences and Technology (IROST), P.O. Box 33535111 Tehran, Iran.
| | - Khosro Adibkia
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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2
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Verkhovskii RA, Ivanov AN, Lengert EV, Tulyakova KA, Shilyagina NY, Ermakov AV. Current Principles, Challenges, and New Metrics in pH-Responsive Drug Delivery Systems for Systemic Cancer Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15051566. [PMID: 37242807 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The paradigm of drug delivery via particulate formulations is one of the leading ideas that enable overcoming limitations of traditional chemotherapeutic agents. The trend toward more complex multifunctional drug carriers is well-traced in the literature. Nowadays, the prospectiveness of stimuli-responsive systems capable of controlled cargo release in the lesion nidus is widely accepted. Both endogenous and exogenous stimuli are employed for this purpose; however, endogenous pH is the most common trigger. Unfortunately, scientists encounter multiple challenges on the way to the implementation of this idea related to the vehicles' accumulation in off-target tissues, their immunogenicity, the complexity of drug delivery to intracellular targets, and finally, the difficulties in the fabrication of carriers matching all imposed requirements. Here, we discuss fundamental strategies for pH-responsive drug delivery, as well as limitations related to such carriers' application, and reveal the main problems, weaknesses, and reasons for poor clinical results. Moreover, we attempted to formulate the profiles of an "ideal" drug carrier in the frame of different strategies drawing on the example of metal-comprising materials and considered recently published studies through the lens of these profiles. We believe that this approach will facilitate the formulation of the main challenges facing researchers and the identification of the most promising trends in technology development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman A Verkhovskii
- Science Medical Center, Saratov State University, 83 Astrakhanskaya Str., 410012 Saratov, Russia
| | - Alexey N Ivanov
- Central Research Laboratory, Saratov State Medical University of V. I. Razumovsky, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 410012 Saratov, Russia
| | - Ekaterina V Lengert
- Central Research Laboratory, Saratov State Medical University of V. I. Razumovsky, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 410012 Saratov, Russia
- Institute of Molecular Theranostics, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 8 Trubetskaya Str., 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ksenia A Tulyakova
- Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin Ave., 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Natalia Yu Shilyagina
- Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin Ave., 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Alexey V Ermakov
- Central Research Laboratory, Saratov State Medical University of V. I. Razumovsky, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 410012 Saratov, Russia
- Institute of Molecular Theranostics, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 8 Trubetskaya Str., 119991 Moscow, Russia
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Hosseini F, Chegeni MM, Bidaki A, Zaer M, Abolhassani H, Seyedi SA, Nabipoorashrafi SA, Menarbazari AA, Moeinzadeh A, Farmani AR, Yaraki MT. 3D-printing-assisted synthesis of paclitaxel-loaded niosomes functionalized by cross-linked gelatin/alginate composite: Large-scale synthesis and in-vitro anti-cancer evaluation. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 242:124697. [PMID: 37156313 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the most lethal cancers, especially in women. Despite many efforts, side effects of anti-cancer drugs and metastasis are still the main challenges in breast cancer treatment. Recently, advanced technologies such as 3D-printing and nanotechnology have created new horizons in cancer treatment. In this work, we report an advanced drug delivery system based on 3D-printed gelatin-alginate scaffolds containing paclitaxel-loaded niosomes (Nio-PTX@GT-AL). The morphology, drug release, degradation, cellular uptake, flow cytometry, cell cytotoxicity, migration, gene expression, and caspase activity of scaffolds, and control samples (Nio-PTX, and Free-PTX) were investigated. Results demonstrated that synthesized niosomes had spherical-like, in the range of 60-80 nm with desirable cellular uptake. Nio-PTX@GT-AL and Nio-PTX had a sustained drug release and were biodegradable. Cytotoxicity studies revealed that the designed Nio-PTX@GT-AL scaffold had <5 % cytotoxicity against non-tumorigenic breast cell line (MCF-10A) but showed 80 % cytotoxicity against breast cancer cells (MCF-7), which was considerably more than the anti-cancer effects of control samples. In migration evaluation (scratch-assay), approximately 70 % reduction of covered surface area was observed. The anticancer effect of the designed nanocarrier could be attributed to gene expression regulation, where a significant increase in the expression and activity of genes promoting apoptosis (CASP-3, CASP-8, and CASP-9) and inhibiting metastasis (Bax, and p53) and a remarkable decrease in metastasis-enhancing genes (Bcl2, MMP-2, and MMP-9) were observed. Also, flow cytometry results declared that Nio-PTX@GT-AL reduced necrosis and increased apoptosis considerably. The results of this study prove that employing 3D-printing and niosomal formulation is an effective approach in designing nanocarriers for efficient drug delivery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Hosseini
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Ali Bidaki
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Zaer
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Abolhassani
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
| | - Seyed Arsalan Seyedi
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Vali-Asr Hospital, School of Medicine, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Ali Nabipoorashrafi
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Vali-Asr Hospital, School of Medicine, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Alaa Moeinzadeh
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Reza Farmani
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Tavakkoli Yaraki
- School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia.
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Liu J, Lin S, Dang J, Wang S, Cheng W, Ran Z, Zhu H, Deng H, Xiong C, Xu W, Huang Z, Xu P, Xu H. Anticancer and bone-enhanced nano-hydroxyapatite/gelatin/polylactic acid fibrous membrane with dual drug delivery and sequential release for osteosarcoma. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 240:124406. [PMID: 37060976 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
Surgical resection of osteosarcoma is always accompanied by residual metastasis of tumor cells and bone tissue defects. In this work, a novel kind of gelatin/polylactic acid (PLA) coaxial fiber membrane with a shell layer containing doxorubicin-loaded hydroxyapatite (DOX@nHAp) nanoparticles and a core layer containing Icariin (ICA) was developed for antitumor and bone enhancement at the defect site. Physical evaluation displayed that the composite membrane provided moderate hydrophilicity, enhanced tensile strength (Dry: 2-3 MPa, wet: 1-2 MPa) and elasticity (70-100 %), as well as increased specific surface area and pore volume (19.39 m2/g and 0.16 cm3/g). In SBF, DOX@nHAp in the fibers promoted biomineralization on the fiber surface. In in vitro evaluation, approximately 80 % of DOX had a short-term release during the first 8 days, followed by long-term release behavior of ICA for up to 40 days. CCK-8 results confirmed that the membrane could actively support MC3T3-E1 cells proliferation and was conductive to high alkaline phosphatase expression, while the viability of MG-63 cells was effectively inhibited to 50 %. Thus, the dual-loaded fibrous membrane with a coaxial structure and nHAp is a promising system for anticancer and defects reconstruction after osteosarcoma surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaming Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Sihui Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jiarui Dang
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Sining Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Wanting Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhihui Ran
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hong Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Huan Deng
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chengjie Xiong
- Orthopedic Department, General Hospital of Central Theater Command of PLA, #627 Wuluo Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Wenjin Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhijun Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Peihu Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Haixing Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China.
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Dahri M, Miri Jahromi A, Nikzad A, Mohammadgholian M, Rahmanian M, Abolmaali SS, Maleki R. Novel bioengineered MBenes for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease: An in-Sillico study. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022; 40:12268-12276. [PMID: 34427178 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1969288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disease caused by the deposition and accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides in the brain neurons. Current medications are not a definitive cure for this disease, but they can hamper the signs and symptoms of Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, prevention is the best way to deal with this disease. In this study, the novel structures based on MBenes (such as Cd2B, Mo2B, Cu2B, and Ta2B) are proposed to prevent amyloid-β accumulation in Alzheimer's disease. Regarding the remarkable MBene properties such as tunability, biocompatibility, and low manufacturing cost, the effect of these structures on amyloid-β deformation was explored using molecular dynamics simulation. To provide an atomic analysis of Beta-amyloid behavior in the presence of these structures, the compaction, contact area, and stability of Beta-amyloid were investigated. The results indicated the satisfactory performance of MBenes on the destabilization of amyloid-β structures. Moreover, given the higher interactions between Cd2B and amyloid-β, the instability, compaction, and the contact area of amyloid-β particles were investigated in this complex. The findings confirmed Cd2B as the best structure to prevent amyloid-β accumulation. The results of this investigation paved the way for the development of these structures as a medicinal agent to prevent Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Dahri
- Computational Biology and Chemistry Group (CBCG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Department of Physics, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran.,Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ahmad Miri Jahromi
- Computational Biology and Chemistry Group (CBCG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Department of Physics, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arash Nikzad
- The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Maryam Mohammadgholian
- Computational Biology and Chemistry Group (CBCG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Department of Physics, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rahmanian
- School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samira Sadat Abolmaali
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Reza Maleki
- Computational Biology and Chemistry Group (CBCG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Department of Physics, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran
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Dahri M, Sadeghi MM, Abolmaali SS. A computational study of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) as potential nanostructures to combat SARS-CoV-2. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15678. [PMID: 36127369 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19845-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 causative agent, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has a critical surface protein called spike protein (S protein), which is the target of many vaccines and drugs developments. Among non-structural proteins of SARS-CoV-2, main protease (Mpro) has drawn much attention to itself for designing antiviral drugs since it is very crucial for the virus replication in host cells. In the first part of the present study, the application of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), one of the developing nanomaterials in the deformation and consequently inhibition of S protein binding to the receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE 2), is investigated. In this line, various S protein inhibitors were designed virtually, including ZIF, UIO, and IRMOF that their interactions with S protein and were investigated using molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. The results revealed that ZIF is the best candidate among the investigated MOFs with the least amount of energy interference with S protein. In the second part, the interaction of three-dimensional (3D) MOFs (such as ZIF, IRMOF, and HKUST) with SARS-CoV-2 Mpro was investigated. HKUST had the most potent interaction with Mpro and showed more promise in deforming this protein's secondary structure among all materials tested. Furthermore, we investigated the interaction of HKUST-OH with Mpro to determine the effect of functionalization. The findings of this study could be used in future studies to introduce bioconjugates of MOFs and biological molecules (e.g., antibody or nanobody) or to use MOFs as carriers for antiviral drug delivery.
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Kalika EB, Katin KP, Kochaev AI, Kaya S, Elik M, Maslov MM. Fluorinated carbon and boron nitride fullerenes for drug Delivery: Computational study of structure and adsorption. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.118773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Dahri M, Abolmaali SS, Maleki R, Najafi H, Abedanzadeh M, Tamaddon AM. Nanoscale aggregation of doxorubicin-short peptide conjugates for enzyme-responsive delivery with various MOF carriers: In-silico steps towards smart cancer chemotherapy. Comput Biol Med 2022; 144:105386. [PMID: 35272116 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2022.105386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Drug conjugation with enzyme-sensitive peptides is one of the innovative smart delivery systems for cancer therapy. This delivery method has some advantages, such as lowering side effects and increasing treatment selectivity. Herein, two conjugates of doxorubicin and small peptide are designed that are sensitive to Cathepsin B, a tumor homing enzyme. The formation of nanoparticles at three different numbers of drug peptide prodrugs (including 30, 50, and 70 prodrugs) was studied. In addition, three metal-organic frameworks (MOF) nanocarriers, including Zeolitic Imidazolate Frameworks (ZIF), Universitetet I Oslo MOF (UIO-66), and MOF of Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST-1), were used to increase the resistance of the prodrugs to decomposition during blood flow circulation. Then, the interactions between doxorubicin's prodrug and different MOFs were investigated. Furthermore, the impact of microfluidics on nanoparticle interactions was studied. Molecular dynamic simulation was used to investigate thermodynamic and conformational parameters. The results showed that the concentration of doxorubicin prodrugs affected cluster formation. Moreover, based on Gibb's free energy analysis, the interaction of these prodrugs with various types of MOFs revealed more spontaneous interactions in microfluidic modeling conditions. ZIF had the best and most stable interactions with the prodrugs in bulk and microfluidic modeling. As a result, the best and most stable state was associated with a lower concentration of these prodrugs with ZIF in the microfluidic condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Dahri
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Samira Sadat Abolmaali
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Reza Maleki
- Computational Biology and Chemistry Group (CBCG) Universal Scientific and Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.
| | - Haniyeh Najafi
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mozhgan Abedanzadeh
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ali Mohammad Tamaddon
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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