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Kejamurthy P, Devi KTR. Immune checkpoint inhibitors and cancer immunotherapy by aptamers: an overview. Med Oncol 2023; 41:40. [PMID: 38158454 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-023-02267-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Efforts in cancer immunotherapy aim to counteract evasion mechanisms and stimulate the immune system to recognise and attack cancer cells effectively. Combination therapies that target multiple aspects of immune evasion are being investigated to enhance the overall efficacy of cancer immunotherapy. PD-1 (Programmed Cell Death Protein 1), CTLA-4 (Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Antigen 4), LAG-3 (Lymphocyte-Activation Gene 3), and TIM-3 (T Cell Immunoglobulin and Mucin Domain-Containing Protein3) are all immune checkpoint receptors that play crucial roles in regulating the immune response and maintaining self-tolerance often exploited by cancer cells to evade immune surveillance. Antibodies targeted against immune checkpoint inhibitors such as anti-PD-1 antibodies (e.g., pembrolizumab, nivolumab), anti-CTLA-4 antibodies (e.g., Ipilimumab), and experimental drugs targeting LAG-3 and TIM-3, aim to block these interactions and unleash the immune system's ability to recognise and destroy cancer cells. The US FDA has approved different categories of immune checkpoint inhibitors that have been utilised successfully in some patients with metastatic melanoma, renal cell carcinoma, head and neck cancers, and non-small lung cancer. Although several immune checkpoint inhibitor antibodies have been developed, they exhibited immune-related adverse effects, resulting in hypophysitis, diabetes, and neurological issues. These adverse effects of antibodies can be reduced by developing aptamer against the target. Aptamers offer several advantages over traditional antibodies, such as improved specificity, reduced immunogenicity, and flexible design for reduced adverse effects that specifically target and block protein-protein or receptor-ligand interactions involved in immune checkpoint pathways. The current study aims to review the function of particular immune checkpoint inhibitors along with developed aptamer-mediated antitumor cytotoxicity in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyatharcini Kejamurthy
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, College of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - K T Ramya Devi
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, College of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India.
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Comito F, Pagani R, Grilli G, Sperandi F, Ardizzoni A, Melotti B. Emerging Novel Therapeutic Approaches for Treatment of Advanced Cutaneous Melanoma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:271. [PMID: 35053435 PMCID: PMC8773625 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14020271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The prognosis of patients with advanced cutaneous melanoma has radically changed in the past decade. Nevertheless, primary or acquired resistance to systemic treatment occurs in many cases, highlighting the need for novel treatment strategies. This review has the purpose of summarizing the current area of interest for the treatment of metastatic or unresectable advanced cutaneous melanoma, including data from recently completed or ongoing clinical trials. The main fields of investigation include the identification of new immune checkpoint inhibitors (anti-LAG3, GITR agonist and anti-TIGIT), adoptive cell therapy, vaccines, engineered TCR therapy, IL-2 agonists, novel targets for targeted therapy (new MEK or RAF inhibitors, HDAC, IDO, ERK, Axl, ATR and PARP inhibitors), or combination strategies (antiangiogenetic agents plus immune checkpoint inhibitors, intra-tumoral immunotherapy in combination with systemic therapy). In many cases, only preliminary efficacy data from early phase trials are available, which require confirmation in larger patient cohorts. A more in-depth knowledge of the biological effects of the molecules and identifying predictive biomarkers remain crucial for selecting patient populations most likely to benefit from novel emerging treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Comito
- Medical Oncology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Via Albertoni, 15-40138 Bologna, Italy; (G.G.); (F.S.); (A.A.); (B.M.)
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Via Massarenti, 9-40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Rachele Pagani
- Medical Oncology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Via Albertoni, 15-40138 Bologna, Italy; (G.G.); (F.S.); (A.A.); (B.M.)
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Via Massarenti, 9-40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giada Grilli
- Medical Oncology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Via Albertoni, 15-40138 Bologna, Italy; (G.G.); (F.S.); (A.A.); (B.M.)
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Via Massarenti, 9-40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Sperandi
- Medical Oncology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Via Albertoni, 15-40138 Bologna, Italy; (G.G.); (F.S.); (A.A.); (B.M.)
| | - Andrea Ardizzoni
- Medical Oncology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Via Albertoni, 15-40138 Bologna, Italy; (G.G.); (F.S.); (A.A.); (B.M.)
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Via Massarenti, 9-40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Barbara Melotti
- Medical Oncology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Via Albertoni, 15-40138 Bologna, Italy; (G.G.); (F.S.); (A.A.); (B.M.)
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Emmenegger M, De Cecco E, Hruska‐Plochan M, Eninger T, Schneider MM, Barth M, Tantardini E, de Rossi P, Bacioglu M, Langston RG, Kaganovich A, Bengoa‐Vergniory N, Gonzalez‐Guerra A, Avar M, Heinzer D, Reimann R, Häsler LM, Herling TW, Matharu NS, Landeck N, Luk K, Melki R, Kahle PJ, Hornemann S, Knowles TPJ, Cookson MR, Polymenidou M, Jucker M, Aguzzi A. LAG3 is not expressed in human and murine neurons and does not modulate α-synucleinopathies. EMBO Mol Med 2021; 13:e14745. [PMID: 34309222 PMCID: PMC8422075 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202114745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
While the initial pathology of Parkinson's disease and other α-synucleinopathies is often confined to circumscribed brain regions, it can spread and progressively affect adjacent and distant brain locales. This process may be controlled by cellular receptors of α-synuclein fibrils, one of which was proposed to be the LAG3 immune checkpoint molecule. Here, we analysed the expression pattern of LAG3 in human and mouse brains. Using a variety of methods and model systems, we found no evidence for LAG3 expression by neurons. While we confirmed that LAG3 interacts with α-synuclein fibrils, the specificity of this interaction appears limited. Moreover, overexpression of LAG3 in cultured human neural cells did not cause any worsening of α-synuclein pathology ex vivo. The overall survival of A53T α-synuclein transgenic mice was unaffected by LAG3 depletion, and the seeded induction of α-synuclein lesions in hippocampal slice cultures was unaffected by LAG3 knockout. These data suggest that the proposed role of LAG3 in the spreading of α-synucleinopathies is not universally valid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Emmenegger
- Institute of NeuropathologyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Elena De Cecco
- Institute of NeuropathologyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | | | - Timo Eninger
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)TübingenGermany
- Department of Cellular NeurologyHertie Institute for Clinical Brain ResearchUniversity of TübingenTübingenGermany
| | - Matthias M Schneider
- Yusuf Hamied Department of ChemistryCentre for Misfolding DiseasesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Melanie Barth
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)TübingenGermany
- Department of Cellular NeurologyHertie Institute for Clinical Brain ResearchUniversity of TübingenTübingenGermany
| | - Elena Tantardini
- Department of Quantitative BiomedicineUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Pierre de Rossi
- Department of Quantitative BiomedicineUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Mehtap Bacioglu
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)TübingenGermany
- Department of Cellular NeurologyHertie Institute for Clinical Brain ResearchUniversity of TübingenTübingenGermany
| | - Rebekah G Langston
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression SectionLaboratory of NeurogeneticsNational Institute on AgingNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Alice Kaganovich
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression SectionLaboratory of NeurogeneticsNational Institute on AgingNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Nora Bengoa‐Vergniory
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and GeneticsOxford Parkinson’s Disease Center (OPDC)Oxford UniversityOxfordUK
| | | | - Merve Avar
- Institute of NeuropathologyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Daniel Heinzer
- Institute of NeuropathologyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Regina Reimann
- Institute of NeuropathologyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Lisa M Häsler
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)TübingenGermany
- Department of Cellular NeurologyHertie Institute for Clinical Brain ResearchUniversity of TübingenTübingenGermany
| | - Therese W Herling
- Yusuf Hamied Department of ChemistryCentre for Misfolding DiseasesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Naunehal S Matharu
- Yusuf Hamied Department of ChemistryCentre for Misfolding DiseasesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Natalie Landeck
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression SectionLaboratory of NeurogeneticsNational Institute on AgingNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Kelvin Luk
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease ResearchUniversity of Pennsylvania Perelman School of MedicinePhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Ronald Melki
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative DiseasesCNRSInstitut François Jacob (MIRCen)CEAFontenay‐aux‐RosesFrance
| | - Philipp J Kahle
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)TübingenGermany
- Department of NeurodegenerationHertie Institute for Clinical Brain ResearchUniversity of TübingenTübingenGermany
| | - Simone Hornemann
- Institute of NeuropathologyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Tuomas P J Knowles
- Yusuf Hamied Department of ChemistryCentre for Misfolding DiseasesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Cavendish LaboratoryDepartment of PhysicsUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Mark R Cookson
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression SectionLaboratory of NeurogeneticsNational Institute on AgingNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA
| | | | - Mathias Jucker
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)TübingenGermany
- Department of Cellular NeurologyHertie Institute for Clinical Brain ResearchUniversity of TübingenTübingenGermany
| | - Adriano Aguzzi
- Institute of NeuropathologyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
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Makaremi S, Asadzadeh Z, Hemmat N, Baghbanzadeh A, Sgambato A, Ghorbaninezhad F, Safarpour H, Argentiero A, Brunetti O, Bernardini R, Silvestris N, Baradaran B. Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Colorectal Cancer: Challenges and Future Prospects. Biomedicines 2021; 9:1075. [PMID: 34572263 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9091075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy is a new pillar of cancer therapy that provides novel opportunities to treat solid tumors. In this context, the development of new drugs targeting immune checkpoints is considered a promising approach in colorectal cancer (CRC) treatment because it can be induce specific and durable anti-cancer effects. Despite many advances in the immunotherapy of CRC, there are still limitations and obstacles to successful treatment. The immunosuppressive function of the tumor microenvironment (TME) is one of the causes of poor response to treatment in CRC patients. For this reason, checkpoint-blocking antibodies have shown promising outcomes in CRC patients by blocking inhibitory immune checkpoints and enhancing immune responses against tumors. This review summarizes recent advances in immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), such as CTLA-4, PD-1, PD-L1, LAG-3, and TIM-3 in CRC, and it discusses various therapeutic strategies with ICIs, including the double blockade of ICIs, combination therapy of ICIs with other immunotherapies, and conventional treatments. This review also delineates a new hopeful path in the combination of anti-PD-1/anti-PD-L1 with other ICIs such as anti-CTLA-4, anti-LAG-3, and anti-TIM-3 for CRC treatment.
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