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Zaidi AU, Buck S, Gadgeel M, Herrera-Martinez M, Mohan A, Johnson K, Bagla S, Johnson RM, Ravindranath Y. Clinical Diagnosis of Red Cell Membrane Disorders: Comparison of Osmotic Gradient Ektacytometry and Eosin Maleimide (EMA) Fluorescence Test for Red Cell Band 3 (AE1, SLC4A1) Content for Clinical Diagnosis. Front Physiol 2020; 11:636. [PMID: 32636758 PMCID: PMC7318840 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The measurement of band 3 (AE1, SLC4A1, CD233) content of red cells by eosin-5- maleimide (EMA) staining is swiftly replacing conventional osmotic fragility (OF) test as a tool for laboratory confirmation of hereditary spherocytosis across the globe. Our group has systematically evaluated the EMA test as a method to screen for a variety of anemias in the last 10 years, and compared these results to those obtained with the osmotic gradient ektacytometry (osmoscans) which we have used over three decades. Our overall experience allowed us to characterize the distinctive patterns with the two tests in several congenital erythrocyte membrane disorders, such as hereditary spherocytosis (HS), hereditary elliptocytosis (HE), Southeast Asian Ovalocytosis (SAO), hereditary pyropoikilocytosis (HPP) variants, erythrocyte volume disorders, various red cell enzymopathies, and hemoglobinopathies. A crucial difference between the two methodologies is that osmoscans measure red blood cell deformability of the entire sample of RBCs, while the EMA test examines the band 3 content of individual RBCs. EMA content is influenced by cell size as smaller red cells have lower amount of total membrane than larger cells. The SAO mutation alters the EMA binding site resulting in a lower EMA MCF even as the band 3 content itself is unchanged. Thus, EMA scan results should be interpreted with caution and both the histograms and dot plots should be analyzed in the context of the clinical picture and morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Steven Buck
- Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI, United States.,Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Manisha Gadgeel
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | | | - Araathi Mohan
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Kenya Johnson
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Shruti Bagla
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Robert M Johnson
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Yaddanapudi Ravindranath
- Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI, United States.,Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
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Cirrik S, Ugurel E, Aksu AC, Oronsky B, Cabrales P, Yalcin O. Nitrite may serve as a combination partner and a biomarker for the anti-cancer activity of RRx-001. Biorheology 2019; 56:221-235. [DOI: 10.3233/bir-190213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Elif Ugurel
- Koc University School of Medicine, , , Turkey
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The discovery of several genetic variants associated with erythroid traits and subsequent elucidation of their functional mechanisms are exemplars of the power of the new genetic and genomic technology. The present review highlights findings from recent genetic studies related to the control of erythropoiesis and dyserythropoiesis, and fetal hemoglobin, an erythroid-related trait. RECENT FINDINGS Identification of the genetic modulators of erythropoiesis involved two approaches: genome-wide association studies (GWASs) using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays that revealed the common genetic variants associated with erythroid phenotypes (hemoglobin, red cell count, MCV, MCH) and fetal hemoglobin; and massive parallel sequencing such as whole genome sequencing (WGS) and whole exome sequencing (WES) that led to the discovery of the rarer variants (GFI1B, SBDS, RPS19, PKLR, EPO, EPOR, KLF1, GATA1). Functional and genomic studies aided by computational approaches and gene editing technology refined the regions encompassing the putative causative SNPs and confirmed their regulatory role at different stages of erythropoiesis. SUMMARY Five meta-analysis of GWASs identified 17 genetic loci associated with erythroid phenotypes, which are potential regulators of erythropoiesis. Some of these loci showed pleiotropy associated with multiple erythroid traits, suggesting undiscovered molecular mechanisms and challenges underlying erythroid biology. Other sequencing strategies (WGS and WES) further elucidated the role of rare variants in dyserythropoiesis. Integration of common and rare variant studies with functional assays involving latest genome-editing technologies will significantly improve our understanding of the genetics underlying erythropoiesis and erythroid disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laxminath Tumburu
- National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute/NIH, Sickle Cell Branch, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Wilson MC, Trakarnsanga K, Heesom KJ, Cogan N, Green C, Toye AM, Parsons SF, Anstee DJ, Frayne J. Comparison of the Proteome of Adult and Cord Erythroid Cells, and Changes in the Proteome Following Reticulocyte Maturation. Mol Cell Proteomics 2016; 15:1938-46. [PMID: 27006477 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m115.057315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cord blood stem cells are an attractive starting source for the production of red blood cells in vitro for therapy because of additional expansion potential compared with adult peripheral blood progenitors and cord blood banks usually being more representative of national populations than blood donors. Consequently, it is important to establish how similar cord RBCs are to adult cells. In this study, we used multiplex tandem mass tag labeling combined with nano-LC-MS/MS to compare the proteome of adult and cord RBCs and reticulocytes. 2838 unique proteins were identified, providing the most comprehensive compendium of RBC proteins to date. Using stringent criteria, 1674 proteins were quantified, and only a small number differed in amount between adult and cord RBC. We focused on proteins critical for RBC function. Of these, only the expected differences in globin subunits, along with higher levels of carbonic anhydrase 1 and 2 and aquaporin-1 in adult RBCs would be expected to have a phenotypic effect since they are associated with the differences in gaseous exchange between adults and neonates. Since the RBC and reticulocyte samples used were autologous, we catalogue the change in proteome following reticulocyte maturation. The majority of proteins (>60% of the 1671 quantified) reduced in abundance between 2- and 100-fold following maturation. However, ∼5% were at a higher level in RBCs, localized almost exclusively to cell membranes, in keeping with the known clearance of intracellular recycling pools during reticulocyte maturation. Overall, these data suggest that, with respect to the proteome, there is no barrier to the use of cord progenitors for the in vitro generation of RBCs for transfusion to adults other than the expression of fetal, not adult, hemoglobin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kongtana Trakarnsanga
- From the ‡School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; §Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kate J Heesom
- From the ‡School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Nicola Cogan
- ¶Bristol Institute for Transfusion Sciences, National Health Service Blood and Transplant (NHSBT), Filton, Bristol, UK; ‖NIHR Blood and Transplant Research Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Carole Green
- ¶Bristol Institute for Transfusion Sciences, National Health Service Blood and Transplant (NHSBT), Filton, Bristol, UK; ‖NIHR Blood and Transplant Research Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Ashley M Toye
- From the ‡School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; ¶Bristol Institute for Transfusion Sciences, National Health Service Blood and Transplant (NHSBT), Filton, Bristol, UK; ‖NIHR Blood and Transplant Research Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Steve F Parsons
- ¶Bristol Institute for Transfusion Sciences, National Health Service Blood and Transplant (NHSBT), Filton, Bristol, UK
| | - David J Anstee
- ¶Bristol Institute for Transfusion Sciences, National Health Service Blood and Transplant (NHSBT), Filton, Bristol, UK; ‖NIHR Blood and Transplant Research Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Jan Frayne
- From the ‡School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; ‖NIHR Blood and Transplant Research Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
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Tancer-Elci H, Isik-Balci Y, Bor-Kucukatay M, Kilic-Toprak E, Kilic-Erkek O, Senol H, Aybek H. Investigation of hemorheological parameters at the diagnosis and the follow-up of nutritional vitamin B12 deficient children. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2015; 60:273-82. [DOI: 10.3233/ch-131740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hazal Tancer-Elci
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Pamukkale University, Kinikli, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Yasemin Isik-Balci
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Hematology, Pamukkale University, Kinikli, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Melek Bor-Kucukatay
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Pamukkale University, Kinikli, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Emine Kilic-Toprak
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Pamukkale University, Kinikli, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Ozgen Kilic-Erkek
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Pamukkale University, Kinikli, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Hande Senol
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biostatistics, Pamukkale University, Kinikli, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Hülya Aybek
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Pamukkale University, Kinikli, Denizli, Turkey
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Alaarg A, Schiffelers RM, van Solinge WW, van Wijk R. Red blood cell vesiculation in hereditary hemolytic anemia. Front Physiol 2013; 4:365. [PMID: 24379786 PMCID: PMC3862113 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary hemolytic anemia encompasses a heterogeneous group of anemias characterized by decreased red blood cell survival because of inherited membrane, enzyme, or hemoglobin disorders. Affected red blood cells are more fragile, less deformable, and more susceptible to shear stress and oxidative damage, and show increased vesiculation. Red blood cells, as essentially all cells, constitutively release phospholipid extracellular vesicles in vivo and in vitro in a process known as vesiculation. These extracellular vesicles comprise a heterogeneous group of vesicles of different sizes and intracellular origins. They are described in literature as exosomes if they originate from multi-vesicular bodies, or as microvesicles when formed by a one-step budding process directly from the plasma membrane. Extracellular vesicles contain a multitude of bioactive molecules that are implicated in intercellular communication and in different biological and pathophysiological processes. Mature red blood cells release in principle only microvesicles. In hereditary hemolytic anemias, the underlying molecular defect affects and determines red blood cell vesiculation, resulting in shedding microvesicles of different compositions and concentrations. Despite extensive research into red blood cell biochemistry and physiology, little is known about red cell deformability and vesiculation in hereditary hemolytic anemias, and the associated pathophysiological role is incompletely assessed. In this review, we discuss recent progress in understanding extracellular vesicles biology, with focus on red blood cell vesiculation. Also, we review recent scientific findings on the molecular defects of hereditary hemolytic anemias, and their correlation with red blood cell deformability and vesiculation. Integrating bio-analytical findings on abnormalities of red blood cells and their microvesicles will be critical for a better understanding of the pathophysiology of hereditary hemolytic anemias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr Alaarg
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht, Netherlands ; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Raymond M Schiffelers
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht, Netherlands ; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Wouter W van Solinge
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Richard van Wijk
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht, Netherlands
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Mockenhaupt FP, Mandelkow J, Till H, Ehrhardt S, Eggelte TA, Bienzle U. Reduced prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum infection and of concomitant anaemia in pregnant women with heterozygous G6PD deficiency. Trop Med Int Health 2003; 8:118-24. [PMID: 12581435 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3156.2003.01008.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency confers protection against malaria in children, yet its role in malaria in pregnancy is unknown. In a cross-sectional study among 529 pregnant Ghanaian women, Plasmodium falciparum infection, anaemia and G6PD genotypes were assessed. Of these, 30.4% were heterozygous and 2.6% were homozygous for G6PD deficiency. The prevalence of P. falciparum infection decreased from 66% in G6PD-normal women to 58% in heterozygotes, and to 50% in individuals with homozygous G6PD deficiency (Chi2(trend) = 4.4, P = 0.04). Multivariate analysis revealed that in multigravid women but not in primigravidae, heterozygous G6PD deficiency was associated with a reduced risk of P. falciparum infection (Odds ratio (OR), 0.6; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), [0.4-0.9]). This protection against infection was limited to the third trimenon of pregnancy. In addition, heterozygous G6PD deficiency was associated with a reduced risk of anaemia among infected multigravidae (OR, 0.5 [0.3-1.0]). Pregnancy is a period of high vulnerability to malaria. The results of this study provide evidence for protection against malaria in pregnancy caused by heterozygous G6PD deficiency. This advantage, even if confined to multigravid women, may contribute to the selection of G6PD variants in malaria-endemic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank P Mockenhaupt
- Institut für Tropenmedizin Berlin, Charité, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany.
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Abstract
The story of the developmental changes in erythropoiesis is the history of oxygenation in the developing organism. The individual components of the switch from embryonic to adult erythropoiesis are developmentally regulated, and their interaction with one another is complex. Basic defects, such as absence of Epo production, lead to early embryonic or fetal death. Other defects, such as abnormalities in the switch from the fetal to adult erythropoiesis, are less catastrophic but result in hematologic abnormalities. Understanding the many aspects of the switch from embryonic to fetal to adult erythropoiesis can lead to an improved awareness of many of the problems typical of preterm infants, inborn errors resulting in hematologic diseases, and aspects important for transplantation medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Dame
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital, University of Bonn, Germany
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