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Roh J, Jang JP, Oh T, Kim J, Lee B, Hong YS, Jang JH, Ko SK. Protective effect of hygrolansamycin C against corticosterone-induced toxicity and oxidative stress-mediated via autophagy and the MAPK signaling pathway. Pharmacol Rep 2024; 76:368-378. [PMID: 38498259 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-024-00572-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excessive stress, a major problem in modern societies, affects people of all ages worldwide. Corticosterone is one of the most abundant hormones secreted during stressful conditions and is associated with various dysfunctions in the body. In particular, we aimed to investigate the protective effects of hygrolansamycin C (HYGC) against corticosterone-induced cellular stress, a manifestation of excessive stress prevalent in contemporary societies. METHODS We isolated HYGC from Streptomyces sp. KCB17JA11 and subjected PC12 cells to corticosterone-induced stress. The effects of HYGC were assessed by measuring autophagy and the expression of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation-related genes. We used established cellular and molecular techniques to analyze protein levels and pathways. RESULTS HYGC effectively protected cells against corticosterone-induced injury. Specifically, it significantly reduced corticosterone-induced oxidative stress and inhibited the expression of autophagy-related proteins induced by corticosterone, which provided mechanistic insight into the protective effects of HYGC. At the signaling level, HYGC suppressed c-Jun N-terminal kinase and extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation and p38 activation. CONCLUSIONS HYGC is a promising candidate to counteract corticosterone-induced apoptosis and oxidative stress. Autophagy and MAPK pathway inhibition contribute to the protective effects of HYGC. Our findings highlight the potential of HYGC as a therapeutic agent for stress-related disorders and serve as a stepping stone for further exploration and development of stress management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongtae Roh
- Chemical Biology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, 28116, Korea
- KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jun-Pil Jang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, 28116, Korea
| | - Taehoon Oh
- Chemical Biology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, 28116, Korea
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Jihong Kim
- Chemical Biology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, 28116, Korea
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Byeongsan Lee
- Chemical Biology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, 28116, Korea
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Young-Soo Hong
- Chemical Biology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, 28116, Korea
- KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jae-Hyuk Jang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, 28116, Korea.
- KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Korea.
| | - Sung-Kyun Ko
- Chemical Biology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, 28116, Korea.
- KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Korea.
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Simon Machado R, Mathias K, Joaquim L, Willig de Quadros R, Petronilho F, Tezza Rezin G. From diabetic hyperglycemia to cerebrovascular Damage: A narrative review. Brain Res 2023; 1821:148611. [PMID: 37793604 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a globally significant disease that can lead to systemic complications, particularly vascular damage, including cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases of relevance. The physiological changes resulting from the imbalance in blood glucose levels play a crucial role in initiating vascular endothelial damage. Elevated glucose levels can also penetrate the central nervous system, triggering diabetic encephalopathy characterized by oxidative damage to brain components and activation of alternative and neurotoxic pathways. This brain damage increases the risk of ischemic stroke, a leading cause of mortality worldwide and a major cause of disability among surviving patients. The aim of this review is to highlight important pathways related to hyperglycemic damage that extend to the brain and result in vascular dysfunction, ultimately leading to the occurrence of a stroke. Understanding how diabetes mellitus contributes to the development of ischemic stroke and its impact on patient outcomes is crucial for implementing therapeutic strategies that reduce the incidence of diabetes mellitus and its complications, ultimately decreasing morbidity and mortality associated with the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Simon Machado
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciuma, SC, Brazil; Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil.
| | - Khiany Mathias
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciuma, SC, Brazil
| | - Larissa Joaquim
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciuma, SC, Brazil
| | - Rafaella Willig de Quadros
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciuma, SC, Brazil
| | - Fabricia Petronilho
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciuma, SC, Brazil
| | - Gislaine Tezza Rezin
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil
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Khan S, Livingstone DEW, Zielinska A, Doig CL, Cobice DF, Esteves CL, Man JTY, Homer NZM, Seckl JR, MacKay CL, Webster SP, Lavery GG, Chapman KE, Walker BR, Andrew R. Contribution of local regeneration of glucocorticoids to tissue steroid pools. J Endocrinol 2023; 258:e230034. [PMID: 37343234 PMCID: PMC10448579 DOI: 10.1530/joe-23-0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (11βHSD1) is a drug target to attenuate adverse effects of chronic glucocorticoid excess. It catalyses intracellular regeneration of active glucocorticoids in tissues including brain, liver and adipose tissue (coupled to hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, H6PDH). 11βHSD1 activity in individual tissues is thought to contribute significantly to glucocorticoid levels at those sites, but its local contribution vs glucocorticoid delivery via the circulation is unknown. Here, we hypothesised that hepatic 11βHSD1 would contribute significantly to the circulating pool. This was studied in mice with Cre-mediated disruption of Hsd11b1 in liver (Alac-Cre) vs adipose tissue (aP2-Cre) or whole-body disruption of H6pdh. Regeneration of [9,12,12-2H3]-cortisol (d3F) from [9,12,12-2H3]-cortisone (d3E), measuring 11βHSD1 reductase activity was assessed at steady state following infusion of [9,11,12,12-2H4]-cortisol (d4F) in male mice. Concentrations of steroids in plasma and amounts in liver, adipose tissue and brain were measured using mass spectrometry interfaced with matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation or liquid chromatography. Amounts of d3F were higher in liver, compared with brain and adipose tissue. Rates of appearance of d3F were ~6-fold slower in H6pdh-/- mice, showing the importance for whole-body 11βHSD1 reductase activity. Disruption of liver 11βHSD1 reduced the amounts of d3F in liver (by ~36%), without changes elsewhere. In contrast disruption of 11βHSD1 in adipose tissue reduced rates of appearance of circulating d3F (by ~67%) and also reduced regenerated of d3F in liver and brain (both by ~30%). Thus, the contribution of hepatic 11βHSD1 to circulating glucocorticoid levels and amounts in other tissues is less than that of adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Khan
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - D E W Livingstone
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Discovery Brain Science, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, Edinburgh, UK
| | - A Zielinska
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - C L Doig
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science & Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - D F Cobice
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - C L Esteves
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - J T Y Man
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - N Z M Homer
- Mass Spectrometry Core Laboratory, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - J R Seckl
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - C L MacKay
- SIRCAMS, School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, King's Buildings, Edinburgh, UK
| | - S P Webster
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - G G Lavery
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science & Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - K E Chapman
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - B R Walker
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Clinical & Translational Research Institute, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - R Andrew
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Mass Spectrometry Core Laboratory, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Upton TJ, Zavala E, Methlie P, Kämpe O, Tsagarakis S, Øksnes M, Bensing S, Vassiliadi DA, Grytaas MA, Botusan IR, Ueland G, Berinder K, Simunkova K, Balomenaki M, Margaritopoulos D, Henne N, Crossley R, Russell G, Husebye ES, Lightman SL. High-resolution daily profiles of tissue adrenal steroids by portable automated collection. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eadg8464. [PMID: 37343084 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adg8464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Rhythms are intrinsic to endocrine systems, and disruption of these hormone oscillations occurs at very early stages of the disease. Because adrenal hormones are secreted with both circadian and ultradian periods, conventional single-time point measurements provide limited information about rhythmicity and, crucially, do not provide information during sleep, when many hormones fluctuate from nadir to peak concentrations. If blood sampling is attempted overnight, then this necessitates admission to a clinical research unit, can be stressful, and disturbs sleep. To overcome this problem and to measure free hormones within their target tissues, we used microdialysis, an ambulatory fraction collector, and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to obtain high-resolution profiles of tissue adrenal steroids over 24 hours in 214 healthy volunteers. For validation, we compared tissue against plasma measurements in a further seven healthy volunteers. Sample collection from subcutaneous tissue was safe, well tolerated, and allowed most normal activities to continue. In addition to cortisol, we identified daily and ultradian variation in free cortisone, corticosterone, 18-hydroxycortisol, aldosterone, tetrahydrocortisol and allo-tetrahydrocortisol, and the presence of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate. We used mathematical and computational methods to quantify the interindividual variability of hormones at different times of the day and develop "dynamic markers" of normality in healthy individuals stratified by sex, age, and body mass index. Our results provide insight into the dynamics of adrenal steroids in tissue in real-world settings and may serve as a normative reference for biomarkers of endocrine disorders (ULTRADIAN, NCT02934399).
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Upton
- Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, Translational Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK
| | - Eder Zavala
- Centre for Systems Modelling and Quantitative Biomedicine, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TT, UK
| | - Paal Methlie
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen N-5021, Norway
- Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen N-5021, Norway
| | - Olle Kämpe
- Department of Endocrinology, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Marianne Øksnes
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen N-5021, Norway
- Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen N-5021, Norway
| | - Sophie Bensing
- Department of Endocrinology, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Marianne A Grytaas
- Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen N-5021, Norway
| | - Ileana R Botusan
- Department of Endocrinology, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Grethe Ueland
- Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen N-5021, Norway
| | - Katarina Berinder
- Department of Endocrinology, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Katerina Simunkova
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen N-5021, Norway
| | - Maria Balomenaki
- Department of Endocrinology, Evangelismos Hospital, Athens 106 76, Greece
| | | | - Nina Henne
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen N-5021, Norway
| | | | - Georgina Russell
- Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, Translational Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK
| | - Eystein S Husebye
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen N-5021, Norway
- Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen N-5021, Norway
| | - Stafford L Lightman
- Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, Translational Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK
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Andrew R, Stimson RH. Mapping endocrine networks by stable isotope tracing. CURRENT OPINION IN ENDOCRINE AND METABOLIC RESEARCH 2022; 26:100381. [PMID: 39185272 PMCID: PMC11344083 DOI: 10.1016/j.coemr.2022.100381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Hormones regulate metabolic homeostasis through interlinked dynamic networks of proteins and small molecular weight metabolites, and state-of-the-art chemical technologies have been developed to decipher these complex pathways. Stable-isotope tracers have largely replaced radiotracers to measure flux in humans, building on advances in nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. These technologies are now being applied to localise molecules within tissues. Radiotracers are still highly valuable both preclinically and in 3D imaging by positron emission tomography. The coming of age of vibrational spectroscopy in conjunction with stable-isotope tracing offers detailed cellular insights to map complex biological processes. Together with computational modelling, these approaches are poised to coalesce into multi-modal platforms to provide hitherto inaccessible dynamic and spatial insights into endocrine signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Andrew
- University/ British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Roland H Stimson
- University/ British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
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Nezhadali M, Mesbah-Namin SA, Hedayati M, Akbarzadeh M, Najd Hassan Bonab L, Daneshpour MS. Serum adiponectin and cortisol levels are not affected by studied ADIPOQ gene variants: Tehran lipid and glucose study. BMC Endocr Disord 2022; 22:104. [PMID: 35436947 PMCID: PMC9016932 DOI: 10.1186/s12902-022-01020-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is a major public health concern in developed and even developing countries worldwide. Adiponectin is a protein secreted by adipose tissue that modulates many metabolic processes and plays a vital role in obesity. This study aimed to determine the association of four variants of the ADIPOQ gene with serum adiponectin, cortisol levels and obesity status. METHODS This case-control study was performed on 164 obese individuals compared by 156 control from the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS). Standard procedures obtained anthropometric measures and metabolic parameters. Cortisol and adiponectin levels were measured by ELISA method. rs1501299, rs266729, rs17300539, and rs17366743 on the ADIPOQ gene were genotyped using the PCR-RFLP. The correlation between adiponectin gene SNPs and obesity were calculated by Additive, dominant, and recessive genetic models. Pearson's or Spearman's found correlations between adiponectin levels and metabolic and anthropometric variables. Data were analyzed using SPSS software Version 20. RESULTS Adiponectin and cortisol levels were significantly lower in obese subjects compared to the control group (p < 0.05). There was a significant negative correlation between serum adiponectin level and BMI, waist circumference (WC), waist-hip ratio, hip circumference (HC), Fasting blood sugar (FBS) Triglyceride (TG), Total cholesterol (TC), Systolic blood pressure (SBP), Diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (r = - 0.147, r = - 0.324, r = 0.371, r = - 0.179, r = - 0.299, r = - 0.277, r = - 0.041, r = - 0.134, and r = - 0.149, respectively). A positive correlation was found between adiponectin and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (r = 0.29), but no significant correlations were found between adiponectin and Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C) and cortisol. ADIPOQ variant rs1501299 was significantly associated with cortisol levels in subjects with BMI ≥ 25 (P-value =0.039). CONCLUSIONS Adiponectin and cortisol levels were associated with obesity. No ADIPOQ gene variants and haplotypes were associated with cortisol, Adiponectin, and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoumeh Nezhadali
- Department of Biology, Islamshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Islamshahr, Iran
| | - Seyed Alireza Mesbah-Namin
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Hedayati
- Cellular and Molecular Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Science, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Akbarzadeh
- Cellular and Molecular Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Science, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Najd Hassan Bonab
- Cellular and Molecular Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Science, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam S Daneshpour
- Cellular and Molecular Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Science, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.
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Jakobsson J, Cotgreave I, Furberg M, Arnberg N, Svensson M. Potential Physiological and Cellular Mechanisms of Exercise That Decrease the Risk of Severe Complications and Mortality Following SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Sports (Basel) 2021; 9:121. [PMID: 34564326 PMCID: PMC8472997 DOI: 10.3390/sports9090121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has unmasked mankind's vulnerability to biological threats. Although higher age is a major risk factor for disease severity in COVID-19, several predisposing risk factors for mortality are related to low cardiorespiratory and metabolic fitness, including obesity, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and hypertension. Reaching physical activity (PA) guideline goals contribute to protect against numerous immune and inflammatory disorders, in addition to multi-morbidities and mortality. Elevated levels of cardiorespiratory fitness, being non-obese, and regular PA improves immunological function, mitigating sustained low-grade systemic inflammation and age-related deterioration of the immune system, or immunosenescence. Regular PA and being non-obese also improve the antibody response to vaccination. In this review, we highlight potential physiological, cellular, and molecular mechanisms that are affected by regular PA, increase the host antiviral defense, and may determine the course and outcome of COVID-19. Not only are the immune system and regular PA in relation to COVID-19 discussed, but also the cardiovascular, respiratory, renal, and hormonal systems, as well as skeletal muscle, epigenetics, and mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Jakobsson
- Section of Sports Medicine, Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden;
| | - Ian Cotgreave
- Division of Biomaterials and Health, Department of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Safety, Research Institutes of Sweden, 151 36 Södertälje, Sweden;
| | - Maria Furberg
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden; (M.F.); (N.A.)
| | - Niklas Arnberg
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden; (M.F.); (N.A.)
| | - Michael Svensson
- Section of Sports Medicine, Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden;
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