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Page L, Younge N, Freemark M. Hormonal Determinants of Growth and Weight Gain in the Human Fetus and Preterm Infant. Nutrients 2023; 15:4041. [PMID: 37764824 PMCID: PMC10537367 DOI: 10.3390/nu15184041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The factors controlling linear growth and weight gain in the human fetus and newborn infant are poorly understood. We review here the changes in linear growth, weight gain, lean body mass, and fat mass during mid- and late gestation and the early postnatal period in the context of changes in the secretion and action of maternal, placental, fetal, and neonatal hormones, growth factors, and adipocytokines. We assess the effects of hormonal determinants on placental nutrient delivery and the impact of preterm delivery on hormone expression and postnatal growth and metabolic function. We then discuss the effects of various maternal disorders and nutritional and pharmacologic interventions on fetal and perinatal hormone and growth factor production, growth, and fat deposition and consider important unresolved questions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Page
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA;
| | - Noelle Younge
- Neonatology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA;
| | - Michael Freemark
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA;
- The Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Roca-Rodríguez MDM, Ramos-García P, López-Tinoco C, Aguilar-Diosdado M. Significance of Umbilical Cord Leptin Profile during Pregnancy in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Clin Med 2023; 12:4756. [PMID: 37510870 PMCID: PMC10381212 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12144756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The literature provides limited evidence of cord blood leptin levels in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), with contradictory and inconsistent results with respect to their possible implications for maternal, perinatal, and future complications. METHODS MEDLINE/PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were searched in order to investigate the state of evidence on the association of leptin profile in cord blood during perinatal complications in GDM. We critically assessed the risk of bias using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. Meta-analyses were performed, and heterogeneity and publication bias were analyzed. RESULTS sixteen primary-level studies were included, recruiting 573 GDM and 1118 control pregnant women. Cord blood leptin levels were significantly higher in GDM participants compared to controls (standardized mean difference [SMD] = 0.59, 95% confidence intervals (CI) = 0.37 to 0.80, p < 0.001). All subgroups also maintained significant differences stratified by continents (Asia: SMD = 0.91, 95% CI = 0.45 to 1.37, p < 0.001; Europe: SMD = 0.38, 95% CI = 0.20 to 0.56, p < 0.001), analysis technique (ELISA: SMD = 0.70, 95% CI = 0.44 to 0.97, p < 0.001; RIA: SMD = 0.30, 95% CI = 0.11 to 0.49, p = 0.002), and sample source (plasma: SMD = 0.71, 95% CI = 0.33 to 1.09, p < 0.001; serum: SMD = 0.55, 95% CI = 0.34 to 0.77, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Cord blood leptin levels were significantly higher in GDM compared to controls. Further research is needed to clarify its role as a predictive biomarker of subsequent metabolic diseases in mothers with GDM and offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Del Mar Roca-Rodríguez
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition and Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cadiz (INiBICA), Puerta del Mar University Hospital, 11009 Cadiz, Spain
| | - Pablo Ramos-García
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Cristina López-Tinoco
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition and Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cadiz (INiBICA), Puerta del Mar University Hospital, 11009 Cadiz, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Cadiz University (UCA), 11003 Cadiz, Spain
| | - Manuel Aguilar-Diosdado
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition and Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cadiz (INiBICA), Puerta del Mar University Hospital, 11009 Cadiz, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Cadiz University (UCA), 11003 Cadiz, Spain
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Wen L, Fu H, Saffery R, Tong C, Liu Y, Kilby MD, Qi H, Baker PN. Cord blood adiponectin and leptin concentrations in monochorionic twins with selective intrauterine growth restriction and their associations with childhood growth trajectories. Pediatr Obes 2023:e13034. [PMID: 37019852 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.13034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Being born with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) was associated with subsequent health issues later in life. However, the underlying role of adipokines in IUGR is unknown. OBJECTIVES To measure the adiponectin and leptin concentrations in the cord blood of monochorionic (MC) twins with selective IUGR (sIUGR) and evaluate their associations with childhood growth trajectories. METHODS Cord blood samples were collected from 22 pairs of MC twins with sIUGR and 20 pairs of normal MC twins. Adiponectin and leptin concentrations in cord blood were determined by ELISA. Data regarding perinatal outcomes and infantile growth trajectories from birth to 24 months were obtained. RESULTS Only cord blood adiponectin concentrations were associated with IUGR (β -1.51, 95% CI -2.45, -0.57, p = 0.002), and cord blood leptin concentrations were significantly lower in sIUGR twins compared to normal twins (2.8 ± 1.6 vs. 6.4 ± 3.0, p < 0.001). Adiponectin concentrations were negatively associated with height increments from birth to 6 months (β -0.28, 95% CI -0.51, -0.06, p = 0.015). Leptin concentrations were negatively associated with weight at 6 and 24 months (β -0.12 95% CI -0.22, -0.02, p = 0.002; β -0.18 95% CI -0.33, -0.03, p = 0.019) and weight and height increments from birth to 6 months (β -0.17 95% CI -0.29, -0.06, p = 0.020; β -0.40 95% CI -0.81, -0.01, p = 0.037). CONCLUSION Cord blood adiponectin concentrations were negatively associated with IUGR but did not predict childhood growth. Cord blood leptin concentrations were inversely associated with weight and height increments in the first 6 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine of Chongqing Municipality, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 400016, Chongqing, China
- Department of Obstetrics, Women and Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 401147, Chongqing, China
| | - Huijia Fu
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 400016, Chongqing, China
| | - Richard Saffery
- Molecular Immunity, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Chao Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine of Chongqing Municipality, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 400016, Chongqing, China
| | - Yamin Liu
- Department of Obstetrics, Women and Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 401147, Chongqing, China
| | - Mark D Kilby
- Fetal Medicine Centre, Birmingham Women's & Children's Foundation Trust, B15 2TG, Birmingham, UK
- Institute of Metabolism & Systems Research, College of Medical & Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, Birmingham, UK
| | - Hongbo Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine of Chongqing Municipality, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 400016, Chongqing, China
- Department of Obstetrics, Women and Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 401147, Chongqing, China
| | - Philip N Baker
- College of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, LE1 7RH, Leicester, UK
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Marume A, Archary M, Mahomed S. Predictors of stunting among children aged 6-59 months, Zimbabwe. Public Health Nutr 2023; 26:1-14. [PMID: 36621006 PMCID: PMC10131138 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980023000046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Stunted children have an increased risk of diminished cognitive development, diabetes, degenerative and CVD later in life. Numerous modifiable factors decrease the risk of stunting in children. This study aimed to assess the role of the individual, household and social factors on stunting in Zimbabwean children. DESIGN A 1:2 unmatched case-control study. SETTING This study was conducted in two predominantly rural provinces (one with the highest national prevalence of stunting and one with the lowest prevalence) in Zimbabwe. PARTICIPANTS Data were obtained from the caregivers of 150 children aged between 6 and 59 months with stunting and from the caregivers of 300 children without stunting. RESULTS Multiple (39) correlates of stunting were identified. Child's age, birth length, birth weight, and weight-for-age outcome (child-related factors), caregiver's age, maternal HIV status, occupation, and education (parental factors), breast-feeding status, number of meals, and dietary quality (dietary factors), child's appetite, diarrhoeal and worm infection (childhood illnesses), income status, access to safe water, access to a toilet, health clubs and maternal support in infant feeding (household, socio-cultural factors) were all found to be significant predictors of childhood stunting. CONCLUSION Nearly all aspects under review from the individual-, household- to social-level factors were significantly associated with childhood stunting. These findings add to the growing body of evidence supporting the WHO stunting framework and strengthen the need to focus interventions on a multi-sectoral approach to effectively address stunting in high prevalence countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anesu Marume
- College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Ministry of Health and Child Care, Parirenyatwa Hospital, A178 Avondale, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Moherndran Archary
- College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- King Edward VIII Hospital, Durban, South Africa
| | - Saajida Mahomed
- College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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Park S, Vargas Z, Zhao A, Baltazar PI, Friedman JF, McDonald EA. Cord blood adiponectin and leptin are associated with a lower risk of stunting during infancy. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15122. [PMID: 36068284 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19463-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Undernutrition is responsible for up to 45% of deaths in children under five, with low- and middle-income countries disproportionately affected. Adipokines are known modulators of metabolism and have been linked to growth rates and neurocognition during infancy. We examined the relationship(s) between cord blood adiponectin and leptin and both longitudinal growth and cognition during the first year of life using generalized estimating equations. Infants were classified as underweight (weight-for-age z-score [WAZ]), stunted (height-for-age z-score [HAZ]) or wasted (weight-for-height z-score [WHZ]) using WHOAnthro software. Cord blood adiponectin and leptin levels were highly correlated (r = 0.35, P < 0.0001) and positively associated with birth WAZ (r = 0.34 and r = 0.45, P < 0.0001, respectively). Adipokines were independently, inversely associated with weight gain. Infants in the highest quintile of adipokine production had a lower risk of being stunted, while neither was associated with lower WAZ or WHZ in final adjusted models. Cognition was not found to be independently related to cord blood leptin or adiponectin. The negative association with adipokines and rate of weight gain during infancy may reflect heightened nutritional status at birth rather than a direct hormonal influence. The relationship between leptin or adiponectin and longitudinal length gains suggests that both adipokines may promote linear growth during infancy.
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Guazzarotti L, Mauri S, Santi D, Pogliani L, Zuccotti G. First year metabolic and hormonal behaviour define two different populations of SGA newborn for weight or height. J Endocr Soc 2022; 6:bvac028. [PMID: 35350393 PMCID: PMC8944306 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvac028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Context
Small for gestational age (SGA) children have a particular metabolic and hormonal pattern at birth that change rapidly.
Objective
To evaluate the linear and weight growth in the first year of life in SGA children.
Design
Prospective, monocentric cohort study.
Setting
Real-world data collected from April 2012 to January 2016.
Patients
SGA newborns uniformly defined by either growth or length lower than -2 standard deviation for gestational age.
Interventions
All children were evaluated for one year after birth, at three days of life, then three, six and 12 months after birth.
Main outcome measures
Anthropometric parameters and biochemical variables, such as blood glucose, insulin, leptin, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1, IGF binding protein (IGFBP)3, and HOMA index.
Results
One hundred and thirty-three SGA children were enrolled. Length significantly improved one month after birth, whereas weight significantly increased only three months after birth. Biochemical variables increased during the first year of life, showing a prediction by IGFBP-3 and HOMA-index. Then, the casuistry was divided considering either weight, length or both, showing a different incidence. The biochemical variables changes recorded in the first step were maintained considering SGA children for weight or length, whereas they disappeared when weight and length were considered together.
Conclusions
Our study shows a specific catch-up growth for weight and length in SGA children. Moreover, we highlight that weight and length should be considered as independent parameters in SGA children, defining two different metabolic-hormonal populations with different conceivable predictive role in early catch-up growth and in later growth and metabolic status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Guazzarotti
- Endocrinology Unit, Pediatric Department, University of Padua, Italy
| | - Silvia Mauri
- Pediatric Department, University of Milan “V Buzzi” Children’s Hospital ASST FBF Sacco, Italy
| | - Daniele Santi
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | | | - Gianvincenzo Zuccotti
- Pediatric Department, University of Milan “V Buzzi” Children’s Hospital ASST FBF Sacco, Italy
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