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Mukherjee N, Browne A, Ivers L, Santra T, Cremona M, Hennessy BT, O’donovan N, Crown J, Kolch W, Fey D, Eustace AJ. A Systems Biology Approach to Investigate Kinase Signal Transduction Networks That Are Involved in Triple Negative Breast Cancer Resistance to Cisplatin. J Pers Med 2022; 12:1277. [PMID: 36013226 PMCID: PMC9409860 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12081277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) remains a therapeutic challenge due to the lack of targetable genetic alterations and the frequent development of resistance to the standard cisplatin-based chemotherapies. Here, we have taken a systems biology approach to investigate kinase signal transduction networks that are involved in TNBC resistance to cisplatin. Treating a panel of cisplatin-sensitive and cisplatin-resistant TNBC cell lines with a panel of kinase inhibitors allowed us to reconstruct two kinase signalling networks that characterise sensitive and resistant cells. The analysis of these networks suggested that the activation of the PI3K/AKT signalling pathway is critical for cisplatin resistance. Experimental validation of the computational model predictions confirmed that TNBC cell lines with activated PI3K/AKT signalling are sensitive to combinations of cisplatin and PI3K/AKT pathway inhibitors. Thus, our results reveal a new therapeutic approach that is based on identifying targeted therapies that synergise with conventional chemotherapies.
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García-Santisteban I, Llopis A, Krenning L, Vallejo-Rodríguez J, van den Broek B, Zubiaga AM, Medema RH. Sustained CHK2 activity, but not ATM activity, is critical to maintain a G1 arrest after DNA damage in untransformed cells. BMC Biol 2021; 19:35. [PMID: 33607997 PMCID: PMC7896382 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-00965-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The G1 checkpoint is a critical regulator of genomic stability in untransformed cells, preventing cell cycle progression after DNA damage. DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) recruit and activate ATM, a kinase which in turn activates the CHK2 kinase to establish G1 arrest. While the onset of G1 arrest is well understood, the specific role that ATM and CHK2 play in regulating G1 checkpoint maintenance remains poorly characterized. RESULTS Here we examine the impact of ATM and CHK2 activities on G1 checkpoint maintenance in untransformed cells after DNA damage caused by DSBs. We show that ATM becomes dispensable for G1 checkpoint maintenance as early as 1 h after DSB induction. In contrast, CHK2 kinase activity is necessary to maintain the G1 arrest, independently of ATM, ATR, and DNA-PKcs, implying that the G1 arrest is maintained in a lesion-independent manner. Sustained CHK2 activity is achieved through auto-activation and its acute inhibition enables cells to abrogate the G1-checkpoint and enter into S-phase. Accordingly, we show that CHK2 activity is lost in cells that recover from the G1 arrest, pointing to the involvement of a phosphatase with fast turnover. CONCLUSION Our data indicate that G1 checkpoint maintenance relies on CHK2 and that its negative regulation is crucial for G1 checkpoint recovery after DSB induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iraia García-Santisteban
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), B/Sarriena s/n, 48940, Leioa, Basque Country, Spain.,Oncode Institute, Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066, CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alba Llopis
- Oncode Institute, Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066, CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lenno Krenning
- Oncode Institute, Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066, CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jon Vallejo-Rodríguez
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), B/Sarriena s/n, 48940, Leioa, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Bram van den Broek
- Oncode Institute, Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066, CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ana M Zubiaga
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), B/Sarriena s/n, 48940, Leioa, Basque Country, Spain.
| | - René H Medema
- Oncode Institute, Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066, CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Lemmens B, Hegarat N, Akopyan K, Sala-Gaston J, Bartek J, Hochegger H, Lindqvist A. DNA Replication Determines Timing of Mitosis by Restricting CDK1 and PLK1 Activation. Mol Cell 2018; 71:117-128.e3. [PMID: 30008317 PMCID: PMC6039720 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2018.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
To maintain genome stability, cells need to replicate their DNA before dividing. Upon completion of bulk DNA synthesis, the mitotic kinases CDK1 and PLK1 become active and drive entry into mitosis. Here, we have tested the hypothesis that DNA replication determines the timing of mitotic kinase activation. Using an optimized double-degron system, together with kinase inhibitors to enforce tight inhibition of key proteins, we find that human cells unable to initiate DNA replication prematurely enter mitosis. Preventing DNA replication licensing and/or firing causes prompt activation of CDK1 and PLK1 in S phase. In the presence of DNA replication, inhibition of CHK1 and p38 leads to premature activation of mitotic kinases, which induces severe replication stress. Our results demonstrate that, rather than merely a cell cycle output, DNA replication is an integral signaling component that restricts activation of mitotic kinases. DNA replication thus functions as a brake that determines cell cycle duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bennie Lemmens
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Genome Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet and Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nadia Hegarat
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Karen Akopyan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joan Sala-Gaston
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jiri Bartek
- Division of Genome Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet and Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden; Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Helfrid Hochegger
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK.
| | - Arne Lindqvist
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Lahusen TJ, Kim SJ, Miao K, Huang Z, Xu X, Deng CX. BRCA1 function in the intra-S checkpoint is activated by acetylation via a pCAF/SIRT1 axis. Oncogene 2018; 37:2343-2350. [PMID: 29440709 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0127-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer associated gene 1 (BRCA1) function has been shown to be regulated by phosphorylation but the role of acetylation has not been determined. Therefore, we tested whether BRCA1 can be acetylated by the acetyltransferases P300/CBP-associated factor (pCAF), GCN5, and p300. p300 exhibited the highest level of BRCA1 acetylation; however, there was also a decrease in the total level of BRCA1. Therefore, we focused on pCAF and GCN5 because they both acetylated BRCA1 without affecting BRCA1 expression. Further analysis indicated that the acetylated form of BRCA1 is deacetylated by wild-type (WT) SIRT1, but not deacetylase mutant SIRT1, suggesting that SIRT1 is a specific deacetylase of BRCA1. We demonstrated that lysine 830 of BRCA1 is a preferential acetylation site by pCAF and tested its function in embryonic stem (ES) cells by changing lysine 830 to arginine using a transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALEN) system. After exposure to DNA damage-inducing UV radiation, the viability of BRCA1 K830R mutant cells is greater than the WT ES cells. Further analysis using additional cell lines indicated that the BRCA1 K830R mutation impairs the intra-S checkpoint. Also, checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1) phosphorylation was less in K830R cells as compared with WT cells after UV exposure. These data suggest that acetylation of BRCA1 on lysine 830 activates BRCA1 function at the intra-S checkpoint after DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J Lahusen
- Genetics of Development and Disease Branch, 10/9N105, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Seung-Jin Kim
- Genetics of Development and Disease Branch, 10/9N105, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Kai Miao
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, SAR, China
| | - Zebin Huang
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, SAR, China
| | - Xiaoling Xu
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, SAR, China
| | - Chu-Xia Deng
- Genetics of Development and Disease Branch, 10/9N105, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA. .,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, SAR, China.
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Kalsbeek D, Golsteyn RM. G2/M-Phase Checkpoint Adaptation and Micronuclei Formation as Mechanisms That Contribute to Genomic Instability in Human Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E2344. [PMID: 29113112 PMCID: PMC5713313 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18112344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the most common characteristics of cancer cells is genomic instability. Recent research has revealed that G2/M-phase checkpoint adaptation-entering mitosis with damaged DNA-contributes to genomic changes in experimental models. When cancer cells are treated with pharmacological concentrations of genotoxic agents, they undergo checkpoint adaptation; however, a small number of cells are able to survive and accumulate micronuclei. These micronuclei harbour damaged DNA, and are able to replicate and reincorporate their DNA into the main nucleus. Micronuclei are susceptible to chromothripsis, which is a phenomenon characterised by extensively rearranged chromosomes that reassemble from pulverized chromosomes in one cellular event. These processes contribute to genomic instability in cancer cells that survive a genotoxic anti-cancer treatment. This review provides insight into checkpoint adaptation and its connection to micronuclei and possibly chromothripsis. Knowledge about these mechanisms is needed to improve the poor cancer treatment outcomes that result from genomic instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danî Kalsbeek
- Cancer Cell Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada.
| | - Roy M Golsteyn
- Cancer Cell Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada.
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de Sousa MML, Bjørås KØ, Hanssen-Bauer A, Solvang-Garten K, Otterlei M. p38 MAPK signaling and phosphorylations in the BRCT1 domain regulate XRCC1 recruitment to sites of DNA damage. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6322. [PMID: 28740101 PMCID: PMC5524842 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06770-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
XRCC1 is a scaffold protein involved in base excision repair and single strand break repair. It is a phosphoprotein that contains more than 45 phosphorylation sites, however only a few of these have been characterized and connected to specific kinases and functions. Mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPK) are mediators of cellular stress responses, and here we demonstrate that p38 MAPK signaling is involved in phosphorylation of XRCC1 and regulation of recruitment to oxidative stress. Inhibition of p38 MAPK caused a marked pI shift of XRCC1 towards a less phosphorylated state. Inhibition of p38 also increased the immediate accumulation of XRCC1 at site of DNA damage in a poly(ADP)-ribose (PAR) dependent manner. These results suggest a link between PARylation, p38 signaling and XRCC1 recruitment to DNA damage. Additionally, we characterized two phosphorylation sites, T358 and T367, located within, or close to, the phosphate-binding pocket of XRCC1, which is important for interaction with PAR. Mutation of these sites impairs recruitment of XRCC1 to DNA damage and binding to PARP1/PAR. Collectively, our data suggest that phosphorylation of T358 and T367 and p38 signaling are important for proper regulation of XRCC1 recruitment to DNA damage and thereby avoidance of potential toxic and mutagenic BER-intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirta Mittelstedt Leal de Sousa
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.,The Proteomics and Metabolomics Core Facility (PROMEC) at NTNU, Trondheim, Norway.,The Central Norway Regional Health Authority, Stjørdal, Norway
| | - Karine Øian Bjørås
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Audun Hanssen-Bauer
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Karin Solvang-Garten
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Marit Otterlei
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.
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Bailey LJ, Bianchi J, Hégarat N, Hochegger H, Doherty AJ. PrimPol-deficient cells exhibit a pronounced G2 checkpoint response following UV damage. Cell Cycle 2015; 15:908-18. [PMID: 26694751 PMCID: PMC4889237 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1128597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
PrimPol is a recently identified member of the archaeo-eukaryote primase (AEP) family of primase-polymerases. It has been shown that this mitochondrial and nuclear localized enzyme plays roles in the maintenance of both unperturbed replication fork progression and in the bypass of lesions after DNA damage. Here, we utilized an avian (DT40) knockout cell line to further study the consequences of loss of PrimPol (PrimPol(-/-)) on the downstream maintenance of cells after UV damage. We report that PrimPol(-/-) cells are more sensitive to UV-C irradiation in colony survival assays than Pol η-deficient cells. Although this increased UV sensitivity is not evident in cell viability assays, we show that this discrepancy is due to an enhanced checkpoint arrest after UV-C damage in the absence of PrimPol. PrimPol(-/-) arrested cells become stalled in G2, where they are protected from UV-induced cell death. Despite lacking an enzyme required for the bypass and maintenance of replication fork progression in the presence of UV damage, we show that PrimPol(-/-) cells actually have an advantage in the presence of a Chk1 inhibitor due to their slow progression through S-phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Bailey
- a Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex , Brighton , UK
| | - Julie Bianchi
- a Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex , Brighton , UK
- b Present address: Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Nadia Hégarat
- a Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex , Brighton , UK
| | - Helfrid Hochegger
- a Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex , Brighton , UK
| | - Aidan J Doherty
- a Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex , Brighton , UK
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Liu C, Srihari S, Cao KAL, Chenevix-Trench G, Simpson PT, Ragan MA, Khanna KK. A fine-scale dissection of the DNA double-strand break repair machinery and its implications for breast cancer therapy. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:6106-27. [PMID: 24792170 PMCID: PMC4041457 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA-damage response machinery is crucial to maintain the genomic integrity of cells, by enabling effective repair of even highly lethal lesions such as DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). Defects in specific genes acquired through mutations, copy-number alterations or epigenetic changes can alter the balance of these pathways, triggering cancerous potential in cells. Selective killing of cancer cells by sensitizing them to further DNA damage, especially by induction of DSBs, therefore requires careful modulation of DSB-repair pathways. Here, we review the latest knowledge on the two DSB-repair pathways, homologous recombination and non-homologous end joining in human, describing in detail the functions of their components and the key mechanisms contributing to the repair. Such an in-depth characterization of these pathways enables a more mechanistic understanding of how cells respond to therapies, and suggests molecules and processes that can be explored as potential therapeutic targets. One such avenue that has shown immense promise is via the exploitation of synthetic lethal relationships, for which the BRCA1-PARP1 relationship is particularly notable. Here, we describe how this relationship functions and the manner in which cancer cells acquire therapy resistance by restoring their DSB repair potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Sriganesh Srihari
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Kim-Anh Lê Cao
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia QLD 4072, Australia Queensland Facility for Advanced Bioinformatics, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Australia
| | | | - Peter T Simpson
- The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Herston, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia
| | - Mark A Ragan
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Kum Kum Khanna
- Queensland Facility for Advanced Bioinformatics, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Australia
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