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Lin Y, Shi H. Rhodium-Catalyzed Addition of (Trialkylsilyl)arenes to Electrophiles via π-Coordination-Driven C-Si Bond Activation. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:22753-22761. [PMID: 37787751 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c08603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Aromatic organosilicon compounds serve as valuable synthons due to their diverse reactivities, excellent compatibility with various functional groups, and ready availability. However, (trialkylsilyl)arenes, despite their potential utility, are generally considered unsuitable substrates for transition-metal-catalyzed cross-coupling due to the low polarity of their covalent C(aryl)-Si bonds and the significant steric hindrance imposed by alkyl substituents. These factors render them inert toward reactions with transition metals, such as transmetalation and oxidative addition. In this study, we present a method for the rhodium-catalyzed addition of (trialkylsilyl)arenes to electrophiles via π-coordination-driven desilylation. We propose that a dicationic rhodium species activates the unbiased C(aryl)-Si bond, increasing its polarity by forming an η6-arene complex, thereby facilitating heterolysis. The resulting phenyl anion complex readily engages in addition reactions with external electrophiles, effectively forming C-C bonds. Through comprehensive computational studies, we have unraveled an unexpected stepwise pathway for desilylation with fluoride. This pathway involves the addition of fluoride to the aromatic ring, followed by a 1,2-migration of fluoride, ultimately culminating in the departure of fluorotrimethylsilane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunzhi Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, 600 Dunyu Road, Hangzhou 310030, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Hang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, 600 Dunyu Road, Hangzhou 310030, Zhejiang Province, China
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
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2
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Dempsey SH, Kass SR. Liberating the Anion: Evaluating Weakly Coordinating Cations. J Org Chem 2022; 87:15466-15482. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen H. Dempsey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Steven R. Kass
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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3
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Song Y, Zhang Y, Chen Z, Wu X. Recent Advances in Copper‐Catalyzed Carboxylation Reactions with CO
2. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202200237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Song
- Department of Chemistry Key Laboratory of Surface & Interface Science of Polymer Materials of Zhejiang Province Zhejiang Sci-Tech University Hangzhou 310018 P. R. China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry Key Laboratory of Surface & Interface Science of Polymer Materials of Zhejiang Province Zhejiang Sci-Tech University Hangzhou 310018 P. R. China
| | - Zhengkai Chen
- Department of Chemistry Key Laboratory of Surface & Interface Science of Polymer Materials of Zhejiang Province Zhejiang Sci-Tech University Hangzhou 310018 P. R. China
| | - Xiao‐Feng Wu
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Dalian 116023 Liaoning P. R. China
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e. V. Albert-Einstein-Straβe 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
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4
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Affiliation(s)
- Mijung Lee
- Department of Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology (UST), Gajeong-dong, Yuseong, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
- Research Center for Nanocatalysts, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Kyu Hwang
- Department of Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology (UST), Gajeong-dong, Yuseong, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
- Research Center for Nanocatalysts, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaesung Kwak
- Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
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5
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Kogame-Asahara C, Iguchi H, Honda K, Shigemitsu H, Kida T. Terminal Trialkylsilyl Substituent Effect of Janus-type Molecular Tubes on the Inclusion of Unsaturated Fatty Acid Esters. ACS Omega 2021; 6:3227-3231. [PMID: 33553939 PMCID: PMC7860515 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c05672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A new Janus-type cyclodextrin (CD) molecular tube bearing seven triisopropylsilyl (TIPS) groups at one end is synthesized from a heptakis(6-O-triisopropylsilyl)-β-cyclodextrin (TIPS-β-CD) dimer possessing multiple linkers through the selective removal of seven TIPS groups at the other end. This Janus-type CD tube exhibits a selective inclusion ability for a cis-fatty acid ester over the corresponding trans-fatty acid ester. In addition, the CD tube shows a twofold higher inclusion ability for unsaturated fatty acid esters than the corresponding CD tube bearing seven tert-butyldimethylsilyl (TBDMS) groups, indicating that the molecular size of the terminal substituents remarkably affects the inclusion ability of the CD tube.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chizuru Kogame-Asahara
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hitomi Iguchi
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Honda
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hajime Shigemitsu
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Kida
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Integrated
Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open
and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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6
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7
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Bongarzone S, Raucci N, Fontana IC, Luzi F, Gee AD. Carbon-11 carboxylation of trialkoxysilane and trimethylsilane derivatives using [ 11C]CO 2. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:4668-4671. [PMID: 32211652 PMCID: PMC7384297 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc00449a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A simple and rapid carbon-11 carboxylation radiosynthesis method.
A novel carboxylation radiosynthesis methodology is described starting from cyclotron-produced [11C]CO2 and fluoride-activated silane derivatives. Six carbon-11 labelled carboxylic acids were obtained from their corresponding trimethylsilyl and trialkoxysilyl precursors in a one-pot labelling methodology. The radiochemical yields ranged from 19% to 93% within 12 minutes post [11C]CO2 delivery with a trapping efficiency of 21–89%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Bongarzone
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK.
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8
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Gevorgyan A, Hopmann KH, Bayer A. Exploration of New Biomass-Derived Solvents: Application to Carboxylation Reactions. ChemSusChem 2020; 13:2080-2088. [PMID: 31909560 PMCID: PMC7217053 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201903224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
A range of hitherto unexplored biomass-derived chemicals have been evaluated as new sustainable solvents for a large variety of CO2 -based carboxylation reactions. Known biomass-derived solvents (biosolvents) are also included in the study and the results are compared with commonly used solvents for the reactions. Biosolvents can be efficiently applied in a variety of carboxylation reactions, such as Cu-catalyzed carboxylation of organoboranes and organoboronates, metal-catalyzed hydrocarboxylation, borocarboxylation, and other related reactions. For many of these reactions, the use of biosolvents provides comparable or better yields than the commonly used solvents. The best biosolvents identified are the so far unexplored candidates isosorbide dimethyl ether, acetaldehyde diethyl acetal, rose oxide, and eucalyptol, alongside the known biosolvent 2-methyltetrahydrofuran. This strategy was used for the synthesis of the commercial drugs Fenoprofen and Flurbiprofen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashot Gevorgyan
- Department of ChemistryUiT The Arctic University of Norway9037TromsøNorway
| | - Kathrin H. Hopmann
- Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular SciencesDepartment of ChemistryUiT The Arctic University of Norway9037TromsøNorway
| | - Annette Bayer
- Department of ChemistryUiT The Arctic University of Norway9037TromsøNorway
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9
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Qu W, Hu B, Babich JW, Waterhouse N, Dooley M, Ponnala S, Urgiles J. A general 11C-labeling approach enabled by fluoride-mediated desilylation of organosilanes. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1736. [PMID: 32269227 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15556-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon-11 (11C) is one of the most ideal positron emitters for labeling bioactive molecules for molecular imaging studies. The lack of convenient and fast incorporation methods to introduce 11C into organic molecules often hampers the use of this radioisotope. Here, a fluoride-mediated desilylation (FMDS) 11C-labeling approach is reported. This method relies on thermodynamically favored Si-F bond formation to generate a carbanion, therefore enabling the highly efficient and speedy incorporation of [11C]CO2 and [11C]CH3I into molecules with diversified structures. It provides facile and rapid access to 11C-labeled compounds with carbon-11 attached at various hybridized carbons as well as oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen atoms with broad functional group tolerance. The exemplified syntheses of several biologically and clinically important radiotracers illustrates the potentials of this methodology. Convenient and fast methods to introduce 11C into organic molecules are of great help for molecular imaging studies. Here, the authors developed an efficient incorporation of [11C]CO2 and [11C]CH3I into molecules via a fluoride-mediated desilylation process.
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10
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Kogame-Asahara C, Ito S, Iguchi H, Kazama A, Shigemitsu H, Kida T. A novel molecular tube fully modified at one end: selective inclusion of cis-unsaturated fatty acid esters. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:1353-1356. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc08709e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A cyclodextrin tube with one fully modified and one unmodified end selectively includes cis-unsaturated fatty acid esters.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shogo Ito
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Osaka University
- Suita
- Japan
| | - Hitomi Iguchi
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Osaka University
- Suita
- Japan
| | - Ai Kazama
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Osaka University
- Suita
- Japan
| | - Hajime Shigemitsu
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Osaka University
- Suita
- Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Kida
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Osaka University
- Suita
- Japan
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11
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Ru Li
- College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300353, China
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Liang-Nian He
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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12
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Gevorgyan A, Obst MF, Guttormsen Y, Maseras F, Hopmann KH, Bayer A. Caesium fluoride-mediated hydrocarboxylation of alkenes and allenes: scope and mechanistic insights. Chem Sci 2019; 10:10072-10078. [PMID: 32055361 PMCID: PMC6991174 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc02467k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A caesium fluoride-mediated hydrocarboxylation of olefins is disclosed that does not rely on precious transition metal catalysts and ligands. The reaction occurs at atmospheric pressures of CO2 in the presence of 9-BBN as a stoichiometric reductant. Stilbenes, β-substituted styrenes and allenes could be carboxylated in good yields. The developed methodology can be used for preparation of commercial drugs as well as for gram scale hydrocarboxylation. Computational studies indicate that the reaction occurs via formation of an organocaesium intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashot Gevorgyan
- Department of Chemistry , UiT The Arctic University of Norway , Norway .
| | - Marc F Obst
- Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences , Department of Chemistry , UiT The Arctic University of Norway , Norway .
| | - Yngve Guttormsen
- Department of Chemistry , UiT The Arctic University of Norway , Norway .
| | - Feliu Maseras
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ) , Spain
| | - Kathrin H Hopmann
- Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences , Department of Chemistry , UiT The Arctic University of Norway , Norway .
| | - Annette Bayer
- Department of Chemistry , UiT The Arctic University of Norway , Norway .
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Jin Yoo
- Green & Sustainable Chemistry Cooperation Laboratory, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Junpei Kondo
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Shū Kobayashi
- Green & Sustainable Chemistry Cooperation Laboratory, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Komiyama
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan
| | - Yasunori Minami
- Research and Development Initiative, Chuo University, Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan
| | - Tamejiro Hiyama
- Research and Development Initiative, Chuo University, Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh V. Q. Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry; School of Science; The University of Tokyo; Hongo Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Woo-Jin Yoo
- Department of Chemistry; School of Science; The University of Tokyo; Hongo Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Shū Kobayashi
- Department of Chemistry; School of Science; The University of Tokyo; Hongo Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
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16
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Womble CT, Kang J, Hugar KM, Coates GW, Bernhard S, Noonan KJT. Rapid Analysis of Tetrakis(dialkylamino)phosphonium Stability in Alkaline Media. Organometallics 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.7b00663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Tyler Womble
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213-2617, United States
| | - Jamie Kang
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213-2617, United States
| | - Kristina M. Hugar
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United States
| | - Geoffrey W. Coates
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United States
| | - Stefan Bernhard
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213-2617, United States
| | - Kevin J. T. Noonan
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213-2617, United States
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17
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Jardel D, Davies C, Peruch F, Massip S, Bibal B. Protonated Phosphazenes: Structures and Hydrogen-Bonding Organocatalysts for Carbonyl Bond Activation. Adv Synth Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201600062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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18
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Liu W, Chen J, Jin R, Xu D, Li Y, Ba F, Gu G, Kuang Y, Guo H. CuBr2-promoted cyclization and bromination of arene–alkynes: C–Br bond formation via reductive elimination of Cu(iii) species. Org Chem Front 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6qo00117c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A CuBr2-promoted cyclization and bromination of arene–alkynes was developed, affording 9-bromophenanthrenes via reductive elimination of the Cu(iii) species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangsheng Liu
- Department of Chemistry
- Fudan University
- Shanghai
- P. R. China
| | - Jinjin Chen
- Department of Child Health Care
- Shanghai Children's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200040
- P. R. China
| | - Ruiwen Jin
- Department of Chemistry
- Fudan University
- Shanghai
- P. R. China
| | - Dawen Xu
- Department of Chemistry
- Fudan University
- Shanghai
- P. R. China
| | - Yawei Li
- Department of Chemistry
- Fudan University
- Shanghai
- P. R. China
| | - Feifei Ba
- Department of Chemistry
- Fudan University
- Shanghai
- P. R. China
| | - Guangxin Gu
- Department of Chemistry
- Fudan University
- Shanghai
- P. R. China
| | - Yunyan Kuang
- Department of Chemistry
- Fudan University
- Shanghai
- P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules
| | - Hao Guo
- Department of Chemistry
- Fudan University
- Shanghai
- P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules
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Sasaki M, Kondo Y. Deprotonative C-H silylation of functionalized arenes and heteroarenes using trifluoromethyltrialkylsilane with fluoride. Org Lett 2015; 17:848-51. [PMID: 25635510 DOI: 10.1021/ol503671b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A highly selective C-H silylation reaction of functionalized arenes and heteroarenes was developed using Ruppert-Prakash reagent (TMSCF3) activated by alkali metal fluoride. TMSCF3 is considered to play dual roles as a precursor of a mild base and also as a silicon electrophile. The silylation is compatible with sensitive functional groups such as halogen and nitro groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Midori Sasaki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University , Aramaki Aza Aoba 6-3, Sendai 980-8578 Japan
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Mita
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University
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21
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Mita T, Sugawara M, Saito K, Sato Y. Catalytic Enantioselective Silylation of N-Sulfonylimines: Asymmetric Synthesis of α-Amino Acids from CO2 via Stereospecific Carboxylation of α-Amino Silanes. Org Lett 2014; 16:3028-31. [DOI: 10.1021/ol501143c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Mita
- Faculty
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Masumi Sugawara
- Faculty
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Keisuke Saito
- Faculty
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Sato
- Faculty
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
- ACT-C, Japan Science and Technology
Agency (JST), Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
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