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Ito K, Inoue KY, Ito-Sasaki T, Ikegawa M, Takano S, Ino K, Shiku H. Highly Sensitive Electrochemical Endotoxin Sensor Based on Redox Cycling Using an Interdigitated Array Electrode Device. Micromachines (Basel) 2023; 14:327. [PMID: 36838027 PMCID: PMC9960723 DOI: 10.3390/mi14020327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) reaction-based assay, the most commonly used endotoxin detection method, requires a skilled technician. In this study, to develop an easy-to-use and highly sensitive endotoxin sensor, we created an electrochemical endotoxin sensor by using an interdigitated array electrode (IDAE) device with advantages of amplifiable signals via redox cycling and portability. We added Boc-Leu-Gly-Arg-p-aminophenol (LGR-pAP) as an electrochemical substrate for an LAL reaction and detected p-aminophenol (pAP) released from LGR-pAP as a product of an endotoxin-induced LAL reaction via an IDAE device. The IDAE device showed a great redox cycling efficiency of 79.8%, and a 4.79-fold signal amplification rate. Then, we confirmed that pAP was detectable in the presence of LGR-pAP through chronoamperometry with the potential of the anode stepped from -0.3 to 0.5 V vs. Ag/AgCl while the cathode was biased at -0.3 V vs. Ag/AgCl. Then, we performed an endotoxin assay by using the IDAE device. Our endotoxin sensor detected as low as 0.7 and 1.0 endotoxin unit/L after the LAL reaction for 1 h and 45 min, respectively, and these data were within the cut-off value for ultrapure dialysis fluid. Therefore, our highly sensitive endotoxin sensor is useful for ensuring medical safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Ito
- Department of Frontier Science for Advanced Environment, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, 6-6-11-604 Aramaki Aoba, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Kumi Y. Inoue
- Center for Basic Education, Faculty of Engineering, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu 400-8511, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ito-Sasaki
- Department of Biomedical Engineering for Health and Welfare, Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-11-604 Aramaki Aoba, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Miho Ikegawa
- Department of Frontier Science for Advanced Environment, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, 6-6-11-604 Aramaki Aoba, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Takano
- Department of Frontier Science for Advanced Environment, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, 6-6-11-604 Aramaki Aoba, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Kosuke Ino
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-11-604 Aramaki Aoba, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Shiku
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-11-604 Aramaki Aoba, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
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Uchida T, Kaku Y, Hayasaka H, Kofuji M, Momose N, Miyazawa H, Ueda Y, Ito K, Ookawara S, Morishita Y. Utility Of An Automatic Limulus Amebocyte Lysate Kinetic Turbidimetric Test For Endotoxin Screening Of Dialysate Samples. Med Devices (Auckl) 2019; 12:429-433. [PMID: 31632161 PMCID: PMC6789175 DOI: 10.2147/mder.s225246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Endotoxin contamination of dialysate has serious adverse effects on patients undergoing hemodialysis. Therefore, endotoxin activity in dialysate is closely monitored. Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) has been used as a reagent to measure endotoxin activity. Here, we investigated the efficacy of an automatic LAL kinetic turbidimetric test (Toxinometer ET-mini) for screening endotoxin activity in dialysate. Methods In total, endotoxin activity was measured in 110 dialysate samples obtained from several sites within hemodialysis circuits between June 2012 and March 2018. The results were compared with those from a conventional chromogenic substrate LAL test conducted by a clinical examination laboratory. Results Both the automatic LAL test and the chromogenic substrate LAL test had a minimum detection level of 0.001 endotoxin units (EU)/mL. Endotoxin activity levels measured via the automatic LAL test showed a strongly positive correlation (concordance correlation coefficient: 0.9933; 95% CI: 0.9902–0.9954) and good agreement (mean difference: 0.00±0.01 EU/mL) with those obtained using the chromogenic substrate LAL test. Conclusion The results suggest that the automatic LAL test may be useful for endotoxin activity screening in hemodialysis facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Uchida
- Department of Clinical Engineering, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama-City, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yoshio Kaku
- Division of Nephrology, First Department of Integrated Medicine, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama-City, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Hayasaka
- Department of Clinical Engineering, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama-City, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masaya Kofuji
- Department of Clinical Engineering, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama-City, Saitama, Japan
| | - Naoki Momose
- Department of Clinical Engineering, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama-City, Saitama, Japan
| | - Haruhisa Miyazawa
- Division of Nephrology, First Department of Integrated Medicine, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama-City, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Ueda
- Division of Nephrology, First Department of Integrated Medicine, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama-City, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kiyonori Ito
- Division of Nephrology, First Department of Integrated Medicine, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama-City, Saitama, Japan
| | - Susumu Ookawara
- Division of Nephrology, First Department of Integrated Medicine, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama-City, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Morishita
- Division of Nephrology, First Department of Integrated Medicine, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama-City, Saitama, Japan
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Nastos C, Kalimeris K, Papoutsidakis N, Defterevos G, Pafiti A, Kalogeropoulou E, Zerva L, Nomikos T, Papalois A, Kostopanagiotou G, Smyrniotis V, Arkadopoulos N. Bioartificial liver attenuates intestinal mucosa injury and gut barrier dysfunction after major hepatectomy: Study in a porcine model. Surgery 2016; 159:1501-1510. [PMID: 26847802 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2015.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to evaluate whether bioartificial liver support can attenuate gut mucosa injury in a porcine model of posthepatectomy liver dysfunction. METHODS Posthepatectomy liver failure was induced in pigs combining major (70%) liver resection and ischemia/reperfusion injury. An ischemic period of 150 minutes was followed by reperfusion for 24 hours. Animals were divided randomly into 2 groups: a control group (n = 6) that received standard critical care and a bioartificial liver support group (Hepat, n = 6) that were subjected to extracorporeal liver support for 6 hours during reperfusion. Intestinal mucosal injury, bacterial translocation, and endotoxin translocation were evaluated in all animals. Intestinal mucosa was also evaluated with markers of oxidative injury and immunohistochemical staining for caspase 3. RESULTS When compared with median values, the control group, animals in the Hepat group had a lesser intestinal mucosal injury score (4.0 [range:2.0-5.0] vs 1.0 [range:1.0-2.0]; P < .01), decreased bacterial translocation in the portal and the systemic circulation at 24 hours of reperfusion (P < .05), and decreased portal and systemic endotoxin levels at 24 hours (P < .05). At 24 hours after reperfusion, mucosal protein carbonyls and malondialdehyde levels were decreased in Hepat animals (0.57 nmol/mg [range:0.32-0.70] vs 0.33 nmol/mg [range:0.03-0.53] and 3.85 nmol/mg [range:3.01-6.43] vs 3.27 nmol/mg [range:1.46-3.55], respectively; P < .05). There was no difference in tissue caspase staining. CONCLUSION Bioartificial liver support seems to attenuate intestinal mucosal injury and gut barrier dysfunction after major hepatectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantinos Nastos
- Second Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Aretaieion University Hospital, Athens, Greece.
| | - Konstantinos Kalimeris
- Second Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Papoutsidakis
- Second Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - George Defterevos
- Second Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Aretaieion University Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Agathi Pafiti
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Aretaieion University Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Loukia Zerva
- Laboratory of Biopathology, Attikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Tzortzis Nomikos
- Department of the Science Nutrition - Dietetics, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Georgia Kostopanagiotou
- Second Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Vasillios Smyrniotis
- Fourth Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Arkadopoulos
- Fourth Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece
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Fujita Y, Nabetani T. Iron sulfate inhibits Limulus
activity by induction of structural and qualitative changes in lipid A. J Appl Microbiol 2013; 116:89-99. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.12349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y. Fujita
- Biological Research Department; Sawai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd; Yodogawa-ku Osaka Japan
| | - T. Nabetani
- Analytical Research Department; Sawai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd; Yodogawa-ku Osaka Japan
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Nastos C, Kalimeris K, Papoutsidakis N, Defterevos G, Pafiti A, Kalogeropoulou H, Zerva L, Nomikos T, Kostopanagiotou G, Smyrniotis V, Arkadopoulos N. Antioxidant treatment attenuates intestinal mucosal damage and gut barrier dysfunction after major hepatectomy. Study in a porcine model. J Gastrointest Surg 2011; 15:809-17. [PMID: 21380631 DOI: 10.1007/s11605-011-1475-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2010] [Accepted: 02/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aims to evaluate whether injury of gut mucosa in a porcine model of post-hepatectomy liver dysfunction can be prevented using antioxidant treatment with desferrioxamine. METHODS Post-hepatectomy liver failure was induced in pigs combining major (70%) liver resection and ischemia/reperfusion injury. An ischemic period of 150 minutes, was followed by reperfusion for 24 h. Animals were randomly divided into a control group (n = 6) and a desferrioxamine group (DFX, n = 6). DFX animals were treated with continuous IV infusion of desferrioxamine 100 mg/kg. Intestinal mucosal injury (IMI), bacterial and endotoxin translocation (BT) were evaluated in all animals. Intestinal mucosa was also evaluated for oxidative markers. RESULTS DFX animals had significantly lower IMI score (3.3 ± 1.2 vs. 1.8 ± 0.9, p < 0.05), decreased BT in the portal circulation at 0 and 12 h of reperfusion (p = 0.007 and p = 0.008, respectively), decreased portal endotoxin levels at 6 (p = 0.006) and 24 h (p = 0.004), decreased systemic endotoxin levels (p = 0.01) at 24 h compared to controls. Also, 24 h post-reperfusion mucosal malondialdehyde and protein carbonyls were decreased in DFX animals compared to controls (4.1 ± 1.2 vs. 2.5 ± 1.2, p = 0.05 and 0.5 ± 0.1 vs. 0.4 ± 0.1, p = 0.04 respectively). CONCLUSION Desferrioxamine seems to attenuate mucosal injury from post-hepatectomy liver dysfunction possibly through blockage of iron-catalyzed oxidative reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantinos Nastos
- Second Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Aretaieion University Hospital, 76 Vassilisis Sofia's Ave, 11528, Athens, Greece.
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Fujita Y, Tokunaga T, Kataoka H. Saline and buffers minimize the action of interfering factors in the bacterial endotoxins test. Anal Biochem 2011; 409:46-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2010.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2010] [Revised: 10/01/2010] [Accepted: 10/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Noda K, Goto H, Murakami Y, Ahmed ABF, Kuroda A. Endotoxin assay by bioluminescence using mutant firefly luciferase. Anal Biochem 2009; 397:152-5. [PMID: 19850001 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2009.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2009] [Revised: 10/06/2009] [Accepted: 10/15/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The Limulus reaction is an application of the defense mechanism of horseshoe crab for endotoxin detection. Endotoxin is a component of the cell wall in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria, and causes fever or shock when it enters the human blood stream. For endotoxin detection, gel formation or turbidity of the coagulation factor chromogen or fluorescence-modified peptide is used. However, these conventional methods have problems with regard to their measurement time or sensitivity. We recently obtained a mutant firefly luciferase that has a luminescence intensity over 10-fold higher than that of the wild type. Therefore, we developed a new endotoxin detection method that combines the Limulus reaction and bioluminescence using mutant luciferase. The new method detects 0.0005EU/ml of endotoxin within 15min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Noda
- Research Institute for Nanodevice and Bio Systems, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8530, Japan.
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Mitsumoto K, Yabusaki K, Kobayashi K, Shirasawa Y, Obata T. Novel endotoxin assay by laser light-scattering particle-counting method. J Clin Lab Anal 2009; 23:117-24. [PMID: 19288445 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.20300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure of Limulus amoebocyte lysate to endotoxin under stirring produced light-reflective particles that appeared to be coagulin polymers. A laser light-scattering particle counter, the PA-200, detected these particles sensitively. The PA-200 detected endotoxin at a concentration as low as 0.00015 EU/ml in 71 min, whereas the minimum endotoxin concentration measured by a turbidimeter, ET-2000, was 0.0005 EU/ml in 138 min. Moreover, PA-200 was much less affected by the presence of colored substances and refractive materials than was ET-2000. We propose that the high sensitivity, speed, and high interference tolerance of the laser light-scattering particle-counting method make it more useful than the widely used turbidimetric method for quantitative endotoxin assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Mitsumoto
- Electronics and Optics Research Laboratories, Kowa Company Ltd., 3-3-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo, Japan.
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Uji Y, Yamamoto H, Tsuchihashi H, Maeda K, Funahashi T, Shimomura I, Shimizu T, Endo Y, Tani T. Adiponectin deficiency is associated with severe polymicrobial sepsis, high inflammatory cytokine levels, and high mortality. Surgery 2009; 145:550-7. [PMID: 19375615 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2009.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2008] [Accepted: 01/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adiponectin, a key substance in metabolic syndrome, is known to have anti-inflammatory properties. The relationship between adiponectin and sepsis in vivo is unclear. In this study, the possible involvement of adiponectin in polymicrobial sepsis was investigated using adiponectin-knockout (APN-KO) mice that underwent cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) and received the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-gamma) that increases the plasma adiponectin concentration. METHODS APN-KO and wild-type (WT) mice underwent either CLP or a sham operation. The plasma adiponectin, endotoxin, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels were determined before and at 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, and 24 hours after the procedures, and the survival rates were compared. Mice were injected with rosiglitazone, a selective PPAR-gamma agonist, and compared survival rates after CLP with those without rosiglitazone. RESULTS After CLP, APN-KO mice had a significantly higher mortality than WT mice. The plasma endotoxin, TNF-alpha, and IL-6 levels in APN-KO mice were significantly higher than those in WT mice 24 hours after CLP. Within 4 hours after CLP, the plasma adiponectin level in WT mice decreased to half of the initial levels. Pre-CLP treatment with PPAR-gamma was shown to increase the plasma adiponectin level and to improve significantly mortality of WT mice during sepsis; mortality among APN-KO mice did not improve. CONCLUSION These results suggest that adiponectin deficiency may cause the high mortality and the high inflammatory cytokine levels in mice with polymicrobial sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Uji
- Department of Surgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Japan
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Tsuchihashi H, Yamamoto H, Maeda K, Ugi S, Mori T, Shimizu T, Endo Y, Hanasawa K, Tani T. Circulating concentrations of adiponectin, an endogenous lipopolysaccharide neutralizing protein, decrease in rats with polymicrobial sepsis. J Surg Res 2006; 134:348-53. [PMID: 16488436 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2006.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2005] [Revised: 12/19/2005] [Accepted: 01/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adiponectin is an anti-inflammatory cytokine that is specifically and abundantly produced by adipocytes as a secretory protein. A direct interaction between adiponectin and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is not fully understood. To elucidate the effects of adiponectin on LPS, we first investigated interactions between recombinant adiponectin and LPS. MATERIALS AND METHODS Various concentrations of LPS (50, 500, and 5000 pg/ml) and recombinant adiponectin (1, 10, and 100 microg/ml) were incubated for 1 h. The limulus amoebocyte lysate (LAL) activities in the mixture were measured. Interactions between adiponectin (100 microg/ml) and LPS (100 and 300 microg/ml) were also analyzed in Western blotting. Next, we determined plasma adiponectin, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and endotoxin levels at 1.5, 3, and 24 h after onsets of rodent polymicrobial sepsis induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). RESULTS The incubation with adiponectin significantly and dose-dependently suppressed LAL activity in the mixture compared to control. Western blotting revealed that adiponectin incubated with LPS shifted to a higher mass. In the animal model of sepsis, both plasma endotoxin and TNF-alpha levels after CLP gradually increased and were significantly higher at 3, 24 h compared to those after sham operation. On the contrary, plasma adiponectin levels after CLP gradually decreased and were significantly lower at 3, 24 h compared to those after sham operation. Plasma adiponectin levels were negatively correlated with plasma endotoxin levels (r = -0.77, P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that adiponectin might neutralize LPS in vitro and diminish LPS activity in rats with polymicrobial sepsis. These findings suggest that the anti-inflammatory effects of adiponectin are in part likely because of neutralization of LPS activity.
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