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Shi J, Zhang K, Xiao T, Yang J, Sun Y, Yang C, Dai H, Yang W. Exposure to disinfection by-products and risk of cancer: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2024; 270:115925. [PMID: 38183752 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Disinfection by-products (DBPs), including trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs), have attracted attention due to their carcinogenic properties, leading to varying conclusions. This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the dose-response relationship and the dose-dependent effect of DBPs on cancer risk. We performed a selective search in PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase databases for articles published up to September 15th, 2023. Our meta-analysis eventually included 25 articles, encompassing 8 cohort studies with 6038,525 participants and 10,668 cases, and 17 case-control studies with 10,847 cases and 20,702 controls. We observed a positive correlation between increased cancer risk and higher concentrations of total trihalomethanes (TTHM) in water, longer exposure durations, and higher cumulative TTHM intake. These associations showed a linear trend, with relative risks (RRs) and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) being 1.02 (1.01-1.03), 1.04 (1.02-1.06), and 1.02 (1.00-1.03), respectively. Gender-specific analyses revealed slightly U-shaped relationships in both males and females, with males exhibiting higher risks. The threshold dose for TTHM in relation to cancer risk was determined to be 55 µg/L for females and 40 µg/L for males. A linear association was also identified between bladder cancer risk and TTHM exposure, with an RR and 95 % CI of 1.08 (1.05-1.11). Positive linear associations were observed between cancer risk and exposure to chloroform, bromodichloromethane (BDCM), and HAA5, with RRs and 95 % CIs of 1.02 (1.01-1.03), 1.33 (1.18-1.50), and 1.07 (1.03-1.12), respectively. Positive dose-dependent effects were noted for brominated THMs above 35 µg/L and chloroform above 75 µg/L. While heterogeneity was observed in the studies for quantitative synthesis, no publication bias was detected. Exposure to TTHM, chloroform, BDCM, or HAA5 may contribute to carcinogenesis, and the risk of cancer appears to be dose-dependent on DBP exposure levels. A cumulative effect is suggested by the positive correlation between TTHM exposure and cancer risk. Bladder cancer and endocrine-related cancers show dose-dependent and positive associations with TTHM exposure. Males may be more susceptible to TTHM compared to females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Shi
- Department of Physiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Kui Zhang
- Department of Forensic Pathology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianshu Xiao
- Department of Physiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingxuan Yang
- Department of Physiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanan Sun
- Department of Physiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Chan Yang
- Department of Physiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Dai
- Department of Forensic Pathology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenxing Yang
- Department of Physiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, People's Republic of China.
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Dong H, Nordhorn ID, Lamann K, Westerman DC, Liberatore HK, Forster ALB, Aziz MT, Richardson SD. Overlooked Iodo-Disinfection Byproduct Formation When Cooking Pasta with Iodized Table Salt. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:3538-3548. [PMID: 36802504 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c05234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Iodized table salt provides iodide that is essential for health. However, during cooking, we found that chloramine residuals in tap water can react with iodide in table salt and organic matter in pasta to form iodinated disinfection byproducts (I-DBPs). While naturally occurring iodide in source waters is known to react with chloramine and dissolved organic carbon (e.g., humic acid) during the treatment of drinking water, this is the first study to investigate I-DBP formation from cooking real food with iodized table salt and chloraminated tap water. Matrix effects from the pasta posed an analytical challenge, necessitating the development of a new method for sensitive and reproducible measurements. The optimized method utilized sample cleanup with Captiva EMR-Lipid sorbent, extraction with ethyl acetate, standard addition calibration, and analysis using gas chromatography (GC)-mass spectrometry (MS)/MS. Using this method, seven I-DBPs, including six iodo-trihalomethanes (I-THMs) and iodoacetonitrile, were detected when iodized table salt was used to cook pasta, while no I-DBPs were formed with Kosher or Himalayan salts. Total I-THM levels of 11.1 ng/g in pasta combined with cooking water were measured, with triiodomethane and chlorodiiodomethane dominant, at 6.7 and 1.3 ng/g, respectively. Calculated cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of I-THMs for the pasta with cooking water were 126- and 18-fold, respectively, compared to the corresponding chloraminated tap water. However, when the cooked pasta was separated (strained) from the pasta water, chlorodiiodomethane was the dominant I-THM, and lower levels of total I-THMs (retaining 30% of the I-THMs) and calculated toxicity were observed. This study highlights an overlooked source of exposure to toxic I-DBPs. At the same time, the formation of I-DBPs can be avoided by boiling the pasta without a lid and adding iodized salt after cooking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyu Dong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Ilona D Nordhorn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Muenster, Muenster D-48149, Germany
| | - Karsten Lamann
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Muenster, Muenster D-48149, Germany
| | - Danielle C Westerman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Hannah K Liberatore
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
- Currently at Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Alexandria L B Forster
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Md Tareq Aziz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Susan D Richardson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
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Zheng D, Chen L, Tian H, Yang Q, Wu J, Ji Z, Cai J, Chen Y, Li Z. A scientometric analysis of research trends on emerging contaminants in the field of cancer in 2012-2021. Front Public Health 2022; 10:1034585. [PMID: 36504950 PMCID: PMC9733951 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1034585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recently, emerging contaminants have been discovered in the aquatic environment that can cause a range of human diseases, including cancer. In this study, our scientometric analysis provides a comprehensive overview of emerging contaminants and cancer research from 2012 to 2021. METHODS The Web of Science Core Collection Database was used to retrieve all related publications. The bibliometix R-package, CiteSpace, and VOSviewer were applied to collect information on annual citations and publications, famous journals and authors, the most productive countries and organizations, popular topics, and keywords. RESULTS A total of 2378 publications were retrieved. The publication's output showed a gradual upward trend from 2012 to 2021. The most-cited paper was a review article by Vandenberg et al. that was published in 2012. According to the analysis results, the United States published the most articles. The closest collaboration was between the United States and China. Environmental Research and Science of The Total Environment published the most paper. It was Choi KC who was the most productive and had the highest h-index, g-index, and m-index among the authors. The most frequently used keywords were "exposure," "endocrine-disrupting chemicals," "endocrine disruptors," "cancer," "bisphenol-a," and so on. DISCUSSION Emerging contaminants play a significant role in cancer development. However, most studies are conducted in vivo with human cells or animal models, and relatively few are on human models. The scientometric analysis offers researchers a clear picture of the current state of research and hotspots in this field. From our study, researchers may find some hotspots that merit in-depth investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daitian Zheng
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Lingzhi Chen
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Huiting Tian
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Qiuping Yang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Jinyao Wu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Zeqi Ji
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Jiehui Cai
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Yexi Chen
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Zhiyang Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
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Weisman RJ, Heinrich A, Letkiewicz F, Messner M, Studer K, Wang L, Regli S. Estimating National Exposures and Potential Bladder Cancer Cases Associated with Chlorination DBPs in U.S. Drinking Water. Environ Health Perspect 2022; 130:87002. [PMID: 35913906 PMCID: PMC9342685 DOI: 10.1289/ehp9985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in public water systems (PWS) are an unintended consequence resulting from reactions between mostly chlorine-based disinfectants and organic and inorganic compounds in source waters. Epidemiology studies have shown that exposure to DBP (specifically trihalomethanes) was associated with an increased risk of bladder cancer. OBJECTIVE Our goal was to characterize the relative differences in exposures and estimated potential bladder cancer risks for people served by different strata of PWS in the United States and to evaluate uncertainties associated with these estimates. METHODS We stratified PWS by source water type (surface vs. groundwater) and population served (large, medium, and small) and calculated population-weighted mean trihalomethane-4 (THM4) concentrations for each stratum. For each stratum, we calculated a population attributable risk (PAR) for bladder cancer using odds ratios derived from published pooled epidemiology estimates as a function of the mean THM4 concentration and the fraction of the total U.S. population served by each stratum of systems. We then applied the stratum-specific PARs to the total annual number of new bladder cancer cases in the U.S. population to estimate bladder cancer incidence in each stratum. RESULTS Our results show that approximately 8,000 of the 79,000 annual bladder cancer cases in the United States were potentially attributable to DBPs in drinking water systems. The estimated attributable cases vary based on source water type and system size. Approximately 74% of the estimated attributable cases were from surface water systems serving populations of > 10,000 people. We also identified several uncertainties that may affect the results from this study, primarily related to the use of THM4 as a surrogate measure for DBPs relevant to bladder cancer. DISCUSSION Despite significant reductions in exposure over the past several decades, our study suggests that ∼ 10 % of the bladder cancer cases in the United States may still be attributed to exposure to DBPs found in drinking water systems. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP9985.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Weisman
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA), Washington, DC, USA
| | - Austin Heinrich
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA), Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Michael Messner
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA), Washington, DC, USA
| | - Kirsten Studer
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA), Washington, DC, USA
| | - Lili Wang
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA), Washington, DC, USA
| | - Stig Regli
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA), Washington, DC, USA
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