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Vieira-Neto A, Lean IJ, Santos JEP. Periparturient Mineral Metabolism: Implications to Health and Productivity. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1232. [PMID: 38672379 PMCID: PMC11047658 DOI: 10.3390/ani14081232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Mineral metabolism, in particular Ca, and to a lesser extent phosphorus (P) and magnesium (Mg), is altered with the onset of lactation because of extensive irreversible loss to synthesize colostrum and milk. The transient reduction in the concentration of Ca in blood, particularly when it lasts days, increases the risk of mineral-related disorders such as hypocalcemia and, to a lesser extent, hypophosphatemia. Although the incidence of clinical hypocalcemia can be reduced by prepartum dietary interventions, subclinical hypocalcemia remains prevalent, affecting up to 60% of the dairy cows in the first 3 d postpartum. More importantly, strong associations exist between hypocalcemia and increased susceptibility to other peripartum diseases and impaired reproductive performance. Mechanistic experiments have demonstrated the role of Ca on innate immune response in dairy cows, which presumably predisposes them to other diseases. Hypocalcemia is not related to inadequate Ca intake as prepartum diets marginal to deficient in Ca reduce the risk of the disease. Therefore, the understanding of how Ca homeostasis is regulated, in particular how calciotropic hormones such as parathyroid hormone and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, affect blood Ca concentrations, gastrointestinal Ca absorption, bone remodeling, and renal excretion of Ca become critical to develop novel strategies to prevent mineral imbalances either by nutritional or pharmacological interventions. A common method to reduce the risk of hypocalcemia is the manipulation of the prepartum dietary cation-anion difference. Feeding acidogenic diets not only improves Ca homeostasis and reduces hypocalcemia, but also reduces the risk of uterine diseases and improves productive performance. Feeding diets that induce a negative Ca balance in the last weeks of gestation also reduce the risk of clinical hypocalcemia, and recent work shows that the incorporation of mineral sequestering agents, presumably by reducing the absorption of P and Ca prepartum, increases blood Ca at calving, although benefits to production and health remain to be shown. Alternative strategies to minimize subclinical hypocalcemia with the use of vitamin D metabolites either fed prepartum or as a pharmacological agent administered immediately after calving have shown promising results in reducing hypocalcemia and altering immune cell function, which might prove efficacious to prevent diseases in early lactation. This review summarizes the current understanding of Ca homeostasis around parturition, the limited knowledge of the exact mechanisms for gastrointestinal Ca absorption in bovine, the implications of hypocalcemia on the health of dairy cows, and discusses the methods to minimize the risk of hypocalcemia and their impacts on productive performance and health in dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achilles Vieira-Neto
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA;
| | - Ian J. Lean
- Scibus, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia;
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
| | - José Eduardo P. Santos
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA;
- DH Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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Suzuki N, Purba FY, Nii T, Isobe N. Effect of 6‐n‐propyl‐2‐thiouracil or dexamethasone administration on the responses of antimicrobial components in goat milk to intramammary lipopolysaccharide infusion. Anim Sci J 2022; 93:e13773. [PMID: 36274645 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Heat stress impacts the immune system of dairy animals by altering the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and thyroid function, leading to conditions such as hypothyroidism and hypercortisolism. This study aimed to elucidate the effect of hypothyroidism and hypercortisolism on the response of mammary innate immune function to inflammation caused by Escherichia coli in dairy goats. To induce hypothyroidism and hypercortisolism, we administered 6-n-propyl-2-thiouracil (PTU; for 21 days) and dexamethasone (DEX; for 5 days), respectively, to six goats each; six goats without treatment were used as the control group. After treatment, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from E. coli O111 was infused into the mammary gland. Somatic cell counts (SCC) and levels of lactoferrin (LF), S100A7, immunoglobulin A (IgA), and interleukin-8 (IL-8) in milk until 7 days after LPS infusion were measured. An increase in SCC after LPS infusion was inhibited in both PTU and DEX groups, and an increase in LF after LPS infusion was inhibited in PTU group, compared with that in the control group. The results of the present study suggest that the recruitment of neutrophils and LF production decreased under hypothyroidism or hypercortisolism, which may be one of the causes underlying increased incidence of mastitis in dairy animals under heat stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Suzuki
- Graduate school of Integrated Sciences for Life Hiroshima University, Higashi‐Hiroshima Hiroshima Japan
| | - Fika Yuliza Purba
- Veterinary Medicine Study Program, Faculty of Medicine Hasanuddin University Makassar Indonesia
| | - Takahiro Nii
- Graduate school of Integrated Sciences for Life Hiroshima University, Higashi‐Hiroshima Hiroshima Japan
| | - Naoki Isobe
- Graduate school of Integrated Sciences for Life Hiroshima University, Higashi‐Hiroshima Hiroshima Japan
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Shinozuka Y, Kawai K, Kurumisawa T, Shimizu Y, Imanishi T, Ohno A, Takahashi M, Kaneko S, Suzuki N. Examination of the microbiota of normal cow milk using MinION TM nanopore sequencing. J Vet Med Sci 2021; 83:1620-1627. [PMID: 34526421 PMCID: PMC8636880 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the microbiota of normal milk in dairy cows and their relationship with host factors, such as the age of the cow (Age), somatic cell counts in milk
(SCCs), and days in milk (DIM). We investigated 48 milk samples from 22 cows with no systemic or local clinical signs using MinIONTM nanopore sequencing for a 16S
rRNA gene amplicon. Bacterial richness was positively correlated with the DIM (P=0.043), and both the Shannon-Wiener Index and Simpson’s Index, which are metrics
of alpha-diversity, were also significantly positively correlated with the SCC (P<0.001). The composition ratios of both Actinobacteria at the phylum level and
Kocuria spp. at the genus level in the milk microbiota were significantly correlated with the SCC (P<0.001 and P<0.001,
respectively). In the beta-diversity test, the one-way analysis of similarities test showed a significant difference (P=0.0051) between the low- and high-SCC groups. This
study clarified that the composition of the normal milk microbiota in this herd was related to the SCC. It also raised the possibility of variations in bacterial genera in the normal milk
microbiota between the low- and high-SCC groups. However, to clarify the actual condition of the milk microbiota and to elucidate the relationship with the SCC, it is necessary to perform
further analyses taking into account not only the relative abundance, but also the absolute abundance of microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Shinozuka
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan.,Azabu University Mastitis Research Center, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Kawai
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan.,Azabu University Mastitis Research Center, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
| | - Tomomi Kurumisawa
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan.,Azabu University Mastitis Research Center, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
| | - Yuko Shimizu
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
| | - Tadashi Imanishi
- Department of Molecular Life Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan
| | - Ayumu Ohno
- Department of Molecular Life Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan
| | - Mano Takahashi
- Department of Molecular Life Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan
| | - Sohei Kaneko
- Higashi-Hiroshima Veterinary Clinical Center, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-2106, Japan
| | - Naoki Suzuki
- Higashi-Hiroshima Veterinary Clinical Center, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-2106, Japan.,Present address: Graduate School of Integrated Science for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
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Abstract
Abstract
In response to invasion of pathogens, hosts present fever and a series of behavioural changes including reduced grooming, reduction of foraging, decreased locomotion, withdrawing from social activities and reproductive process, which are collectively termed sickness behaviour. Fever as well as sickness behaviour are adaptive and benefit the host to reduce pathology caused by infections and opportunity costs for time away from foraging, reproduction and predator avoidance. Antipathogenic fever and sickness behaviour are mediated proximately by cytokines including pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Pro-inflammation cytokines trigger these sickness responses, while anti-inflammatory cytokines constrain these responses and prevent damage to host from exaggerated responses. The present study reviews the characterization of fever and sickness behaviour regulated by cytokines during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiran Li
- aDepartment of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, No 20, 3rd section of Renmin South Road, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
- bKey Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
| | - Shuanghong Luo
- aDepartment of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, No 20, 3rd section of Renmin South Road, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
- bKey Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
| | - Chaomin Wan
- aDepartment of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, No 20, 3rd section of Renmin South Road, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
- bKey Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
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Al-Qaisi M, Kvidera SK, Horst EA, McCarthy CS, Mayorga EJ, Abeyta MA, Goetz BM, Upah NC, McKilligan DM, Ramirez-Ramirez HA, Timms LL, Baumgard LH. Effects of an oral supplement containing calcium and live yeast on post-absorptive metabolism, inflammation and production following intravenous lipopolysaccharide infusion in dairy cows. Res Vet Sci 2020; 129:74-81. [PMID: 31954317 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Objectives were to evaluate the effects of an oral supplement containing soluble Ca, and live yeast in LPS-challenged dairy cows. The trial consisted of 2 experimental periods (P). During P1 (3 d), cows (n = 12) were fed ad libitum and baseline data was collected. At the beginning of P2 (which lasted 96 h), all cows were i.v. challenged with 0.375 μg/kg BW LPS. Cows were assigned randomly to 1 of 2 treatments: 1) control (CON; no bolus; n = 6) or 2) an oral bolus containing Ca and live yeast (CLY; YMCP Vitall® 44.718 g of elemental Ca; TechMix, LLC., Stewart, MN; n = 6), administered -0.5 and 6.5 h relative to LPS infusion. Following LPS administration, circulating Ca decreased in both treatments but supplemental CLY ameliorated the hypocalcemia (48 h area under the curve: -10.8 vs. -1.9 mmol/L × h; P < .01). Lipopolysaccharide decreased dry matter intake (DMI; 60%) similarly for both treatments on d 1, but overall (d 1-4) DMI tended to be reduced less (14 vs. 30%; P = .06) in CLY supplemented vs CON cows. Lipopolysaccharide reduced milk yield (70%; P < .01) from 12 to 24 h, but throughout P2, milk yield from CLY supplemented cows was increased (38%; P = .03) relative to CON cows. Overall during P2, circulating LPS-binding protein and serum amyloid A increased post LPS (3- and 4-fold, respectively, P < .01), but were unaffected by treatment (P ≥ .68). In conclusion, providing an oral supplement containing Ca and live yeast prior to and following LPS administration markedly ameliorated LPS-induced hypocalcemia and improved DMI and milk yield.
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Purba FY, Ueda J, Nii T, Yoshimura Y, Isobe N. Effects of intrauterine infusion of bacterial lipopolysaccharides on the mammary gland inflammatory response in goats. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2019; 219:109972. [PMID: 31733501 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2019.109972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine if intrauterine-infused lipopolysaccharides (LPS) can be translocated to the mammary glands and induce an inflammatory response. Thirty-seven goats were divided into two experiments. Nineteen goats (control group, n = 9; LPS group, n = 10) were subjected to intravenous injection of LPS, and eighteen goats (control group, n = 8; LPS group, n = 10) were subjected to intrauterine infusion of LPS. Milk and blood samples were collected before and after the LPS challenge, to measure the blood leukocyte count (BLC), plasma LPS-binding protein (LBP), milk yield, milk somatic cell count (SCC), lactoferrin (LF), milk lactoperoxidase (LPO) activity, and pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in plasma and milk. Mammary gland tissues were collected from the parenchyma before and after the LPS challenge, for immunohistochemistry of LPS. In the intravenous injection experiment, the BLC (P < 0.001) and milk yield (P = 0.009) were lower, whereas the LF concentration (P < 0.001) and milk LPO activity (P < 0.001) were higher in the LPS group compared to that in the control group. LPS was detected in the mammary gland 3 and 24 h after intravenous injection of LPS. In the intrauterine infusion experiment, the mean concentrations of IL-1β and IL-6 in milk were higher in the LPS group compared to that in the control group (P = 0.004 and P = 0.017, respectively), whereas there were no changes in milk yield or SCC. LPS was detected in the connective tissues and interepithelial spaces of the alveoli of the mammary glands 24 h after intrauterine infusion of LPS. We conclude that intrauterine-infused LPS can be translocated to the mammary glands from the uterus, however, the amount of translocated LPS might not be enough to induce symptoms of clinical or subclinical mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fika Yuliza Purba
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8528, Japan; Veterinary Medicine Study Program, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia
| | - Jo Ueda
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8528, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nii
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8528, Japan
| | - Yukinori Yoshimura
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8528, Japan
| | - Naoki Isobe
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8528, Japan.
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Shinozuka Y, Kawai K, Sato R, Higashitani A, Ueno D, Okita M, Isobe N. Effect of intramammary lipopolysaccharide infusion on milk pH of uninfused udder in goat. J Vet Med Sci 2018; 80:1287-1290. [PMID: 29910225 PMCID: PMC6115263 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.18-0280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The change in milk composition in response to intramammary infusion of
Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was investigated. Four
clinically healthy goats were infused with LPS (100 µg) by intramammary
administration to the left udder. Clinical manifestations (rectal temperature and physical
activity), selected blood parameters (pH and white blood cell count) and milk compositions
(somatic cell count and pH) were evaluated at 0 hr (just before challenge) and at multiple
time points over the first 24 hr post-challenge. After intramammary LPS challenge, the pH
of milk from both udders increased. Thus, this study revealed that LPS-induced mastitis in
goat can result in increased pH in milk from the unchallenged (contralateral) udder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Shinozuka
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Kawai
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
| | - Reiichiro Sato
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
| | - Akito Higashitani
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
| | - Daisaku Ueno
- Chubu Veterinary Clinic, NOSAI Minami, Niikappu, Hokkaido 059-2403, Japan
| | - Miki Okita
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
| | - Naoki Isobe
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
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