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Rawle DJ, Nguyen W, Dumenil T, Parry R, Warrilow D, Tang B, Le TT, Slonchak A, Khromykh AA, Lutzky VP, Yan K, Suhrbier A. Sequencing of Historical Isolates, K-mer Mining and High Serological Cross-Reactivity with Ross River Virus Argue against the Presence of Getah Virus in Australia. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9100848. [PMID: 33081269 PMCID: PMC7650646 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9100848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Getah virus (GETV) is a mosquito-transmitted alphavirus primarily associated with disease in horses and pigs in Asia. GETV was also reported to have been isolated from mosquitoes in Australia in 1961; however, retrieval and sequencing of the original isolates (N544 and N554), illustrated that these viruses were virtually identical to the 1955 GETVMM2021 isolate from Malaysia. K-mer mining of the >40,000 terabases of sequence data in the Sequence Read Archive followed by BLASTn confirmation identified multiple GETV sequences in biosamples from Asia (often as contaminants), but not in biosamples from Australia. In contrast, sequence reads aligning to the Australian Ross River virus (RRV) were readily identified in Australian biosamples. To explore the serological relationship between GETV and other alphaviruses, an adult wild-type mouse model of GETV was established. High levels of cross-reactivity and cross-protection were evident for convalescent sera from mice infected with GETV or RRV, highlighting the difficulties associated with the interpretation of early serosurveys reporting GETV antibodies in Australian cattle and pigs. The evidence that GETV circulates in Australia is thus not compelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Rawle
- Inflammation Biology Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia; (D.J.R.); (W.N.); (T.D.); (B.T.); (T.T.L.); (V.P.L.); (K.Y.)
| | - Wilson Nguyen
- Inflammation Biology Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia; (D.J.R.); (W.N.); (T.D.); (B.T.); (T.T.L.); (V.P.L.); (K.Y.)
| | - Troy Dumenil
- Inflammation Biology Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia; (D.J.R.); (W.N.); (T.D.); (B.T.); (T.T.L.); (V.P.L.); (K.Y.)
| | - Rhys Parry
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (R.P.); (A.S.); (A.A.K.)
| | - David Warrilow
- Public Health Virology Laboratory, Department of Health, Queensland Government, Brisbane, QLD 4108, Australia;
| | - Bing Tang
- Inflammation Biology Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia; (D.J.R.); (W.N.); (T.D.); (B.T.); (T.T.L.); (V.P.L.); (K.Y.)
| | - Thuy T. Le
- Inflammation Biology Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia; (D.J.R.); (W.N.); (T.D.); (B.T.); (T.T.L.); (V.P.L.); (K.Y.)
| | - Andrii Slonchak
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (R.P.); (A.S.); (A.A.K.)
| | - Alexander A. Khromykh
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (R.P.); (A.S.); (A.A.K.)
- GVN Center of Excellence, Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Brisbane, QLD 4006 and 4072, Australia
| | - Viviana P. Lutzky
- Inflammation Biology Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia; (D.J.R.); (W.N.); (T.D.); (B.T.); (T.T.L.); (V.P.L.); (K.Y.)
| | - Kexin Yan
- Inflammation Biology Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia; (D.J.R.); (W.N.); (T.D.); (B.T.); (T.T.L.); (V.P.L.); (K.Y.)
| | - Andreas Suhrbier
- Inflammation Biology Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia; (D.J.R.); (W.N.); (T.D.); (B.T.); (T.T.L.); (V.P.L.); (K.Y.)
- GVN Center of Excellence, Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Brisbane, QLD 4006 and 4072, Australia
- Correspondence:
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Dhanwani R, Khan M, Lomash V, Rao PVL, Ly H, Parida M. Characterization of chikungunya virus induced host response in a mouse model of viral myositis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92813. [PMID: 24667237 PMCID: PMC3965460 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
While a number of studies have documented the persistent presence of chikungunya virus (CHIKV) in muscle tissue with primary fibroblast as the preferable cell target, little is known regarding the alterations that take place in muscle tissue in response to CHIKV infection. Hence, in the present study a permissive mouse model of CHIKV infection was established and characterized in order to understand the pathophysiology of the disease. The two dimensional electrophoresis of muscle proteome performed for differential analysis indicated a drastic reprogramming of the proteins from various classes like stress, inflammation, cytoskeletal, energy and lipid metabolism. The roles of the affected proteins were explained in relation to virus induced myopathy which was further supported by the histopathological and behavioural experiments proving the lack of hind limb coordination and other loco-motor abnormalities in the infected mice. Also, the level of various pro-inflammatory mediators like IL-6, MCP-1, Rantes and TNF-α was significantly elevated in muscles of infected mice. Altogether this comprehensive study of characterizing CHIKV induced mouse myopathy provides many potential targets for further evaluation and biomarker study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rekha Dhanwani
- Department of Virology, Defence Research & Development Establishment (DRDE), Gwalior, India
| | - Mohsin Khan
- Department of Virology, Defence Research & Development Establishment (DRDE), Gwalior, India
| | - Vinay Lomash
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Defence Research & Development Establishment (DRDE), Gwalior, India
| | | | - Hinh Ly
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Saint Paul, Minnestoa, United States of America
| | - Manmohan Parida
- Department of Virology, Defence Research & Development Establishment (DRDE), Gwalior, India
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Ozden S, Huerre M, Riviere JP, Coffey LL, Afonso PV, Mouly V, de Monredon J, Roger JC, El Amrani M, Yvin JL, Jaffar MC, Frenkiel MP, Sourisseau M, Schwartz O, Butler-Browne G, Desprès P, Gessain A, Ceccaldi PE. Human muscle satellite cells as targets of Chikungunya virus infection. PLoS One 2007; 2:e527. [PMID: 17565380 PMCID: PMC1885285 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2007] [Accepted: 05/17/2007] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chikungunya (CHIK) virus is a mosquito-transmitted alphavirus that causes in humans an acute infection characterised by fever, polyarthralgia, head-ache, and myalgia. Since 2005, the emergence of CHIK virus was associated with an unprecedented magnitude outbreak of CHIK disease in the Indian Ocean. Clinically, this outbreak was characterized by invalidating poly-arthralgia, with myalgia being reported in 97.7% of cases. Since the cellular targets of CHIK virus in humans are unknown, we studied the pathogenic events and targets of CHIK infection in skeletal muscle. Methodology/Principal Findings Immunohistology on muscle biopsies from two CHIK virus-infected patients with myositic syndrome showed that viral antigens were found exclusively inside skeletal muscle progenitor cells (designed as satelllite cells), and not in muscle fibers. To evaluate the ability of CHIK virus to replicate in human satellite cells, we assessed virus infection on primary human muscle cells; viral growth was observed in CHIK virus-infected satellite cells with a cytopathic effect, whereas myotubes were essentially refractory to infection. Conclusions/Significance This report provides new insights into CHIK virus pathogenesis, since it is the first to identify a cellular target of CHIK virus in humans and to report a selective infection of muscle satellite cells by a viral agent in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Ozden
- Unité Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes-CNRS URA1930, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Michel Huerre
- Unité Recherche et Expertise Histotechnologie et Pathologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Riviere
- Service d'Anatomopathologie, CHD Félix Guyon, Saint-Denis de la Réunion, France
| | - Lark L. Coffey
- Unité Interactions Moléculaires Flavivirus-Hôtes, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Philippe V. Afonso
- Unité Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes-CNRS URA1930, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Mouly
- Inserm U787-Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Institut de Myologie, Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Jean de Monredon
- Service de Neurologie, CHD Félix Guyon, Saint-Denis de la Réunion, France
| | | | - Mohamed El Amrani
- Service de Neurologie, CHD Félix Guyon, Saint-Denis de la Réunion, France
| | - Jean-Luc Yvin
- Service de Médecine Interne, CHD Félix Guyon, Saint-Denis de la Réunion, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Gillian Butler-Browne
- Inserm U787-Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Institut de Myologie, Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Desprès
- Unité Interactions Moléculaires Flavivirus-Hôtes, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Antoine Gessain
- Unité Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes-CNRS URA1930, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Pierre-Emmanuel Ceccaldi
- Unité Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes-CNRS URA1930, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Abstract
Current animal models of human myositis include spontaneous, induced, and transgenic models. Although it is clear that none of these models possesses all the features of the human diseases, they may provide insight into the pathophysiologic mechanisms, and possibly the therapy, of inflammatory muscle disease. Because the human IIMs are phenotypically heterogeneous, but may be divided into more homogeneous subgroups based upon clinical or serologic features, it is possible that different pathogeneses are involved in different subgroups. It is unlikely that any single model would reproduce all features of the human disease. It may be possible, however, to gain insight into some subgroups of the human disease if certain animal models faithfully reproduce one or more subtypes or aspects of the IIMs. Because immunogenetic risk factors, and exposure to certain environmental agents important in triggering myositis in genetically susceptible persons, may be necessary components for human disease induction, transgenic approaches to humanizing murine immune systems and a better understanding of environmental risk factors will be productive avenues for future research. Additional investigations into the molecular basis of the human myositis syndromes and the pathogenesis of the spontaneous, induced, and transgenic animal models should ultimately allow for better understanding and therapy of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanneboyina Nagaraju
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Ross 1042, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Abstract
Getah virus is a member of the genus Alphavirus in the family Togaviridae and has been frequently isolated from mosquitoes. Seroepizootiologic studies indicate that the virus is mosquito-borne and widespread, ranging from Eurasia to southeast and far eastern Asia, the Pacific islands, and Australasia. The natural host animal of the virus was not known until the first recognized occurrence of Getah virus infection among racehorses in two training centers in Japan in 1978. Outbreaks of clinical disease due to Getah virus infection occur infrequently, and only one outbreak has been reported outside Japan; this was in India in 1990. Clinical signs of the disease are mild and nonlife-threatening and are characterized by pyrexia, edema of the hind limbs, swelling of the submandibular lymph nodes, and urticarial rash, as reported in the 1978 epizootic. The morbidity was 37.9% (722 of 1903 horses) in one training center, with 96% of 722 affected horses making a full clinical recovery within a week without any significant sequelae. Antibodies against Getah virus were detected in 61.2% (172 of 281) and 55.8% (254 of 455) of horses at two training centers, respectively. Virus isolation can be attempted in VERO, RK-13, BHK-21, and many other cell lines as well as in suckling mouse brain. Blood plasma collected from suspect cases of infection at the onset of pyrexia is the specimen of choice. A diagnosis of Getah virus infection can also be confirmed serologically based on testing acute and convalescent phase sera by using SN, CF, HI, and ELISA tests. An inactivated vaccine is available for the prevention and control of Getah virus infection in horses in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Fukunaga
- Epizootic Research Station, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Tochigi, Japan
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Abstract
An outbreak of disease, characterized by depression, anorexia, fever, limb oedema and lymphocytopenia, occurred on a farm for thoroughbreds in India in 1990. Twenty-six of the 88 horses on the farm were affected, predominantly adults. Signs were present in affected horses for 7-10 days, and the outbreak lasted 21 days. Seven of the 26 affected horses were tested for exposure to Getah virus using paired serum samples, acute and convalescent. Four of the 7 horses seroconverted to Getah virus, and the other three showed a 4-fold or greater rise in titre. The clinical and laboratory findings were similar, but not indentical, to those described in natural and experimental infections in Japanese horses. This is the first description of disease caused by Getah virus infection in horses outside Japan. In addition serum samples from 152 horses from 3 regions of India were evaluated for the presence of antibodies to Getah virus. The seroprevalence was found to be 17%, indicating exposure to the virus elsewhere in Indian horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Brown
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50011, USA
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