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Budiyanto F, Alhomaidi EA, Mohammed AE, Ghandourah MA, Alorfi HS, Bawakid NO, Alarif WM. Exploring the Mangrove Fruit: From the Phytochemicals to Functional Food Development and the Current Progress in the Middle East. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:303. [PMID: 35621954 PMCID: PMC9146169 DOI: 10.3390/md20050303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, the logarithmic production of existing well-known food materials is unable to keep up with the demand caused by the exponential growth of the human population in terms of the equality of access to food materials. Famous local food materials with treasury properties such as mangrove fruits are an excellent source to be listed as emerging food candidates with ethnomedicinal properties. Thus, this study reviews the nutrition content of several edible mangrove fruits and the innovation to improve the fruit into a highly economic food product. Within the mangrove fruit, the levels of primary metabolites such as carbohydrates, protein, and fat are acceptable for daily intake. The mangrove fruits, seeds, and endophytic fungi are rich in phenolic compounds, limonoids, and their derivatives as the compounds present a multitude of bioactivities such as antimicrobial, anticancer, and antioxidant. In the intermediary process, the flour of mangrove fruit stands as a supplementation for the existing flour with antidiabetic or antioxidant properties. The mangrove fruit is successfully transformed into many processed food products. However, limited fruits from species such as Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Rhizophora mucronata, Sonneratia caseolaris, and Avicennia marina are commonly upgraded into traditional food, though many more species demonstrate ethnomedicinal properties. In the Middle East, A. marina is the dominant species, and the study of the phytochemicals and fruit development is limited. Therefore, studies on the development of mangrove fruits to functional for other mangrove species are demanding. The locally accepted mangrove fruit is coveted as an alternate food material to support the sustainable development goal of eliminating world hunger in sustainable ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fitri Budiyanto
- Department of Marine Chemistry, Faculty of Marine Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80207, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (F.B.); (M.A.G.); (W.M.A.)
- National Research and Innovation Agency, Jl. M.H. Thamrin No. 8, Jakarta 10340, Indonesia
| | - Eman A. Alhomaidi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Afrah E. Mohammed
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mohamed A. Ghandourah
- Department of Marine Chemistry, Faculty of Marine Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80207, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (F.B.); (M.A.G.); (W.M.A.)
| | - Hajer S. Alorfi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (H.S.A.); (N.O.B.)
| | - Nahed O. Bawakid
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (H.S.A.); (N.O.B.)
| | - Wailed M. Alarif
- Department of Marine Chemistry, Faculty of Marine Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80207, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (F.B.); (M.A.G.); (W.M.A.)
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Sinaga E, Suprihatin, Yenisbar, Iswahyudi M, Setyowati S, Prasasty VD. Effect of supplementation of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa fruit juice in preventing hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis development in rats fed with high fat high cholesterol diet. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 142:111996. [PMID: 34388525 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death worldwide. Nutraceuticals, mainly based on natural products, have been proven to control the risk factors of CVDs effectively. Rhodomyrtus tomentosa is an underutilized fruit that is rich in phenolic compounds and has antioxidant activities. Scientific investigation was needed to verify the pharmacological properties of R. tomentosa fruit juice in Sprague-Dawley rats fed with high fat high cholesterol (HFHC) as antihypercholesterolemic and antiatherosclerotic agents. The experiments were carried out using male albino rats fed with HFHC diet for 75 days and at the same time orally supplemented with R. tomentosa fruit juice (RTFJ) in doses of 0.5, 1, and 2 g/kg body weight (BW) daily for 75 days. Simvastatin was used as a positive control. At the end of the experiment, the blood was collected, and the serum was assayed for total triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C). The histopathology of coronary and aorta arteries was observed under the light microscope. The results demonstrated that the supplementation of RTFJ significantly prevented the increase of total triglycerides, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, and the decrease of high-density lipoprotein in serum. Supplementation of RTFJ also prevents atherosclerosis development by preventing the thickening of the blood vessel wall, deposition of lipid formation, and foam cells in the tunica intima of the aorta and coronary arteries. These findings suggested that supplementation of R. tomentosa fruit juice prevents hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernawati Sinaga
- Faculty of Biology, Universitas Nasional, Jakarta 12520, Indonesia; Center for Medicinal Plants Research, Universitas Nasional, Jakarta 12520, Indonesia.
| | - Suprihatin
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitas Nasional, Jakarta 12520, Indonesia
| | - Yenisbar
- Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Nasional, Jakarta 12520, Indonesia
| | - Mardian Iswahyudi
- Faculty of Biology, Universitas Nasional, Jakarta 12520, Indonesia; Cipto Mangunkusumo National Central General Hospital, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia
| | - Sarwi Setyowati
- Faculty of Biology, Universitas Nasional, Jakarta 12520, Indonesia
| | - Vivitri D Prasasty
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Jakarta 12930, Indonesia.
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