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Badawi S, Mohamed FE, Alkhofash NR, John A, Ali A, Ali BR. Characterization of ACE2 naturally occurring missense variants: impact on subcellular localization and trafficking. Hum Genomics 2022; 16:35. [PMID: 36056420 PMCID: PMC9438391 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-022-00411-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), a type I transmembrane receptor physiologically acting as a carboxypeptidase enzyme within the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), is a critical mediator of infection by several severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) corona viruses. For instance, it has been demonstrated that ACE2 is the primary receptor for the SARS-CoV-2 entry to many human cells through binding to the viral spike S protein. Consequently, genetic variability in ACE2 gene has been suggested to contribute to the variable clinical manifestations in COVID-19. Many of those genetic variations result in missense variants within the amino acid sequence of ACE2. The potential effects of those variations on binding to the spike protein have been speculated and, in some cases, demonstrated experimentally. However, their effects on ACE2 protein folding, trafficking and subcellular targeting have not been established. Results In this study we aimed to examine the potential effects of 28 missense variants (V801G, D785N, R768W, I753T, L731F, L731I, I727V, N720D, R710H, R708W, S692P, E668K, V658I, N638S, A627V, F592L, G575V, A501T, I468V, M383I, G173S, N159S, N149S, D38E, N33D, K26R, I21T, and S19P) distributed across the ACE2 receptor domains on its subcellular trafficking and targeting through combinatorial approach involving in silico analysis and experimental subcellular localization analysis. Our data show that none of the studied missense variants (including 3 variants predicted to be deleterious R768W, G575V, and G173S) has a significant effect on ACE2 intracellular trafficking and subcellular targeting to the plasma membrane. Conclusion Although the selected missense variants display no significant change in ACE2 trafficking and subcellular localization, this does not rule out their effect on viral susceptibility and severity. Further studies are required to investigate the effect of ACE2 variants on its expression, binding, and internalization which might explain the variable clinical manifestations associated with the infection. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40246-022-00411-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Badawi
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box: 15551, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Feda E Mohamed
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box: 15551, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nesreen R Alkhofash
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box: 15551, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Anne John
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box: 15551, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Amanat Ali
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box: 15551, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Bassam R Ali
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box: 15551, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates. .,Zayed Centre for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates.
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2
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Vincent KM, Alrajhi A, Lazier J, Bonin B, Lawrence S, Weiler G, Armour CM. Expanding the clinical spectrum of autosomal-recessive renal tubular dysgenesis: Two siblings with neonatal survival and review of the literature. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2022; 10:e1920. [PMID: 35286024 PMCID: PMC9034669 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Autosomal‐recessive renal tubular dysgenesis (AR‐RTD) is a rare genetic disorder caused by defects in the renin‐angiotensin system that manifests as fetal anuria leading to oligohydramnios and Potter sequence. Although the most common outcome is neonatal death from renal failure, pulmonary hypoplasia, and/or refractory arterial hypotension; several cases have been reported that describe survival past the neonatal period. Methods Herein, we report the first family with biallelic ACE variants and more than one affected child surviving past the neonatal period, as well as provide a review of the previously reported 18 cases with better outcomes. Results While both siblings with identical compound heterozygous ACE variants have received different treatments, neither required renal replacement therapy. We show that both vasopressin and fludrocortisone in the neonatal period may provide survival advantages, though outcomes may also be dependent on the type of gene variant, as well as other factors. Conclusion While AR‐RTD is most often a lethal disease in the neonatal period, it is not universally so. A better understanding of the factors affecting survival will help to guide prognostication and medical decision‐making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista M Vincent
- Department of Medical Genetics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Afrah Alrajhi
- University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ottawa General Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joanna Lazier
- Department of Medical Genetics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brigitte Bonin
- University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ottawa General Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sarah Lawrence
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gabrielle Weiler
- University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christine M Armour
- Department of Medical Genetics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Prenatal Screening Ontario (PSO), Better Outcomes Registry & Network (BORN) Ontario, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Abstract
With the emergence of the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 since December 2019, more than 65 million cases have been reported worldwide. This virus has shown high infectivity and severe symptoms in some cases, leading to over 1.5 million deaths globally. Despite the collaborative and concerted research efforts that have been made, no effective medication for COVID-19 (coronavirus disease-2019) is currently available. SARS-CoV-2 uses the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as an initial mediator for viral attachment and host cell invasion. ACE2 is widely distributed in the human tissues including the cell surface of lung cells which represent the primary site of the infection. Inhibiting or reducing cell surface availability of ACE2 represents a promising therapy for tackling COVID-19. In this context, most ACE2-based therapeutic strategies have aimed to tackle the virus through the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors or neutralizing the virus by exogenous administration of ACE2, which does not directly aim to reduce its membrane availability. However, through this review, we present a different perspective focusing on the subcellular localization and trafficking of ACE2. Membrane targeting of ACE2, and shedding and cellular trafficking pathways including the internalization are not well elucidated in literature. Therefore, we hereby present an overview of the fate of newly synthesized ACE2, its post translational modifications, and what is known of its trafficking pathways. In addition, we highlight the possibility that some of the identified ACE2 missense variants might affect its trafficking efficiency and localization and hence may explain some of the observed variable severity of SARS-CoV-2 infections. Moreover, an extensive understanding of these processes is necessarily required to evaluate the potential use of ACE2 as a credible therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Badawi
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Bassam R Ali
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates.
- Zayed Centre for Health sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates.
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Demirgan EB, Saygili S, Canpolat N, Sever L, Kilicaslan I, Taylan D, Caliskan S, Ozaltin F. AGTR1-related Renal Tubular Dysgeneses May Not Be Fatal. Kidney Int Rep 2020; 6:846-852. [PMID: 33733001 PMCID: PMC7938057 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2020.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ebru Burcu Demirgan
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Seha Saygili
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nur Canpolat
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Lale Sever
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Isin Kilicaslan
- Department of Pathology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Doruk Taylan
- Nephrogenetics Laboratory, Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Sihhiye, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Salim Caliskan
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fatih Ozaltin
- Nephrogenetics Laboratory, Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Sihhiye, Ankara, Turkey.,Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Sihhiye, Ankara, Turkey
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Michaud A, Acharya KR, Masuyer G, Quenech'du N, Gribouval O, Morinière V, Gubler MC, Corvol P. Absence of cell surface expression of human ACE leads to perinatal death. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:1479-91. [PMID: 24163131 PMCID: PMC3929087 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal tubular dysgenesis (RTD) is a recessive autosomal disease characterized most often by perinatal death. It is due to the inactivation of any of the major genes of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), one of which is the angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE). ACE is present as a tissue-bound enzyme and circulates in plasma after its solubilization. In this report, we present the effect of different ACE mutations associated with RTD on ACE intracellular trafficking, secretion and enzymatic activity. One truncated mutant, R762X, responsible for neonatal death was found to be an enzymatically active, secreted form, not inserted in the plasma membrane. In contrast, another mutant, R1180P, was compatible with life after transient neonatal renal insufficiency. This mutant was located at the plasma membrane and rapidly secreted. These results highlight the importance of tissue-bound ACE versus circulating ACE and show that the total absence of cell surface expression of ACE is incompatible with life. In addition, two missense mutants (W594R and R828H) and two truncated mutants (Q1136X and G1145AX) were also studied. These mutants were neither inserted in the plasma membrane nor secreted. Finally, the structural implications of these ACE mutations were examined by molecular modelling, which suggested some important structural alterations such as disruption of intra-molecular non-covalent interactions (e.g. salt bridges).
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Michaud
- Collège de France, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), 11 Place Marcelin Berthelot, Paris F-75005, France
- INSERM U 1050, Paris F-75005, France
- MEMOLIFE Laboratory of Excellence and Paris Sciences Lettres and
| | - K. Ravi Acharya
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Geoffrey Masuyer
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Nicole Quenech'du
- Collège de France, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), 11 Place Marcelin Berthelot, Paris F-75005, France
- INSERM U 1050, Paris F-75005, France
- MEMOLIFE Laboratory of Excellence and Paris Sciences Lettres and
| | - Olivier Gribouval
- INSERM U983, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Morinière
- AP-HP, Département de Génétique, Centre de Référence MARHEA, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France and
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Rénales Héréditaires de L'Enfant et de L'Adulte, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Claire Gubler
- INSERM U983, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Rénales Héréditaires de L'Enfant et de L'Adulte, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Corvol
- Collège de France, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), 11 Place Marcelin Berthelot, Paris F-75005, France
- INSERM U 1050, Paris F-75005, France
- MEMOLIFE Laboratory of Excellence and Paris Sciences Lettres and
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Adav SS, Ravindran A, Sze SK. Proteomic analysis of temperature dependent extracellular proteins from Aspergillus fumigatus grown under solid-state culture condition. J Proteome Res 2013; 12:2715-31. [PMID: 23647126 DOI: 10.1021/pr4000762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fungal species of the genus Aspergillus are filamentous ubiquitous saprophytes that play a major role in lignocellulosic biomass recycling and also are considered as cell factories for the production of organic acids, pharmaceuticals, and industrially important enzymes. Analysis of extracellular secreted biomass degrading enzymes using complex lignocellulosic biomass as a substrate by solid-state fermentation could be a more practical approach to evaluate application of the enzymes for lignocellulosic biorefinery. This study isolated a fungal strain from compost, identified as Aspergillus fumigatus, and further analyzed it for lignocellulolytic enzymes at different temperatures using label free quantitative proteomics. The profile of secretome composition discovered cellulases, hemicellulases, lignin degrading proteins, peptidases and proteases, and transport and hypothetical proteins; while protein abundances and further their hierarchical clustering analysis revealed temperature dependent expression of these enzymes during solid-state fermentation of sawdust. The enzyme activities and protein abundances as determined by exponentially modified protein abundance index (emPAI) indicated the maximum activities at the range of 40-50 °C, demonstrating the thermophilic nature of the isolate A. fumigatus LF9. Characterization of the thermostability of secretome suggested the potential of the isolated fungal strain in the production of thermophilic biomass degrading enzymes for industrial application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil S Adav
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551.
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