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Meurice L, Filleul L, Fischer A, Burbaud A, Delvallez G, Diancourt L, Belichon S, Clouzeau B, Malvy D, Oliva-Labadie M, Bragança C, Wilking H, Franca R, Martin G, Godbole G, Tourdjman M, Jourdan-Da Silva N. Foodborne botulism outbreak involving different nationalities during the Rugby World Cup: critical role of credit card data and rapid international cooperation, France, September 2023. Euro Surveill 2023; 28:2300624. [PMID: 37997664 PMCID: PMC10668258 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2023.28.47.2300624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In September 2023, a severe outbreak of type B botulism with fifteen cases was linked to consumption of canned sardines at a restaurant in Bordeaux, France, during the Rugby World Cup. The cases were from seven countries. One death was recorded. Outbreak investigation using credit card data, rapid communication between health authorities of the affected countries and broad media communication allowed identification of cases and exposed persons and prevented further severe outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Meurice
- Santé publique France, Regional office in Nouvelle-Aquitaine, Bordeaux, France
| | - Laurent Filleul
- Santé publique France, Regional office in Nouvelle-Aquitaine, Bordeaux, France
| | - Aurélie Fischer
- Regional health agency Nouvelle-Aquitaine (ARS Nouvelle-Aquitaine), Bordeaux, France
| | - Annie Burbaud
- Regional health agency Nouvelle-Aquitaine (ARS Nouvelle-Aquitaine), Bordeaux, France
| | - Gauthier Delvallez
- National Reference Center for Anaerobic Bacteria and Botulism, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Laure Diancourt
- National Reference Center for Anaerobic Bacteria and Botulism, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Coralie Bragança
- Poison control center, Bordeaux Hospital Center, Bordeaux, France
| | - Hendrik Wilking
- Robert Koch Institute, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rafaela Franca
- Health Service Executive - Health Protection Surveillance Centre, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Greg Martin
- Health Service Executive - Health Protection Surveillance Centre, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gauri Godbole
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency, Gastrointestinal Pathogens and Food Safety (One Health) Division, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mathieu Tourdjman
- Santé publique France, Department of Infectious Disease, Saint-Maurice, France
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Courtot-Melciolle L, Jauvain M, Siefridt M, Prevel R, Peuchant O, Guisset O, Mourissoux G, Diancourt L, Mazuet C, Delvallez G, Boyer A, Orieux A. Food-borne botulism outbreak during the Rugby World Cup linked to marinated sardines in Bordeaux, France, September 2023. Euro Surveill 2023; 28:2300513. [PMID: 37824251 PMCID: PMC10571493 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2023.28.41.2300513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In September 2023, a botulism outbreak affecting 15 individuals occurred in Bordeaux, France, during the Rugby World Cup. We report on eight individuals from four different countries on two continents admitted to the intensive care unit at our hospital, where six required invasive mechanical ventilation. Cases reported consuming locally produced canned sardines at a restaurant. This report highlights the importance of rapid, worldwide alerts from health authorities to prevent severe consequences of such outbreaks, particularly during events attracting international visitors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mona Siefridt
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, CHU Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Renaud Prevel
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, CHU Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- INSERM UMR 1045, Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France
| | | | | | | | - Laure Diancourt
- National Reference Center for Anaerobic Bacteria and Botulism, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Christelle Mazuet
- National Reference Center for Anaerobic Bacteria and Botulism, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Gauthier Delvallez
- National Reference Center for Anaerobic Bacteria and Botulism, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Boyer
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, CHU Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- INSERM UMR 1045, Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France
| | - Arthur Orieux
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, CHU Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
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3
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Meurens F, Carlin F, Federighi M, Filippitzi ME, Fournier M, Fravalo P, Ganière JP, Grisot L, Guillier L, Hilaire D, Kooh P, Le Bouquin-Leneveu S, Le Maréchal C, Mazuet C, Morvan H, Petit K, Vaillancourt JP, Woudstra C. Clostridium botulinum type C, D, C/D, and D/C: An update. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:1099184. [PMID: 36687640 PMCID: PMC9849819 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1099184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridium botulinum is the main causative agent of botulism, a neurological disease encountered in humans as well as animals. Nine types of botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) have been described so far. Amongst these "toxinotypes," the A, the B and E are the most frequently encountered in humans while the C, D, C/D and D/C are mostly affecting domestic and wild birds as well as cattle. In France for instance, many cases and outbreaks are reported in these animal species every year. However, underestimation is very likely at least for avifauna species where the detection of dead animals can be challenging. Knowledge about BoNTs C, D, C/D, and D/C and the diseases they cause in animals and humans is still scarce and unclear. Specifically, the potential role of animal botulism outbreaks in cattle and poultry as a source of human illness needs to be further assessed. In this narrative review, we present the current knowledge about toxinotypes C, D, C/D, and D/C in cattle and poultry with, amongst various other aspects, their epidemiological cycles. We also discuss the zoonotic potential of these toxinotypes and some possible ways of risk mitigation. An adapted and effective management of botulism outbreaks in livestock also requires a better understanding of these less common and known toxinotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Meurens
- INRAE, Oniris, BIOEPAR, Nantes, France,Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada,*Correspondence: François Meurens,
| | | | | | - Maria-Eleni Filippitzi
- Laboratory of Animal Health Economics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Matthieu Fournier
- Univ Rouen Normandie, Univ Caen Normandie, CNRS, M2C, UMR 6143, Rouen, France
| | - Philippe Fravalo
- Chaire Agroalimentaire du Cnam, Conservatoire des Arts et Métiers, EPN7, Ploufragan, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Pauline Kooh
- Risk Assessment Department, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Sophie Le Bouquin-Leneveu
- Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pig Products Unit, ANSES, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety, Ploufragan, France
| | - Caroline Le Maréchal
- Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pig Products Unit, ANSES, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety, Ploufragan, France
| | - Christelle Mazuet
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNR Bactéries anaérobies et Botulisme, Paris, France
| | | | - Karine Petit
- Risk Assessment Department, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Vaillancourt
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Cédric Woudstra
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Zhang J, Gao P, Wu Y, Yan X, Ye C, Liang W, Yan M, Xu X, Jiang H. Identification of foodborne pathogenic bacteria using confocal Raman microspectroscopy and chemometrics. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:874658. [PMID: 36419427 PMCID: PMC9676656 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.874658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid and accurate identification of foodborne pathogenic bacteria is of great importance because they are often responsible for the majority of serious foodborne illnesses. The confocal Raman microspectroscopy (CRM) is a fast and easy-to-use method known for its effectiveness in detecting and identifying microorganisms. This study demonstrates that CRM combined with chemometrics can serve as a rapid, reliable, and efficient method for the detection and identification of foodborne pathogenic bacteria without any laborious pre-treatments. Six important foodborne pathogenic bacteria including S. flexneri, L. monocytogenes, V. cholerae, S. aureus, S. typhimurium, and C. botulinum were investigated with CRM. These pathogenic bacteria can be differentiated based on several characteristic peaks and peak intensity ratio. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used for investigating the difference of various samples and reducing the dimensionality of the dataset. Performances of some classical classifiers were compared for bacterial detection and identification including decision tree (DT), artificial neural network (ANN), and Fisher's discriminant analysis (FDA). Correct recognition ratio (CRR), area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC), cumulative gains, and lift charts were used to evaluate the performance of models. The impact of different pretreatment methods on the models was explored, and pretreatment methods include Savitzky-Golay algorithm smoothing (SG), standard normal variate (SNV), multivariate scatter correction (MSC), and Savitzky-Golay algorithm 1st Derivative (SG 1st Der). In the DT, ANN, and FDA model, FDA is more robust for overfitting problem and offers the highest accuracy. Most pretreatment methods raised the performance of the models except SNV. The results revealed that CRM coupled with chemometrics offers a powerful tool for the discrimination of foodborne pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhang
- Criminal Investigation School, People’s Public Security University of China, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Diseases Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Pengya Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Diseases Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Diseases Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaomei Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Diseases Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Changyun Ye
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Diseases Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Weili Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Diseases Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Meiying Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Diseases Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xuefang Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Diseases Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Criminal Investigation School, People’s Public Security University of China, Beijing, China
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Le Maréchal C, Hulin O, Macé S, Chuzeville C, Rouxel S, Poëzevara T, Mazuet C, Pozet F, Sellal E, Martin L, Viry A, Rubbens C, Chemaly M. A Case Report of a Botulism Outbreak in Beef Cattle Due to the Contamination of Wheat by a Roaming Cat Carcass: From the Suspicion to the Management of the Outbreak. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:E1025. [PMID: 31775272 DOI: 10.3390/ani9121025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This study presents in detail a botulism outbreak in a beef cattle farm where the source of contamination was identified as a carcass of a roaming cat that had contaminated stored feed and initiated the botulism outbreak. In this case report, we present how the diagnosis was performed by describing the clinical signs and the analyses that were conducted; how the source of contamination was identified by analyzing samples collected on the farm, and finally, how the outbreak was managed so as to prevent recurrence of the disease and persistence of the contamination in the farm. Abstract We report a botulism outbreak in Charolais cattle fed with wheat flour contaminated by Clostridium botulinum type C and the management of the outbreak at each step from the clinical suspicion to the cleaning and disinfection operations. Diagnosis was based on typical suggestive clinical signs and detection of C. botulinum type C using real-time PCR in samples collected from three young affected bulls. All young exposed bulls and cows (18 animals) eventually died, but three young bulls and one cow were recovering when it was decided to euthanize them. C. botulinum type C was detected in the liver of these four animals. Analysis of the ration components demonstrated that wheat flour, wheat, and the mill used to make flour were positive for C. botulinum type C. A dead cat positive for C. botulinum type C was discovered in the silo where wheat grain was stored and was considered the source of contamination. The cat’s entire body was found mummified, well preserved, and not rotting in the silo. Specific measures, in particular, vaccination of the rest of the herd and cleaning and disinfection operations, were implemented to prevent any recurrence of the outbreak. The presence of wild animal carcasses in feed harboring anaerobic conditions like silage, in particular during harvesting, are known to be at risk for the initiation of a botulism outbreak. This outbreak is a reminder that the presence of an animal carcass in feed, regardless of the kind of feed and whenever the contamination occurs, either during harvesting or storage, is sufficient to induce a botulism outbreak.
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Atanda AC, Adeleke RA, Jooste PJ, Madoroba E. Insights into the Microbiological Safety of Vermicompost and Vermicompost Tea Produced by South African Smallholder Farmers. Indian J Microbiol 2018; 58:479-488. [PMID: 30262958 PMCID: PMC6141398 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-018-0748-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Feedstock used in the production of vermicompost (VC) and vermicompost tea (VCT) may harbour various pathogenic bacteria responsible for a number of animal and human diseases worldwide. The identification and characterisation of such pathogenic organisms is necessary for assessing the safety of these products. In the present study, our goal was to determine the presence of possible pathogens in VC and VCT and, if present, to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of the organisms. VC and VCT samples were collected from five different farms in the Winterveldt, South Africa. Only one out of 60 VC and VCT samples was found to contain a potentially pathogenic organism. The use of phenotypic procedures aided the final identification of the isolate, which was confirmed to be Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. This isolate tested positive for species specific invA genes. Antibiotic testing using the agar diffusion technique showed that the Salmonella isolate was resistant to only kanamycin. The Salmonella counts that were observed in this study were lower than the generally accepted infective doses of these bacteria. In the light of these findings, it was concluded that VC and VCT produced by the farmers involved presented a low risk in terms of the safety of the products.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. C. Atanda
- Microbiology and Environmental Biotechnology Research Group, Agricultural Research Council - Institute for Soil, Climate and Water, Private Bag X79, Pretoria, 0001 South Africa
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001 South Africa
| | - R. A. Adeleke
- Microbiology and Environmental Biotechnology Research Group, Agricultural Research Council - Institute for Soil, Climate and Water, Private Bag X79, Pretoria, 0001 South Africa
- Unit for Environmental Science and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Potchefstroom, 2520 South Africa
| | - P. J. Jooste
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001 South Africa
| | - E. Madoroba
- Agricultural Research Council - Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, 100 Old Soutpan Road, Onderstepoort, 0110 South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, Private Bag X1001, KwaDlangezwa, 6886 South Africa
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Mazuet C, Legeay C, Sautereau J, Bouchier C, Criscuolo A, Bouvet P, Trehard H, Jourdan Da Silva N, Popoff M. Characterization of Clostridium Baratii Type F Strains Responsible for an Outbreak of Botulism Linked to Beef Meat Consumption in France. PLoS Curr 2017; 9:ecurrents. [PMID: 29862134 DOI: 10.1371/currents.outbreaks.6ed2fe754b58a5c42d0c33d586ffc606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: A second botulism outbreak due to Clostridium baratii occurred in France in August 2015 and included three patients who had their meal in a restaurant the same day. We report the characterization of C. baratii isolates including whole genome sequencing (WGS). Methods: Four C. baratii isolates collected in August 2015 from the outbreak 2 were analysed for toxin production and typing as well as for genetic characterization. WGS was done using using the NEBNext Ultra DNA Library Prep kit for Illumina (New England Biolabs) and sequenced on MiSeq machine (Illumina) in paired-end reads of 250 bases. The phylogenetic tree was generated based on the UPGMA method with genetic distances computed by using the Kimura two-parameter model. Evolutionary analyses were conducted in Bionumerics (V.6.6 Applied Maths). Results: Three C. baratii isolates for patient's stools and one isolate from meat produced botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) type F and retained a bont/F7 gene in OrfX cluster. All isolates were identical according to the WGS. However, phylogeny of the core genome showed that the four C. baratii strains were distantly related to that of the previous C. baratii outbreak in France in 2014 and from the other C. baratii strains reported in databanks. Discussion: The fact that the strains isolated from the patients and meat samples were genetically identical supports that the meat used for the Bolognese sauce was responsible for this second botulism outbreak in France. These isolates were unrelated to that from the first C. baratii outbreak in France in 2014 indicating a distinct source of contamination. WGS provided robust determination of genetic relatedness and information regarding BoNT typing and toxin gene locus genomic localization.
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Anniballi F, Fillo S, Giordani F, Auricchio B, Tehran DA, di Stefano E, Mandarino G, De Medici D, Lista F. Multiple-locus variable number of tandem repeat analysis as a tool for molecular epidemiology of botulism: The Italian experience. Infect Genet Evol 2016; 46:28-32. [PMID: 27771520 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Clostridium botulinum is the bacterial agent of botulism, a rare but severe neuro-paralytic disease. Because of its high impact, in Italy botulism is monitored by an ad hoc surveillance system. The National Reference Centre for Botulism, as part of this system, collects and analyzes all demographic, epidemiologic, microbiological, and molecular data recovered during cases and/or outbreaks occurred in Italy. A panel of 312 C. botulinum strains belonging to group I were submitted to MLVA sub-typing. Strains, isolated from clinical specimens, food and environmental samples collected during the surveillance activities, were representative of all forms of botulism from all Italian regions. Through clustering analysis isolates were grouped into 12 main clusters. No regional or temporal clustering was detected, demonstrating the high heterogeneity of strains circulating in Italy. This study confirmed that MLVA is capable of sub-typing C. botulinum strains. Moreover, MLVA is effective at tracing and tracking the source of contamination and is helpful for the surveillance system in terms of planning and upgrading of procedures, activities and data collection forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Anniballi
- National Reference Centre for Botulism, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety. Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Silvia Fillo
- Histology and Molecular Biology Unit, Section Two, Army Medical and Veterinary Research Centre, 00184 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Giordani
- Histology and Molecular Biology Unit, Section Two, Army Medical and Veterinary Research Centre, 00184 Rome, Italy
| | - Bruna Auricchio
- National Reference Centre for Botulism, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety. Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Domenico Azarnia Tehran
- Histology and Molecular Biology Unit, Section Two, Army Medical and Veterinary Research Centre, 00184 Rome, Italy
| | - Enrica di Stefano
- Histology and Molecular Biology Unit, Section Two, Army Medical and Veterinary Research Centre, 00184 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Mandarino
- PENTA - The Joint Laboratory on Models and Methodology to Predict and Manage Large Scale Threats to Public Health - International Affair Unit. Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Dario De Medici
- National Reference Centre for Botulism, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety. Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Florigio Lista
- Histology and Molecular Biology Unit, Section Two, Army Medical and Veterinary Research Centre, 00184 Rome, Italy
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Lozinak KA, Jani N, Gangiredla J, Patel I, Elkins CA, Hu Z, Kassim PA, Myers RA, Laksanalamai P. Investigation of potential Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC) associated with a local foodborne outbreak using multidisciplinary approaches. Food Science and Human Wellness 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Mazuet C, Legeay C, Sautereau J, Ma L, Bouchier C, Bouvet P, Popoff MR. Diversity of Group I and II Clostridium botulinum Strains from France Including Recently Identified Subtypes. Genome Biol Evol 2016; 8:1643-60. [PMID: 27189984 PMCID: PMC4943176 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evw101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
In France, human botulism is mainly food-borne intoxication, whereas infant botulism is rare. A total of 99 group I and II Clostridium botulinum strains including 59 type A (12 historical isolates [1947-1961], 43 from France [1986-2013], 3 from other countries, and 1 collection strain), 31 type B (3 historical, 23 recent isolates, 4 from other countries, and 1 collection strain), and 9 type E (5 historical, 3 isolates, and 1 collection strain) were investigated by botulinum locus gene sequencing and multilocus sequence typing analysis. Historical C. botulinum A strains mainly belonged to subtype A1 and sequence type (ST) 1, whereas recent strains exhibited a wide genetic diversity: subtype A1 in orfX or ha locus, A1(B), A1(F), A2, A2b2, A5(B2') A5(B3'), as well as the recently identified A7 and A8 subtypes, and were distributed into 25 STs. Clostridium botulinum A1(B) was the most frequent subtype from food-borne botulism and food. Group I C. botulinum type B in France were mainly subtype B2 (14 out of 20 historical and recent strains) and were divided into 19 STs. Food-borne botulism resulting from ham consumption during the recent period was due to group II C. botulinum B4. Type E botulism is rare in France, 5 historical and 1 recent strains were subtype E3. A subtype E12 was recently identified from an unusual ham contamination. Clostridium botulinum strains from human botulism in France showed a wide genetic diversity and seems to result not from a single evolutionary lineage but from multiple and independent genetic rearrangements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christine Legeay
- Bactéries Anaérobies et Toxines, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Jean Sautereau
- Bactéries Anaérobies et Toxines, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Laurence Ma
- Plateforme Genomique-Pôle Biomics, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | - Philippe Bouvet
- Bactéries Anaérobies et Toxines, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Michel R Popoff
- Bactéries Anaérobies et Toxines, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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11
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Mazuet C, Yoon EJ, Boyer S, Pignier S, Blanc T, Doehring I, Meziane-Cherif D, Dumant-Forest C, Sautereau J, Legeay C, Bouvet P, Bouchier C, Quijano-Roy S, Pestel-Caron M, Courvalin P, Popoff MR. A penicillin- and metronidazole-resistant Clostridium botulinum strain responsible for an infant botulism case. Clin Microbiol Infect 2016; 22:644.e7-644.e12. [PMID: 27108966 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2016.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The clinical course of a case of infant botulism was characterized by several relapses despite therapy with amoxicillin and metronidazole. Botulism was confirmed by identification of botulinum toxin and Clostridium botulinum in stools. A C. botulinum A2 strain resistant to penicillins and with heterogeneous resistance to metronidazole was isolated from stool samples up to 110 days after onset. Antibiotic susceptibility was tested by disc agar diffusion and MICs were determined by Etest. Whole genome sequencing allowed detection of a gene cluster composed of blaCBP for a novel penicillinase, blaI for a regulator, and blaR1 for a membrane-bound penicillin receptor in the chromosome of the C. botulinum isolate. The purified recombinant penicillinase was assayed. Resistance to β-lactams was in agreement with the kinetic parameters of the enzyme. In addition, the β-lactamase gene cluster was found in three C. botulinum genomes in databanks and in two of 62 genomes of our collection, all the strains belonging to group I C. botulinum. This is the first report of a C. botulinum isolate resistant to penicillins. This stresses the importance of antibiotic susceptibility testing for adequate therapy of botulism.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Mazuet
- Unité des Bactéries anaérobies et Toxines, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - E-J Yoon
- Unité des Agents Antibactériens, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - S Boyer
- Département de Microbiologie, Hôpital Charles Nicolle, Rouen, France
| | - S Pignier
- Pédiatrie médicale, Hôpital Charles Nicolle, Rouen, France
| | - T Blanc
- Pédiatrie néonatale et réanimation, Hôpital Charles Nicolle, Rouen, France
| | - I Doehring
- AP-HP, Service de Pédiatrie-Réanimation, Pôle Pédiatrique, Hôpital R. Poincaré, Garches, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Ile-de-France Ouest, France
| | - D Meziane-Cherif
- Unité des Agents Antibactériens, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | - J Sautereau
- Unité des Bactéries anaérobies et Toxines, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - C Legeay
- Unité des Bactéries anaérobies et Toxines, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - P Bouvet
- Unité des Bactéries anaérobies et Toxines, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - C Bouchier
- Plateforme Genomique-Pôle Biomics, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - S Quijano-Roy
- AP-HP, Service de Pédiatrie-Réanimation, Pôle Pédiatrique, Hôpital R. Poincaré, Garches, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Ile-de-France Ouest, France; Centre de Référence des Maladies Neuromusculaires GNMH (FILNEMUS), France
| | - M Pestel-Caron
- Département de Microbiologie, Hôpital Charles Nicolle, Rouen, France
| | - P Courvalin
- Unité des Agents Antibactériens, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - M R Popoff
- Unité des Bactéries anaérobies et Toxines, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
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Nishi K, Isobe S, Zhu Y, Kiyama R. Fluorescence-based bioassays for the detection and evaluation of food materials. Sensors (Basel) 2015; 15:25831-67. [PMID: 26473869 DOI: 10.3390/s151025831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We summarize here the recent progress in fluorescence-based bioassays for the detection and evaluation of food materials by focusing on fluorescent dyes used in bioassays and applications of these assays for food safety, quality and efficacy. Fluorescent dyes have been used in various bioassays, such as biosensing, cell assay, energy transfer-based assay, probing, protein/immunological assay and microarray/biochip assay. Among the arrays used in microarray/biochip assay, fluorescence-based microarrays/biochips, such as antibody/protein microarrays, bead/suspension arrays, capillary/sensor arrays, DNA microarrays/polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based arrays, glycan/lectin arrays, immunoassay/enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-based arrays, microfluidic chips and tissue arrays, have been developed and used for the assessment of allergy/poisoning/toxicity, contamination and efficacy/mechanism, and quality control/safety. DNA microarray assays have been used widely for food safety and quality as well as searches for active components. DNA microarray-based gene expression profiling may be useful for such purposes due to its advantages in the evaluation of pathway-based intracellular signaling in response to food materials.
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Jaksik R, Iwanaszko M, Rzeszowska-Wolny J, Kimmel M. Microarray experiments and factors which affect their reliability. Biol Direct 2015; 10:46. [PMID: 26335588 DOI: 10.1186/s13062-015-0077-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligonucleotide microarrays belong to the basic tools of molecular biology and allow for simultaneous assessment of the expression level of thousands of genes. Analysis of microarray data is however very complex, requiring sophisticated methods to control for various factors that are inherent to the procedures used. In this article we describe the individual steps of a microarray experiment, highlighting important elements and factors that may affect the processes involved and that influence the interpretation of the results. Additionally, we describe methods that can be used to estimate the influence of these factors, and to control the way in which they affect the expression estimates. A comprehensive understanding of the experimental protocol used in a microarray experiment aids the interpretation of the obtained results. By describing known factors which affect expression estimates this article provides guidelines for appropriate quality control and pre-processing of the data, additionally applicable to other transcriptome analysis methods that utilize similar sample handling protocols.
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Berthet N, Périchon B, Mazuet C, Chapetón-Montes D, Bouchier C, Bouvet P, Legeay C, Popoff MR, Courvalin P. A vanG-type locus in Clostridium argentinense. J Antimicrob Chemother 2015; 70:1942-5. [PMID: 25802283 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkv073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective was to study a new vanG-type locus in Clostridium argentinense vanGCar and to determine its impact on glycopeptide susceptibility of the host. METHODS The whole genome of C. argentinense NCIB 10714 was sequenced using Illumina single-reads sequencing technology. The presence of vanGCar in seven C. argentinense strains was tested by PCR and its expression was tested by quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR). Glycopeptide susceptibility was determined by the Etest procedure. RESULTS The vanGCar locus contained four genes encoding a carboxypeptidase, a d-alanine:d-serine ligase, a serine transporter and a serine racemase, and was present in the seven C. argentinense studied. An AraC-type transcriptional regulator was found upstream from the genes. C. argentinense NCIB 10714 was susceptible to vancomycin and to teicoplanin. qRT-PCR experiments revealed that vanGCar was not expressed without or with induction by a subinhibitory concentration of vancomycin. CONCLUSIONS The new vanGCar locus was cryptic in C. argentinense and intrinsic to this species. Emergence of vancomycin resistance in C. argentinense due to decryptification of the vanGCar gene cluster could occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Berthet
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR3569 Paris, France Centre International de la Recherche Médicale de Franceville, Unité des Zoonoses et Maladies Emergentes, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Bruno Périchon
- Institut Pasteur, Unité des Agents Antibactériens, Paris, France
| | - Christelle Mazuet
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Recherche et d'Expertise Bactéries Anaérobies et Toxines, Paris, France
| | - Diana Chapetón-Montes
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Recherche et d'Expertise Bactéries Anaérobies et Toxines, Paris, France
| | | | - Philippe Bouvet
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Recherche et d'Expertise Bactéries Anaérobies et Toxines, Paris, France
| | - Christine Legeay
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Recherche et d'Expertise Bactéries Anaérobies et Toxines, Paris, France
| | - Michel-Robert Popoff
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Recherche et d'Expertise Bactéries Anaérobies et Toxines, Paris, France
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15
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Mazuet C, Sautereau J, Legeay C, Bouchier C, Bouvet P, Popoff MR. An atypical outbreak of food-borne botulism due to Clostridium botulinum types B and E from ham. J Clin Microbiol 2015; 53:722-6. [PMID: 25428161 DOI: 10.1128/JCM.02942-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An outbreak of human botulism was due to consumption of ham containing botulinum neurotoxins B and E. A Clostridium botulinum type E strain isolated from ham was assigned to a new subtype (E12) based on bont/E gene sequencing and belongs to a new multilocus sequence subtype, as analyzed by whole-genome sequencing.
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Smith TJ, Hill KK, Raphael BH. Historical and current perspectives on Clostridium botulinum diversity. Res Microbiol 2014; 166:290-302. [PMID: 25312020 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2014] [Revised: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
For nearly one hundred years, researchers have attempted to categorize botulinum neurotoxin-producing clostridia and the toxins that they produce according to biochemical characterizations, serological comparisons, and genetic analyses. Throughout this period the bacteria and their toxins have defied such attempts at categorization. Below is a description of both historic and current Clostridium botulinum strain and neurotoxin information that illustrates how each new finding has significantly added to the knowledge of the botulinum neurotoxin-containing clostridia and their diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa J Smith
- Molecular and Translational Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Karen K Hill
- Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Brian H Raphael
- Enteric Diseases Laboratory Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
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