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Abstract
Background Vertebrate teeth exhibit a wide range of regenerative systems. Many species, including most mammals, reptiles, and amphibians, form replacement teeth at a histologically distinct location called the successional dental lamina, while other species do not employ such a system. Notably, a ‘lamina-less’ tooth replacement condition is found in a paraphyletic array of ray-finned fishes, such as stickleback, trout, cod, medaka, and bichir. Furthermore, the position, renewal potential, and latency times appear to vary drastically across different vertebrate tooth regeneration systems. The progenitor cells underlying tooth regeneration thus present highly divergent arrangements and potentials. Given the spectrum of regeneration systems present in vertebrates, it is unclear if morphologically divergent tooth regeneration systems deploy an overlapping battery of genes in their naïve dental tissues. Results In the present work, we aimed to determine whether or not tooth progenitor epithelia could be composed of a conserved cell type between vertebrate dentitions with divergent regeneration systems. To address this question, we compared the pharyngeal tooth regeneration processes in two ray-finned fishes: zebrafish (Danio rerio) and threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus). These two teleost species diverged approximately 250 million years ago and demonstrate some stark differences in dental morphology and regeneration. Here, we find that the naïve successional dental lamina in zebrafish expresses a battery of nine genes (bmpr1aa, bmp6, cd34, gli1, igfbp5a, lgr4, lgr6, nfatc1, and pitx2), while active Wnt signaling and Lef1 expression occur during early morphogenesis stages of tooth development. We also find that, despite the absence of a histologically distinct successional dental lamina in stickleback tooth fields, the same battery of nine genes (Bmpr1a, Bmp6, CD34, Gli1, Igfbp5a, Lgr4, Lgr6, Nfatc1, and Pitx2) are expressed in the basalmost endodermal cell layer, which is the region most closely associated with replacement tooth germs. Like zebrafish, stickleback replacement tooth germs additionally express Lef1 and exhibit active Wnt signaling. Thus, two fish systems that either have an organized successional dental lamina (zebrafish) or lack a morphologically distinct successional dental lamina (sticklebacks) deploy similar genetic programs during tooth regeneration. Conclusions We propose that the expression domains described here delineate a highly conserved “successional dental epithelium” (SDE). Furthermore, a set of orthologous genes is known to mark hair follicle epithelial stem cells in mice, suggesting that regenerative systems in other epithelial appendages may utilize a related epithelial progenitor cell type, despite the highly derived nature of the resulting functional organs.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler A Square
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, USA.
| | - Shivani Sundaram
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - Emma J Mackey
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - Craig T Miller
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, USA.
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Alhazmi N, Carroll SH, Kawasaki K, Woronowicz KC, Hallett SA, Macias Trevino C, Li EB, Baron R, Gori F, Yelick PC, Harris MP, Liao EC. Synergistic roles of Wnt modulators R-spondin2 and R-spondin3 in craniofacial morphogenesis and dental development. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5871. [PMID: 33712657 PMCID: PMC7954795 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85415-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Wnt signaling plays a critical role in craniofacial patterning, as well as tooth and bone development. Rspo2 and Rspo3 are key regulators of Wnt signaling. However, their coordinated function and relative requirement in craniofacial development and odontogensis are poorly understood. We showed that in zebrafish rspo2 and rspo3 are both expressed in osteoprogenitors in the embryonic craniofacial skeleton. This is in contrast to mouse development, where Rspo3 is expressed in osteoprogenitors while Rspo2 expression is not observed. In zebrafish, rspo2 and rspo3 are broadly expressed in the pulp, odontoblasts and epithelial crypts. However, in the developing molars of the mouse, Rspo3 is largely expressed in the dental follicle and alveolar mesenchyme while Rspo2 expression is restricted to the tooth germ. While Rspo3 ablation in the mouse is embryonic lethal, zebrafish rspo3-/- mutants are viable with modest decrease in Meckel’s cartilage rostral length. However, compound disruption of rspo3 and rspo2 revealed synergistic roles of these genes in cartilage morphogenesis, fin development, and pharyngeal tooth development. Adult rspo3−/− zebrafish mutants exhibit a dysmorphic cranial skeleton and decreased average tooth number. This study highlights the differential functions of Rspo2 and Rspo3 in dentocranial morphogenesis in zebrafish and in mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Alhazmi
- Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shannon H Carroll
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kenta Kawasaki
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Katherine C Woronowicz
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Orthopedics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shawn A Hallett
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Claudio Macias Trevino
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Edward B Li
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Roland Baron
- Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Pamela C Yelick
- Department of Orthodontics, Division of Craniofacial and Molecular Genetics, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matthew P Harris
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Orthopedics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eric C Liao
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. .,Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, MA, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. .,Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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Green DR, Schulte F, Lee KH, Pugach MK, Hardt M, Bidlack FB. Mapping the Tooth Enamel Proteome and Amelogenin Phosphorylation Onto Mineralizing Porcine Tooth Crowns. Front Physiol 2019; 10:925. [PMID: 31417410 PMCID: PMC6682599 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Tooth enamel forms in an ephemeral protein matrix where changes in protein abundance, composition and posttranslational modifications are critical to achieve healthy enamel properties. Amelogenin (AMELX) with its splice variants is the most abundant enamel matrix protein, with only one known phosphorylation site at serine 16 shown in vitro to be critical for regulating mineralization. The phosphorylated form of AMELX stabilizes amorphous calcium phosphate, while crystalline hydroxyapatite forms in the presence of the unphosphorylated protein. While AMELX regulates mineral transitions over space and time, it is unknown whether and when un-phosphorylated amelogenin occurs during enamel mineralization. This study aims to reveal the spatiotemporal distribution of the cleavage products of the most abundant AMLEX splice variants including the full length P173, the shorter leucine-rich amelogenin protein (LRAP), and the exon 4-containing P190 in forming enamel, all within the context of the changing enamel matrix proteome during mineralization. We microsampled permanent pig molars, capturing known stages of enamel formation from both crown surface and inner enamel. Nano-LC-MS/MS proteomic analyses after tryptic digestion rendered more than 500 unique protein identifications in enamel, dentin, and bone. We mapped collagens, keratins, and proteolytic enzymes (CTSL, MMP2, MMP10) and determined distributions of P173, LRAP, and P190 products, the enamel proteins enamelin (ENAM) and ameloblastin (AMBN), and matrix-metalloprotease-20 (MMP20) and kallikrein-4 (KLK4). All enamel proteins and KLK4 were near-exclusive to enamel and in excellent agreement with published abundance levels. Phosphorylated P173 and LRAP products decreased in abundance from recently deposited matrix toward older enamel, mirrored by increasing abundances of testicular acid phosphatase (ACPT). Our results showed that hierarchical clustering analysis of secretory enamel links closely matching distributions of unphosphorylated P173 and LRAP products with ACPT and non-traditional amelogenesis proteins, many associated with enamel defects. We report higher protein diversity than previously published and Gene Ontology (GO)-defined protein functions related to the regulation of mineral formation in secretory enamel (e.g., casein α-S1, CSN1S1), immune response in erupted enamel (e.g., peptidoglycan recognition protein, PGRP), and phosphorylation. This study presents a novel approach to characterize and study functional relationships through spatiotemporal mapping of the ephemeral extracellular matrix proteome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Green
- The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, United States.,Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | | | - Kyu-Ha Lee
- The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, United States.,Department of Oral Health Policy and Epidemiology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Megan K Pugach
- The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, United States.,Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Markus Hardt
- The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, United States.,Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Felicitas B Bidlack
- The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, United States.,Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
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Wu F, Wu L, Wu Q, Zhou L, Li W, Wang D. Duplication and gene expression patterns of β-catenin in Nile tilapia. Fish Physiol Biochem 2018; 44:651-659. [PMID: 29290067 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-017-0460-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
β-Catenin, a key transcriptional coactivator of the Wnt pathway, plays an important role in animal embryonic development and organogenesis. In our earlier study, we have reported that two types of β-catenin (β-catenin-1 and β-catenin-2) were ubiquitously expressed in almost all the tissues examined in tilapia. However, the immunolocalization of β-catenin in those tissues, especially in extra-gonadal tissues, remains unclear. In the present study, we further confirm that these two types of β-catenin gene exist only in teleosts and are derived from 3R (third round of genome duplication) by phylogenetic and syntenic analyses. Moreover, the transcriptome analysis conducted in this investigation reveals that two β-catenins exhibited similar expression patterns in seven adult tissues and four key developmental stages of XX and XY gonads. Finally, immunohistochemistry analysis was performed to detect the cell localization of β-catenin. A positive signal of β-catenin was observed in various tissues of tilapia, such as the intestine, liver, kidney, spleen, eye, brain, and gonads. The results of our study indicate that tilapia β-catenin might be involved in the organ development and play some specific functions in biological processes; all these data will provide basic reference for understanding the molecular mechanism of β-catenin in regulating of teleost organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengrui Wu
- Key Laboratory of Embryo Development and Reproductive Regulation, School of Biological and Food Engineering, Fuyang Teachers College, Fuyang, Anhui Province, 236000, China.
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
| | - Limin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Qingqing Wu
- Key Laboratory of Embryo Development and Reproductive Regulation, School of Biological and Food Engineering, Fuyang Teachers College, Fuyang, Anhui Province, 236000, China
| | - Linyan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Wenyong Li
- Key Laboratory of Embryo Development and Reproductive Regulation, School of Biological and Food Engineering, Fuyang Teachers College, Fuyang, Anhui Province, 236000, China
| | - Deshou Wang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
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Sagai T, Amano T, Maeno A, Kiyonari H, Seo H, Cho SW, Shiroishi T. SHH signaling directed by two oral epithelium-specific enhancers controls tooth and oral development. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13004. [PMID: 29021530 PMCID: PMC5636896 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12532-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Interaction between the epithelium and mesenchyme coordinates patterning and differentiation of oral cavity structures including teeth, palatal rugae and tongue papillae. SHH is one of the key signaling molecules for this interaction. Epithelial expression of Shh in the tooth buds and tongue papillae is regulated by at least two enhancers, MRCS1 and MFCS4. However, it is unclear how the two enhancers cooperate to regulate Shh. Here, we found that simultaneous deletion of MRCS1 and MFCS4 results in the formation of a supernumerary tooth in front of the first molar. Since deletion of either single enhancer barely affects tooth development, MRCS1 and MFCS4 evidently act in a redundant fashion. Binding motifs for WNT signaling mediators are shared by MRCS1 and MFCS4, and play a central role in regulating Shh expression, indicating that the two redundant enhancers additively exert their Shh regulation by responding to WNT signal input.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Sagai
- Mammalian Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Takanori Amano
- Mammalian Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Akiteru Maeno
- Mammalian Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kiyonari
- Animal Resource Development Unit and Genetic Engineering Team, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Hyejin Seo
- Division of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung-Won Cho
- Division of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Toshihiko Shiroishi
- Mammalian Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan.
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