1
|
Selvam C, Philip AJP, Lutfi E, Sigholt T, Norberg B, Bæverfjord G, Rosenlund G, Ruyter B, Sissener NH. Long-term feeding of Atlantic salmon with varying levels of dietary EPA + DHA alters the mineral status but does not affect the stress responses after mechanical delousing stress. Br J Nutr 2022; 128:2291-307. [PMID: 35156914 DOI: 10.1017/S0007114522000514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Atlantic salmon were fed diets containing graded levels of EPA + DHA (1·0, 1·3, 1·6 and 3·5 % in the diet) and one diet with 1·3 % of EPA + DHA with reduced total fat content. Fish were reared in sea cages from about 275 g until harvest size (about 5 kg) and were subjected to delousing procedure (about 2·5 kg), with sampling pre-, 1 h and 24 h post-stress. Delousing stress affected plasma cortisol and hepatic mRNA expression of genes involved in oxidative stress and immune response, but with no dietary effects. Increasing EPA + DHA levels in the diet increased the trace mineral levels in plasma and liver during mechanical delousing stress period and whole body at harvest size. The liver Se, Zn, Fe, Cu, and Mn and plasma Se levels were increased in fish fed a diet high in EPA + DHA (3·5 %) upon delousing stress. Furthermore, increased dietary EPA + DHA caused a significant increase in mRNA expression of hepcidin antimicrobial peptide (HAMP), which is concurrent with downregulated transferrin receptor (TFR) expression levels. High dietary EPA + DHA also significantly increased the whole-body Zn, Se, and Mn levels at harvest size fish. Additionally, the plasma and whole-body Zn status increased, respectively, during stress and at harvest size in fish fed reduced-fat diet with less EPA + DHA. As the dietary upper limits of Zn and Se are legally added to the feeds and play important roles in maintaining fish health, knowledge on how the dietary fatty acid composition and lipid level affect body stores of these minerals is crucial for the aquaculture industry.
Collapse
|
2
|
Fiorino S, Carusi A, Hong W, Cernuschi P, Gallo CG, Ferrara E, Maloberti T, Visani M, Lari F, de Biase D, Zippi M. SARS-CoV-2 vaccines: What we know, what we can do to improve them and what we could learn from other well-known viruses. AIMS Microbiol 2022; 8:422-453. [PMID: 36694588 PMCID: PMC9834075 DOI: 10.3934/microbiol.2022029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent weeks, the rate of SARS-CoV-2 infections has been progressively increasing all over the globe, even in countries where vaccination programs have been strongly implemented. In these regions in 2021, a reduction in the number of hospitalizations and deaths compared to 2020 was observed. This decrease is certainly associated with the introduction of vaccination measures. The process of the development of effective vaccines represents an important challenge. Overall, the breakthrough infections occurring in vaccinated subjects are in most cases less severe than those observed in unvaccinated individuals. This review examines the factors affecting the immunogenicity of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 and the possible role of nutrients in modulating the response of distinct immune cells to the vaccination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sirio Fiorino
- Internal Medicine Unit, Budrio Hospital, Budrio (Bologna), Azienda USL, Bologna, Italy,* Correspondence:
| | - Andrea Carusi
- Internal Medicine Unit, Budrio Hospital, Budrio (Bologna), Azienda USL, Bologna, Italy
| | - Wandong Hong
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang, The People's Republic of China
| | - Paolo Cernuschi
- Internal Medicine Unit, Quisana Private Hospital, Ferrara, Italy
| | | | | | - Thais Maloberti
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna-Molecular Diagnostic Unit, Azienda USL di Bologna, Bologna, Italy,Solid Tumor Molecular Pathology Laboratory, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Michela Visani
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna-Molecular Diagnostic Unit, Azienda USL di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Federico Lari
- Internal Medicine Unit, Budrio Hospital, Budrio (Bologna), Azienda USL, Bologna, Italy
| | - Dario de Biase
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy,Solid Tumor Molecular Pathology Laboratory, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maddalena Zippi
- Unit of Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy, Sandro Pertini Hospital, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang L, Song Y, Bai J, Sun W, Yu J, Cai M, Fu S. Differential Infiltration of Immune Cells Driven by Tumor Heterogeneity Reveals Two Immune Subtypes in Lung Adenocarcinoma. Front Genet 2022; 13:924781. [PMID: 35860464 PMCID: PMC9289132 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.924781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Intra-tumoral heterogeneity (ITH) is a critical factor leading to aggressive progression and response to immunotherapy in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). However, the relationship between ITH and immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) has not been systematically elucidated. In the present study, we evaluated the ITH status of LUAD samples based on the mutational data obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas database. First, we identified five key immune pathways with a significantly continuous downtrend among normal, low-heterogeneous, and high-heterogeneous samples and further excavated nine key immune cells related to the key immune pathways and tumor heterogeneity. Then, two immune subtypes were defined by a consensus clustering algorithm based on the infiltration of these immune cells. Differences between these two immune subtypes were remarkable, including alterations of tumor mutation burden and DNA copy number variation at the genomic level, various metabolic pathways, and the different clinical outcome, which was also validated in two independent Gene Expression Omnibus datasets. The results revealed that ITH was significantly associated with prognosis and infiltrating immune cells in the TME. Our study provides novel insights in understanding the relationship between ITH and immune cells and contributes to the immunotherapy of LUAD patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liqiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Preservation of Human Genetic Resources and Disease Control in China (Harbin Medical University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ying Song
- Key Laboratory of Preservation of Human Genetic Resources and Disease Control in China (Harbin Medical University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jing Bai
- Key Laboratory of Preservation of Human Genetic Resources and Disease Control in China (Harbin Medical University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Wenjing Sun
- Key Laboratory of Preservation of Human Genetic Resources and Disease Control in China (Harbin Medical University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jingcui Yu
- Key Laboratory of Preservation of Human Genetic Resources and Disease Control in China (Harbin Medical University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
- Scientific Research Centre, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Mengdi Cai
- Key Laboratory of Preservation of Human Genetic Resources and Disease Control in China (Harbin Medical University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- *Correspondence: Songbin Fu, ; Mengdi Cai,
| | - Songbin Fu
- Key Laboratory of Preservation of Human Genetic Resources and Disease Control in China (Harbin Medical University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- *Correspondence: Songbin Fu, ; Mengdi Cai,
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Andresen AMS, Gjøen T. Chitosan nanoparticle formulation attenuates poly (I:C) induced innate immune responses against inactivated virus vaccine in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Comp Biochem Physiol Part D Genomics Proteomics 2021; 40:100915. [PMID: 34634571 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2021.100915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Many vaccine formulations, in particular vaccines based on inactivated virus, needs adjuvants to boost immunogenicity. In aquaculture, mineral and plant oil are used as adjuvant in commercial vaccines, and the advent of oil-adjuvanted vaccines was crucial to aquaculture development. Nevertheless, some of these approved vaccines display suboptimal performance in the field compared to experimental conditions. Therefore, there is a need to improve adjuvants and delivery methods for fish vaccines against viruses. We used RNA sequencing of Atlantic salmon head kidney to analyse the difference in gene expression 24 h after injection of different experimental vaccine formulations. We compared five different formulations in addition to a PBS control: inactivated virus alone (group V), soluble poly (I:C) (group P), nanoparticles containing poly (I:C) (group N), soluble poly (I:C) + inactivated virus (group PV) and finally nanoparticles containing poly (I:C) + inactivated virus (group NV). Our results showed poly (I:C)'s ability as adjuvant and its capacity influence innate immune genes expression in Atlantic salmon. Soluble poly (I:C) upregulated multiple immune related genes and was more effective compared to poly (I:C) formulated into chitosan nanoparticles (more than 10 fold increase in differentially expressed genes, DEGs). However, inclusion of inactivated ISA virus in the nanoparticle vaccine, increased the number of DEGs fivefold suggesting a synergistic effect of adjuvant and antigen. Our results indicate that the way poly (I:C) is formulated and the presence of antigen is important for the magnitude of the innate immune response in Atlantic salmon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tor Gjøen
- Department of Pharmacy, Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Selvam C, Powell MD, Liland NS, Rosenlund G, Sissener NH. Impact of dietary level and ratio of n-6 and n-3 fatty acids on disease progression and mRNA expression of immune and inflammatory markers in Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar) challenged with Paramoeba perurans. PeerJ 2021; 9:e12028. [PMID: 34540364 PMCID: PMC8415286 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of dietary level and ratio of n-6/n-3 fatty acids (FA) on growth, disease progression and expression of immune and inflammatory markers in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) following challenge with Paramoeba perurans. Fish (80 g) were fed four different diets with different ratios of n-6/n-3 FA; at 1.3, 2.4 and 6.0 and one diet with ratio of 1.3 combined with a higher level of n-3 FA and n-6 FA. The diet with the n-6/n-3 FA ratio of 6.0 was included to ensure potential n-6 FA effects were revealed, while the three other diets were more commercially relevant n-6/n-3 FA ratios and levels. After a pre-feeding period of 3 months, fish from each diet regime were challenged with a standardized laboratory challenge using a clonal culture of P. perurans at the concentration of 1,000 cells L−1. The subsequent development of the disease was monitored (by gross gill score), and sampling conducted before challenge and at weekly sampling points for 5 weeks post-challenge. Challenge with P. perurans did not have a significant impact on the growth of the fish during the challenge period, but fish given the feed with the highest n-6/n-3 FA ratio had reduced growth compared to the other groups. Total gill score for all surfaces showed a significant increase with time, reaching a maximum at 21 days post-challenge and declined thereafter, irrespective of diet groups. Challenge with P. perurans influenced the mRNA expression of examined genes involved in immune and inflammatory response (TNF-α, iNOS, IL4-13b, GATA-3, IL-1β, p53, COX2 and PGE2-EP4), but diet did not influence the gene expression. In conclusion, an increase in dietary n-6/n-3 FA ratio influenced the growth of Atlantic salmon challenged with P. perurans; however, it did not alter the mRNA expression of immune genes or progression of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chandrasekar Selvam
- Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway.,Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kochi, India
| | - Mark D Powell
- Marineholmen RAS Lab AS & University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|