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Marissal-Arvy N, Moisan MP. Diabetes and associated cognitive disorders: Role of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary Adrenal axis. Metabol Open 2022; 15:100202. [PMID: 35958117 PMCID: PMC9357829 DOI: 10.1016/j.metop.2022.100202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Both diabetes types, types 1 and 2, are associated with cognitive impairments. Each period of life is concerned, and this is an increasing public health problem. Animal models have been developed to investigate the biological actors involved in such impairments. Many levels of the brain function (structure, volume, neurogenesis, neurotransmission, behavior) are involved. In this review, we detailed the part potentially played by the Hypothalamic-Pituitary Adrenal axis in these dysfunctions. Notably, regulating glucocorticoid levels, their receptors and their bioavailability appear to be relevant for future research studies, and treatment development.
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2
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Xu H, Wang Z. MicroRNA-23a-3p ameliorates acute kidney injury by targeting FKBP5 and NF-κB signaling in sepsis. Cytokine 2022; 155:155898. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2022.155898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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3
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Younger S, Boutros S, Cargnin F, Jeon S, Lee JW, Lee SK, Raber J. Behavioral Phenotypes of Foxg1 Heterozygous Mice. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:927296. [PMID: 35754477 PMCID: PMC9214218 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.927296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
FOXG1 syndrome (FS, aka a congenital variant of Rett syndrome) is a recently defined rare and devastating neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by various symptoms, including severe intellectual disability, autistic features, involuntary, and continuous jerky movements, feeding problems, sleep disturbances, seizures, irritability, and excessive crying. FS results from mutations in a single allele of the FOXG1 gene, leading to impaired FOXG1 function. Therefore, in establishing mouse models for FS, it is important to test if heterozygous (HET) mutation in the Foxg1 gene, mimicking genotypes of the human FS individuals, also manifests phenotypes similar to their symptoms. We analyzed HET mice with a null mutation allele in a single copy of Foxg1, and found that they show various phenotypes resembling the symptoms of the human FS individuals. These include increased anxiety in the open field as well as impairment in object recognition, motor coordination, and fear learning and contextual and cued fear memory. Our results suggest that Foxg1 HET mice recapitulate at least some symptoms of the human FS individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Skyler Younger
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Sydney Boutros
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | | | - Shin Jeon
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States.,Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jae W Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Soo-Kyung Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Jacob Raber
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States.,Departments of Neurology and Radiation Medicine, Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
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4
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Timmermans S, Vandewalle J, Libert C. Dimerization of the Glucocorticoid Receptor and Its Importance in (Patho)physiology: A Primer. Cells 2022; 11:cells11040683. [PMID: 35203332 PMCID: PMC8870481 DOI: 10.3390/cells11040683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is a very versatile protein that comes in several forms, interacts with many proteins and has multiple functions. Numerous therapies are based on GRs’ actions but the occurrence of side effects and reduced responses to glucocorticoids have motivated scientists to study GRs in great detail. The notion that GRs can perform functions as a monomeric protein, but also as a homodimer has raised questions about the underlying mechanisms, structural aspects of dimerization, influencing factors and biological functions. In this review paper, we are providing an overview of the current knowledge and insights about this important aspect of GR biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Timmermans
- Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; (S.T.); (J.V.)
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jolien Vandewalle
- Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; (S.T.); (J.V.)
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Claude Libert
- Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; (S.T.); (J.V.)
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Correspondence:
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5
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Wang H, Huang H, Jiang N, Zhang Y, Lv J, Liu X. Tenuifolin ameliorates chronic restraint stress-induced cognitive impairment in C57BL/6J mice. Phytother Res 2022; 36:1402-1412. [PMID: 35129236 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The general consensus is that stress affects the central nervous system and can lead to cognitive problems. The root of Polygala tenuifolia (P. tenuifolia) is a well-known traditional Chinese medicine used for improving brain function. Tenuifolin (TEN) is the major constituent of P. tenuifolia and has a promising neuroprotective property. The purpose of this study was to investigate the alleviating effect of TEN on cognitive impairment induced by chronic restraint stress (CRS) and its mechanism. Our results showed that CRS exposure resulted in impaired cognitive performance in C57BL/6J mice, as indicated by decreased responses in Y-maze, novel objects recognition, and step-through passive avoidance tests. TEN treated daily orally (10 and 20 mg/kg) for 30 days reversed these behavior changes. Meanwhile, TEN could significantly regulate interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10 levels in the hippocampus. TEN inhibited the toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor-kappa B-mediated inflammation, as well as adrenocorticotropic hormone and corticosterone levels in serum. Most importantly, we found that TEN also upregulated the expressions of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, tropomyosin kinase B, glucocorticoid receptor, glutamate receptor 1, and synapse-associated proteins. Collectively, these data suggest that TEN has a potential improvement effect on memory loss caused by CRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Wang
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Research Center of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Huang
- Research Center of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Jiang
- Research Center of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yiwen Zhang
- Research Center of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jingwei Lv
- Research Center of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xinmin Liu
- Research Center of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Timmermans S, Verhoog NJD, Van Looveren K, Dewaele S, Hochepied T, Eggermont M, Gilbert B, Boerema-de Munck A, Vanderhaeghen T, Vanden Berghe J, Garcia Gonzalez N, Vandewalle J, Bloch Y, Provost M, Savvides SN, De Bosscher K, Declercq W, Rottier RJ, Louw A, Libert C. Point mutation I634A in the glucocorticoid receptor causes embryonic lethality by reduced ligand binding. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101574. [PMID: 35007536 PMCID: PMC8808175 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The glucocorticoid (GC) receptor (GR) is essential for normal development and in the initiation of inflammation. Healthy GRdim/dim mice with reduced dimerization propensity due to a point mutation (A465T) at the dimer interface of the GR DNA-binding domain (DBD) (here GRD/D) have previously helped to define the functions of GR monomers and dimers. Since GRD/D retains residual dimerization capacity, here we generated the dimer-nullifying double mutant GRD+L/D+L mice, featuring an additional mutation (I634A) in the ligand-binding domain (LBD) of GR. These mice are perinatally lethal, as are GRL/L mice (these mice have the I634A mutation but not the A465T mutation), displaying improper lung and skin formation. Using embryonic fibroblasts, high and low doses of dexamethasone (Dex), nuclear translocation assays, RNAseq, dimerization assays, and ligand-binding assays (and Kd values), we found that the lethal phenotype in these mice is due to insufficient ligand binding. These data suggest there is some correlation between GR dimerization potential and ligand affinity. We conclude that even a mutation as subtle as I634A, at a position not directly involved in ligand interactions sensu stricto, can still influence ligand binding and have a lethal outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Timmermans
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Kelly Van Looveren
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sylviane Dewaele
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tino Hochepied
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Melanie Eggermont
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Barbara Gilbert
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Anne Boerema-de Munck
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center, Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tineke Vanderhaeghen
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Joke Vanden Berghe
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Natalia Garcia Gonzalez
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jolien Vandewalle
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Yehudi Bloch
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mathias Provost
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Savvas N Savvides
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Karolien De Bosscher
- Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Receptor Research Laboratories, Nuclear Receptor Lab, Medical Biotechnology Center, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wim Declercq
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Robbert J Rottier
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center, Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ann Louw
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Claude Libert
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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7
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Van Wyngene L, Vanderhaeghen T, Petta I, Timmermans S, Corbeels K, Van der Schueren B, Vandewalle J, Van Looveren K, Wallaeys C, Eggermont M, Dewaele S, Catrysse L, van Loo G, Beyaert R, Vangoitsenhoven R, Nakayama T, Tavernier J, De Bosscher K, Libert C. ZBTB32 performs crosstalk with the glucocorticoid receptor and is crucial in glucocorticoid responses to starvation. iScience 2021; 24:102790. [PMID: 34337361 PMCID: PMC8324811 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis forms a complex neuroendocrine system that regulates the body’s response to stress such as starvation. In contrast with the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), Zinc finger and BTB domain containing 32 (ZBTB32) is a transcription factor with poorly described functional relevance in physiology. This study shows that ZBTB32 is essential for the production of glucocorticoids (GCs) in response to starvation, since ZBTB32−/− mice fail to increase their GC production in the absence of nutrients. In terms of mechanism, GR-mediated upregulation of adrenal Scarb1 gene expression was absent in ZBTB32−/− mice, implicating defective cholesterol import as the cause of the poor GC synthesis. These lower GC levels are further associated with aberrations in the metabolic adaptation to starvation, which could explain the progressive weight gain of ZBTB32−/− mice. In conclusion, ZBTB32 performs a crosstalk with the GR in the metabolic adaptation to starvation via regulation of adrenal GC production. ZBTB32 is involved in the glucocorticoid production in response to starvation GR-mediated upregulation of adrenal Scarb1 regulates cholesterol import The weight gain of ZBTB32−/− mice is associated with aberrant metabolic adaptations
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise Van Wyngene
- Center for Inflammation Research, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tineke Vanderhaeghen
- Center for Inflammation Research, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ioanna Petta
- Center for Inflammation Research, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.,Ghent Gut Inflammation Group (GGIG), Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Rheumatology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Steven Timmermans
- Center for Inflammation Research, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Katrien Corbeels
- Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism - Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart Van der Schueren
- Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism - Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jolien Vandewalle
- Center for Inflammation Research, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kelly Van Looveren
- Center for Inflammation Research, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Wallaeys
- Center for Inflammation Research, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Melanie Eggermont
- Center for Inflammation Research, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sylviane Dewaele
- Center for Inflammation Research, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Leen Catrysse
- Center for Inflammation Research, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Geert van Loo
- Center for Inflammation Research, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.,Ghent Gut Inflammation Group (GGIG), Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rudi Beyaert
- Center for Inflammation Research, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.,Ghent Gut Inflammation Group (GGIG), Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Roman Vangoitsenhoven
- Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism - Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Toshinori Nakayama
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Jan Tavernier
- Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.,Cytokine Receptor Laboratory (CRL), Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, 3 Albert Baertsoenkaai, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Karolien De Bosscher
- Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.,Translational Nuclear Receptor Research Lab, Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, 3 Albert Baertsoenkaai,9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Claude Libert
- Center for Inflammation Research, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.,Ghent Gut Inflammation Group (GGIG), Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Park SR, Kim SK, Kim SR, Kim D, Kim KW, Hong IS, Lee HY. Noncanonical functions of glucocorticoids: A novel role for glucocorticoids in performing multiple beneficial functions in endometrial stem cells. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:612. [PMID: 34120144 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03893-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Chronic stress has a negative impact on many fertility-related functions; thus, the recent decline in female fertility seems to be at least partially associated with increased stress. The secretion of glucocorticoids is a typical endocrine response to chronic stress and indirectly reduces uterine receptivity through the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. However, in addition to its well-known canonical role, the direct effects of chronic stress-induced glucocorticoids on various uterine functions and their underlying molecular mechanisms are complex and have not yet been revealed. Recent studies have found that resident stem cell deficiency is responsible for the limited regenerative potential of the endometrium (the innermost lining of the uterine cavity) during each menstrual cycle, which subsequently increases infertility rates. In this context, we hypothesized that stress-induced glucocorticoids directly damage endometrial stem cells and consequently negatively affect endometrial reconstruction, which is important for uterine receptivity. In addition to its well-known canonical roles, we identified for the first time that cortisol, the most abundant and potent glucocorticoid in humans, directly suppresses the multiple beneficial functions (self-renewal, transdifferentiation, and migratory potential) of human endometrial stem cells through its functional receptor, glucocorticoid receptor (GR). Glucocorticoids inhibit well-known survival signals, such as the PI3K/Akt and FAK/ERK1/2 pathways. More importantly, we also found that immobilization of stress-induced glucocorticoids suppresses the various beneficial functions of tissue resident stem cells in vivo. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the direct effects of glucocorticoids on the regenerative capacity of endometrial stem cells, and the findings will facilitate the development of more promising therapeutic approaches to increase female fertility.
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Hodge MX, Henriquez AR, Kodavanti UP. Adrenergic and Glucocorticoid Receptors in the Pulmonary Health Effects of Air Pollution. Toxics 2021; 9:132. [PMID: 34200050 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9060132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Adrenergic receptors (ARs) and glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) are activated by circulating catecholamines and glucocorticoids, respectively. These receptors regulate the homeostasis of physiological processes with specificity via multiple receptor subtypes, wide tissue-specific distribution, and interactions with other receptors and signaling processes. Based on their physiological roles, ARs and GRs are widely manipulated therapeutically for chronic diseases. Although these receptors play key roles in inflammatory and cellular homeostatic processes, little research has addressed their involvement in the health effects of air pollution. We have recently demonstrated that ozone, a prototypic air pollutant, mediates pulmonary and systemic effects through the activation of these receptors. A single exposure to ozone induces the sympathetic–adrenal–medullary and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axes, resulting in the release of epinephrine and corticosterone into the circulation. These hormones act as ligands for ARs and GRs. The roles of beta AR (βARs) and GRs in ozone-induced pulmonary injury and inflammation were confirmed in a number of studies using interventional approaches. Accordingly, the activation status of ARs and GRs is critical in mediating the health effects of inhaled irritants. In this paper, we review the cellular distribution and functions of ARs and GRs, their lung-specific localization, and their involvement in ozone-induced health effects, in order to capture attention for future research.
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