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Khezripour S, Rezaie M, Hassanpour M, Hassanpour M, Rashed Iqbal Faruque M, Uddin Khandaker M. Investigating the hard X-ray production via proton spallation on different materials to detect elements. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0288287. [PMID: 37594963 PMCID: PMC10438009 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0288287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Various atomic and nuclear methods use hard (high-energy) X-rays to detect elements. The current study aims to investigate the hard X-ray production rate via high-energy proton beam irradiation of various materials. For which, appropriate conditions for producing X-rays were established. The MCNPX code, based on the Monte Carlo method, was used for simulation. Protons with energies up to 1650 MeV were irradiated on various materials such as carbon, lithium, lead, nickel, salt, and soil, where the resulting X-ray spectra were extracted. The production of X-rays in lead was observed to increase 16 times, with the gain reaching 0.18 as the proton energy increases from 100 MeV to 1650 MeV. Comparatively, salt is a good candidate among the lightweight elements to produce X-rays at a low proton energy of 30 MeV with a production gain of 0.03. Therefore, it is suggested to irradiate the NaCl target with 30 MeV proton to produce X-rays in the 0-2 MeV range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeedeh Khezripour
- Department of Molecular and Atomic Physics, Faculty of Modern Science and Technology, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Rezaie
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Faculty of Modern Sciences and Technologies, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mehdi Hassanpour
- Space Science Centre (ANGKASA), Institute of Climate Change (IPI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia, Malaysia
| | - Marzieh Hassanpour
- Space Science Centre (ANGKASA), Institute of Climate Change (IPI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia, Malaysia
| | - Mohammad Rashed Iqbal Faruque
- Space Science Centre (ANGKASA), Institute of Climate Change (IPI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia, Malaysia
| | - Mayeen Uddin Khandaker
- Centre for Applied Physics and Radiation Technologies, School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of General Educational Development, Faculty of Science and Information Technology, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Chiera NM, Dressler R, Sprung P, Talip Z, Schumann D. Determination of the half-life of gadolinium-148. Appl Radiat Isot 2023; 194:110708. [PMID: 36731388 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2023.110708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The half-life of the alpha-emitter 148Gd was measured using the "direct method", in which the number of atoms is directly determined and their activity is then measured. Pure Gd samples containing megabecquerels of 148Gd were obtained by reprocessing proton-irradiated tantalum material. Multicollector-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was performed to determine the amount of 148Gd atoms retrieved. The activity of the 148Gd atoms contained in the Gd sample was measured by means of alpha-spectrometry. The half-life of 148Gd was deduced to be 86.9 years, with a combined uncertainty of 4.5%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine M Chiera
- Laboratory of Radiochemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, PSI, Switzerland.
| | - Rugard Dressler
- Laboratory of Radiochemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, PSI, Switzerland
| | - Peter Sprung
- Department Hot Laboratory, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232, Villigen, PSI, Switzerland
| | - Zeynep Talip
- Laboratory of Radiochemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, PSI, Switzerland; Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, PSI, Switzerland
| | - Dorothea Schumann
- Laboratory of Radiochemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, PSI, Switzerland
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Shollenberger QR, Kmak KN, Sio CK, Despotopulos JD, Kim G, Borg LE. Chemical separation of 146Sm for half-life determination. J Radioanal Nucl Chem. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-022-08531-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Chiera NM, Dressler R, Sprung P, Talip Z, Schumann D. High precision half-life measurement of the extinct radio-lanthanide Dysprosium-154. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8988. [PMID: 35643721 PMCID: PMC9148308 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12684-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sixty years after the discovery of 154Dy, the half-life of this pure alpha-emitter was re-measured. 154Dy was radiochemically separated from proton-irradiated tantalum samples. Sector field- and multicollector-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry were used to determine the amount of 154Dy retrieved. The disintegration rate of the radio-lanthanide was measured by means of α-spectrometry. The half-life value was determined as (1.40 ± 0.08)∙106 y, with an uncertainty reduced by a factor of ~ 10 compared to the currently adopted value of (3.0 ± 1.5)∙106 y. This precise half-life value is useful for the the correct testing and evaluation of p-process nucleosynthetic models using 154Dy as a seed nucleus or as a reaction product, as well as for the safe disposal of irradiated target material from accelerator driven facilities. As a first application of the half-life value determined in this work, the excitation functions for the production of 154Dy in proton-irradiated Ta, Pb, and W targets were re-evaluated, which are now in agreement with theoretical calculations.
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Heinitz S, Kajan I, Schumann D. How accurate are half-life data of long-lived radionuclides? RADIOCHIM ACTA 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/ract-2021-1135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
We have consulted existing half-life data available in Nuclear Data Sheets for radionuclides with Z < 89 in the range between 30 and 108 years with emphasis on their uncertainty. Based on this dataset, we have highlighted the lack of reliable data by giving examples for nuclides relevant for astrophysical, environmental and nuclear research. It is shown that half-lives for a substantial number of nuclides require a re-determination since existing data are either based on one single measurement, are contradictory or are associated with uncertainties above 5%.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ivan Kajan
- Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI) , Villigen , Switzerland
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Talip Z, Dressler R, Schacherl B, David JC, Vockenhuber C, Schumann D. Radiochemical Determination of Long-Lived Radionuclides in Proton-Irradiated Heavy Metal Targets: Part II Tungsten. Anal Chem 2021; 93:10798-10806. [PMID: 34318667 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c00640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this study, proton-irradiated tungsten targets, up to 2.6 GeV, were investigated for the purpose of the experimental cross-section measurements. Radiochemical separation methods were applied to isolate the residual long-lived alpha-emitters 148Gd, 154Dy, and 146Sm and the beta-emitters 129I and 36Cl from proton-irradiated tungsten targets. The molecular plating technique has been applied to prepare 148Gd, 154Dy, and 146Sm samples for alpha-spectrometry. Production cross-sections of 129I and 36Cl were determined by means of accelerator mass spectrometry. The results are compared with theoretical predictions, obtained with the INCL++-ABLA07 codes, showing good agreement for 36Cl and 148Gd, while a factor of 4 difference was observed for 154Dy, similar to the results obtained for tantalum targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Talip
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen-PSI 5232, Switzerland.,Laboratory of Radiochemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Rugard Dressler
- Laboratory of Radiochemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Bianca Schacherl
- Laboratory of Radiochemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Dorothea Schumann
- Laboratory of Radiochemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
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Talip Z, Borgna F, Müller C, Ulrich J, Duchemin C, Ramos JP, Stora T, Köster U, Nedjadi Y, Gadelshin V, Fedosseev VN, Juget F, Bailat C, Fankhauser A, Wilkins SG, Lambert L, Marsh B, Fedorov D, Chevallay E, Fernier P, Schibli R, van der Meulen NP. Production of Mass-Separated Erbium-169 Towards the First Preclinical in vitro Investigations. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:643175. [PMID: 33968955 PMCID: PMC8100037 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.643175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The β--particle-emitting erbium-169 is a potential radionuclide toward therapy of metastasized cancer diseases. It can be produced in nuclear research reactors, irradiating isotopically-enriched 168Er2O3. This path, however, is not suitable for receptor-targeted radionuclide therapy, where high specific molar activities are required. In this study, an electromagnetic isotope separation technique was applied after neutron irradiation to boost the specific activity by separating 169Er from 168Er targets. The separation efficiency increased up to 0.5% using resonant laser ionization. A subsequent chemical purification process was developed as well as activity standardization of the radionuclidically pure 169Er. The quality of the 169Er product permitted radiolabeling and pre-clinical studies. A preliminary in vitro experiment was accomplished, using a 169Er-PSMA-617, to show the potential of 169Er to reduce tumor cell viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Talip
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Francesca Borgna
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Cristina Müller
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jiri Ulrich
- Laboratory of Radiochemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Charlotte Duchemin
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute for Nuclear and Radiation Physics, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joao P. Ramos
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute for Nuclear and Radiation Physics, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thierry Stora
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Youcef Nedjadi
- Institute of Radiation Physics, University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Vadim Gadelshin
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Physics, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Physics and Technology, Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | | | - Frederic Juget
- Institute of Radiation Physics, University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Claude Bailat
- Institute of Radiation Physics, University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Adelheid Fankhauser
- Analytic Radioactive Materials, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Shane G. Wilkins
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Laura Lambert
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Bruce Marsh
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Dmitry Fedorov
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, National Research Center Kurchatov Institute, Gatchina, Russia
| | - Eric Chevallay
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Fernier
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Roger Schibli
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nicholas P. van der Meulen
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Radiochemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
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