1
|
Frangiamone M, Lázaro Á, Cimbalo A, Font G, Manyes L. In vitro and in vivo assessment of AFB1 and OTA toxic effects and the beneficial role of bioactive compounds. A systematic review. Food Chem 2024; 447:138909. [PMID: 38489879 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
The purpose of this review was to investigate the current knowledge about aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and ochratoxin A (OTA) toxicity and the possible beneficial role of bioactive compounds by using in vitro and in vivo models. Although AFB1 and OTA were tested in a similar percentage, the majority of studies focused on nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, immune toxicity and neurotoxicity in which oxidative stress, inflammation, structural damage and apoptosis were the main mechanisms of action reported. Conversely, several biological compounds were assayed in order to modulate mycotoxins damage mainly in the liver, brain, kidney and immune system. Among them, pumpkin, curcumin and fermented whey were the most employed. Although a clear progress has been made by using in vivo models, further research is needed to assess not only the toxicity of multiple mycotoxins contamination but also the effect of functional compounds mixture, thereby reproducing more realistic situations for human health risk assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Frangiamone
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitat de València, Carrer Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Álvaro Lázaro
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitat de València, Carrer Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Alessandra Cimbalo
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitat de València, Carrer Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain.
| | - Guillermina Font
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitat de València, Carrer Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Lara Manyes
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitat de València, Carrer Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Uchida T, Imamura M, Hayes CN, Suehiro Y, Teraoka Y, Ohya K, Aikata H, Abe-Chayama H, Ishida Y, Tateno C, Hara Y, Hino K, Okamoto T, Matsuura Y, Aizaki H, Wake K, Kohara M, Liang TJ, Oka S, Chayama K. HBV with precore and basal core promoter mutations exhibits a high replication phenotype and causes ER stress-mediated cell death in humanized liver chimeric mice. Hepatology 2023; 78:929-942. [PMID: 36896966 DOI: 10.1097/hep.0000000000000335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Mutations within the precore (PC) and basal core promoter (BCP) regions of the HBV genome are associated with fulminant hepatitis and HBV reactivation. These mutations may enhance viral replication, but little is known about whether they directly induce damage to the liver. We investigated mechanisms of direct cytopathic effects induced by the infection with PC/BCP mutants in the absence of immune response in vitro and in vivo . APPROACH AND RESULTS Mice with humanized livers and hepatocytes derived from humanized mice were infected with either wild-type or mutant-type PC/BCP HBV, and the HBV replication and human hepatocyte damage were evaluated. HBV proliferated vigorously in mice with PC/BCP-mutant infection, and the severe loss of human hepatocytes with a slight human ALT elevation subsequently occurred only in PC/BCP mutant mice. In PC/BCP mutant infection, the accumulation of HBsAg in humanized livers colocalized with the endoplasmic reticulum, leading to apoptosis through unfolded protein response in HBV-infected hepatocytes. RNA-sequencing revealed the molecular characteristics of the phenotype of PC/BCP mutant infection in a humanized mouse model. Reduced ALT elevation and higher HBV DNA levels in this model are consistent with characteristics of HBV reactivation, indicating that the hepatocyte damage in this model might mimic HBV reactivation followed by hepatocyte damage under immunosuppressive conditions. CONCLUSION PC and BCP mutations were associated with enhanced viral replication and cell death induced by ER stress using HBV infection models. These mutations might be associated with liver damage in patients with fulminant hepatitis or HBV reactivation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takuro Uchida
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Michio Imamura
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - C Nelson Hayes
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yosuke Suehiro
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yuji Teraoka
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kazuki Ohya
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Aikata
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hiromi Abe-Chayama
- Research Center for Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Center for Medical Specialist Graduate Education and Research, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yuji Ishida
- Research Center for Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- PhoenixBio Co., Ltd., Higashihiroshima, Japan
| | - Chise Tateno
- Research Center for Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- PhoenixBio Co., Ltd., Higashihiroshima, Japan
| | - Yuichi Hara
- Department of Hepatology and Pancreatology, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Keisuke Hino
- Department of Hepatology and Pancreatology, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Toru Okamoto
- Institute for Advanced Co-creation Studies, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Matsuura
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Virus Control, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hideki Aizaki
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Wake
- Liver Research Unit, Minophagen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michinori Kohara
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - T Jake Liang
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shiro Oka
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Chayama
- Research Center for Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Collaborative Research Laboratory of Medical Innovation, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
- Hiroshima Institute of Life Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zerdoug A, Le Vée M, Uehara S, Jamin A, Higuchi Y, Yoneda N, Lopez B, Chesné C, Suemizu H, Fardel O. Drug transporter expression and activity in cryopreserved human hepatocytes isolated from chimeric TK-NOG mice with humanized livers. Toxicol In Vitro 2023; 90:105592. [PMID: 37030647 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2023.105592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2023]
Abstract
Chimeric mice with humanized liver are thought to represent a sustainable source of isolated human hepatocytes for in vitro studying detoxification of drugs in humans. Because drug transporters are now recognized as key-actors of the hepatic detoxifying process, the present study was designed to characterize mRNA expression and activity of main hepatic drug transporters in cryopreserved human hepatocytes isolated from chimeric TK-NOG mice and termed HepaSH cells. Such cells after thawing were shown to exhibit a profile of hepatic solute carrier (SLC) and ATP-binding cassette (ABC) drug transporter mRNA levels well correlated to those found in cryopreserved primary human hepatocytes or human livers. HepaSH cells used either as suspensions or as 24 h-cultures additionally displayed notable activities of uptake SLCs, including organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs), organic anion transporter 2 (OAT2) or sodium-taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide (NTCP). SLC transporter mRNA expression, as well as SLC activities, nevertheless fell in HepaSH cells cultured for 120 h, which may reflect a partial dedifferentiation of these cells with time in culture in the conventional monolayer culture conditions used in the study. These data therefore support the use of cryopreserved HepaSH cells as either suspensions or short-term cultures for drug transport studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Zerdoug
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France; Biopredic International, F-35760 Saint Grégoire, France
| | - Marc Le Vée
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Shotaro Uehara
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 210-0821 Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Agnès Jamin
- Biopredic International, F-35760 Saint Grégoire, France
| | - Yuichiro Higuchi
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 210-0821 Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Nao Yoneda
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 210-0821 Kawasaki, Japan
| | | | | | - Hiroshi Suemizu
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 210-0821 Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Olivier Fardel
- Univ Rennes, CHU Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Niu X, Yang J, Suo Z, Wei M, Liu Y, He B, Jin H. A carbon nanocages-mediated fluorescent aptasensor for aflatoxin B1 detection based on T7 exonuclease double recycling amplification. Microchem J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2023.108418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
5
|
Fukunaga S, Ogata K, Eguchi A, Matsunaga K, Sakurai K, Abe J, Cohen SM, Asano H. Evaluation of the mode of action and human relevance of liver tumors in male mice treated with epyrifenacil. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 136:105268. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2022.105268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
6
|
Zerdoug A, Le Vée M, Uehara S, Lopez B, Chesné C, Suemizu H, Fardel O. Contribution of Humanized Liver Chimeric Mice to the Study of Human Hepatic Drug Transporters: State of the Art and Perspectives. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2022; 47:621-637. [DOI: 10.1007/s13318-022-00782-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
7
|
Yan J, Chen L, Zhang L, Zhang Z, Zhao Y, Wang Y, Ou J. New Insights Into the Persistent Effects of Acute Exposure to AFB1 on Rat Liver. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:911757. [PMID: 35783385 PMCID: PMC9244543 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.911757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) has mutagenesis, carcinogenesis and teratogenesis effects and mainly found in food crops and their processed foods. AFB1 exposure can cause acute or chronic liver poisoning, but there were few studies on the persistent effects of acute AFB1 exposure on the liver. In this study, rat liver injury models were established 2 and 7 days after single exposure to high and low doses of AFB1. The persistent effects of AFB1 single acute exposure (ASAE) on rat liver were analyzed from the phenotypic and genetic levels. The results showed that compared with the control group, liver function indexes, MDA content in liver and the number of apoptotic hepatocytes in model groups increased to the highest on the 2nd day after ASAE (p < 0.001). However, the changes of liver coefficient were most significant on the 7th day after ASAE (p < 0.01). The results of liver pathology showed that the liver injury was not alleviated and the activities of antioxidant enzymes GSH-Px and SOD were the lowest on the 7th day (p < 0.001). RNA-Seq results indicated that there were 236, 33, 679, and 78 significantly differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the model groups (LA-2d, LA-7d, HA-2d, HA-7d) compared with the control group. Among them, the Gtse1 gene related to the proliferation, differentiation and metastasis of liver cancer cells, the Lama5 and Fabp4 gene related to the inflammatory response were significantly DEGs in the four model groups, and the differential expression of the immune system-related Bcl6 gene increased with the prolonged observation time after ASAE. In conclusion, ASAE can cause persistent liver damage in rats. The persistently affected genes Lama5, Gtse1, Fabp4, and Bcl6 possess the potential to be therapeutic targets for liver disease induced by AFB1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Yan
- College of Food Sciences and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Chen
- College of Food Sciences and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Preparation Technology of TCM, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaohuan Zhang
- College of Food Sciences and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Zhao
- College of Food Sciences and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Product Processing & Preservation, Shanghai, China
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Product on Storage and Preservation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Preparation Technology of TCM, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Yuan Wang,
| | - Jie Ou
- College of Food Sciences and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Product Processing & Preservation, Shanghai, China
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Product on Storage and Preservation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai, China
- Jie Ou,
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kisoh K, Sugahara G, Ogawa Y, Furukawa S, Ishida Y, Okanoue T, Kohara M, Tateno C. Estimating Drug Efficacy with a Diet-Induced NASH Model in Chimeric Mice with Humanized Livers. Biomedicines 2021; 9:1647. [PMID: 34829876 PMCID: PMC8615377 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9111647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease/steatohepatitis (NAFLD/NASH) is the most common liver disorder in developed countries. Although many new therapeutics for NASH are present in the drug development pipeline, there are still no approved drugs. One of the reasons that makes NASH drug development challenging is the lack of appropriate animal NASH models that resolve issues arising from inter-species differences between humans and rodents. In the present study, we developed a choline-deficient, L-amino-acid-defined, high-fat-diet (CDAHFD)-induced human NASH model using human liver chimeric mice. We demonstrated human hepatocyte injury by an elevation of plasma human alanine aminotransferase 1 in mice fed CDAHFD. Histological analysis showed that CDAHFD feeding induced similar histological changes to human NASH patients, including ballooning, inflammation, apoptosis, regeneration of human hepatocytes, and pericellular and perisinusoidal fibrosis. The chimeric mice fed CDAHFD were treated with a peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor α/δ agonist, Elafibranor. Elafibranor ameliorated steatosis, ballooning of hepatocytes, and preserved fibrosis progression. We developed a novel humanized NASH model that can elucidate pathophysiological mechanisms and predict therapeutic efficacy in human NASH. This model will be useful in exploring new drugs and biomarkers in the early stages of human NASH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keishi Kisoh
- Research and Development Department, PhoenixBio Co., Ltd., 3-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima 739-0046, Japan; (K.K.); (G.S.); (Y.O.); (S.F.); (Y.I.)
| | - Go Sugahara
- Research and Development Department, PhoenixBio Co., Ltd., 3-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima 739-0046, Japan; (K.K.); (G.S.); (Y.O.); (S.F.); (Y.I.)
| | - Yuko Ogawa
- Research and Development Department, PhoenixBio Co., Ltd., 3-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima 739-0046, Japan; (K.K.); (G.S.); (Y.O.); (S.F.); (Y.I.)
| | - Suzue Furukawa
- Research and Development Department, PhoenixBio Co., Ltd., 3-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima 739-0046, Japan; (K.K.); (G.S.); (Y.O.); (S.F.); (Y.I.)
| | - Yuji Ishida
- Research and Development Department, PhoenixBio Co., Ltd., 3-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima 739-0046, Japan; (K.K.); (G.S.); (Y.O.); (S.F.); (Y.I.)
- Research Center for Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Takeshi Okanoue
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Saiseikai Suita Hospital, 1-2 Kawazonocho, Suita 564-0013, Japan;
| | - Michinori Kohara
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan;
| | - Chise Tateno
- Research and Development Department, PhoenixBio Co., Ltd., 3-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima 739-0046, Japan; (K.K.); (G.S.); (Y.O.); (S.F.); (Y.I.)
- Research Center for Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Yamada T. Application of humanized mice to toxicology studies: Evaluation of the human relevance of the mode of action for rodent liver tumor formation by activators of the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR). J Toxicol Pathol 2021; 34:283-297. [PMID: 34629731 PMCID: PMC8484926 DOI: 10.1293/tox.2021-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The constitutive androstane receptor (CAR)-mediated mode of action (MOA) for phenobarbital (PB)-induced rodent liver tumor formation has been established, with increased hepatocyte proliferation, which is a key event in tumor formation. Previous studies have demonstrated that PB and other CAR-activators stimulate proliferation in cultured rodent hepatocytes, but not in cultured human hepatocytes. However, in the genetically humanized CAR and pregnane X receptor (PXR) mouse (hCAR/hPXR mouse, downstream genes are still mouse), PB increased hepatocyte proliferation and tumor production in vivo. In contrast to the hCAR/hPXR mouse, studies with chimeric mice with human hepatocytes (PXB-mouse, both receptor and downstream genes are human) demonstrated that PB did not increase human hepatocyte proliferation in vivo. PB increased hepatocyte proliferation in a chimeric mouse model with rat hepatocytes, indicating that the lack of human hepatocyte proliferation is not due to any functional defect in the chimeric mouse liver environment. Gene expression analysis demonstrated that the downstream genes of CAR/PXR activation were similar in hCAR/hPXR and CD-1 mice, but differed from those observed in chimeric mice with human hepatocytes. These findings strongly support the conclusion that the MOA for CAR-mediated rodent liver tumor formation is qualitatively implausible for humans. Indeed, epidemiological studies have found no causal link between PB and human liver tumors. There are many similarities with respect to hepatic effects and species differences between rodent CAR and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α activators. Based on our research, the chimeric mouse with human hepatocytes (PXB-mouse) is reliable for human cancer risk assessment of test chemicals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Yamada
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., 3-1-98 Kasugade-naka, Konohana-ku, Osaka 554-8558, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Granados-Chinchilla F, Valenzuela-Martínez C, García-Murillo B, Aguilar-Madrigal D, Redondo-Solano M, Molina A. Microbiological Safety and Presence of Major Mycotoxins in Animal Feed for Laboratory Animals in a Developing Country: The Case of Costa Rica. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:2389. [PMID: 34438847 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The microbiological safety and quality of commercial animal feed for laboratory animals, produced in Costa Rica, was assessed. Analysis of the animal feed included general microbial markers (total coliforms and molds) and the behavior over time of two specific feed contaminants (Salmonella spp. and mycotoxins). Results from the study suggest that there is a low risk of contamination from viable microorganisms but the product contains important levels of mycotoxins. Current preventive measures (UV light disinfection) are not effective and additional handling protocols should be considered. Abstract Safety and quality of compound feed for experimental animals in Costa Rica is unknown. Some contaminants, such as Salmonella spp. and mycotoxins, could elicit confounding effects in laboratory animals used for biomedical research. In this study, different batches of extruded animal feed, intended for laboratory rodents in Costa Rica, were analyzed to determine mycotoxin and microbiological contamination (i.e., Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli, total coliform bacteria, and total yeast and molds enumeration). Two methods for Salmonella decontamination (UV light and thermal treatment) were assessed. Only n = 2 of the samples were negative (representing 12.50%) for the 26 mycotoxins tested. Enniatins and fumonisins were among the most frequent toxins found (with n = 4+ hits), but the level of contamination and the type of mycotoxins depended on the supplier. None of the indicator microorganisms, nor Salmonella, were found in any of the tested batches, and no mold contamination, nor Salmonella growth, occurs during storage (i.e., 2–6 months under laboratory conditions). However, mycotoxins, such as enniatins and fumonisins tend to decrease after the fourth month of storage, and Salmonella exhibited a lifespan of 64 days at 17 °C even in the presence of UV light. The D-values for Salmonella were between 65.58 ± 2.95 (65 °C) and 6.21 ± 0.11 (80 °C) min, and the thermal destruction time (z-value) was calculated at 15.62 °C. Results from this study suggest that laboratory rodents may be at risk of contamination from animal feed that could significantly affect the outcomes of biomedical experiments. Thus, improved quality controls and handling protocols for the product are suggested.
Collapse
|
11
|
Eguchi A, Fukunaga S, Ogata K, Kushida M, Asano H, Cohen SM, Sukata T. Chimeric Mouse With Humanized Liver Is an Appropriate Animal Model to Investigate Mode of Action for Porphyria-Mediated Hepatocytotoxicity. Toxicol Pathol 2021; 49:1243-1254. [PMID: 34238059 PMCID: PMC8521358 DOI: 10.1177/01926233211027474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Porphyrinogenic compounds are known to induce porphyria-mediated hepatocellular injury and subsequent regenerative proliferation in rodents, ultimately leading to hepatocellular tumor induction. However, an appropriate in vivo experimental model to evaluate an effect of porphyrinogenic compounds on human liver has not been fully established. Recently, the chimeric mouse with humanized liver (PXB mice) became widely used as a humanized model in which human hepatocytes are transplanted. In the present study, we examined the utility of PXB mice as an in vivo experimental model to evaluate the key events of the porphyria-mediated cytotoxicity mode of action (MOA) in humans. The treatment of PXB mice with 5-aminolevulinic acid, a representative porphyrinogenic compound, for 28 days caused protoporphyrin IX accumulation, followed by hepatocyte necrosis, increased mitosis, and an increase in replicative DNA synthesis in human hepatocytes, indicative of cellular injury and regenerative proliferation, similar to findings in patients with porphyria or experimental porphyria models and corresponding to the key events of the MOA for porphyria-mediated hepatocellular carcinogenesis. We conclude that the PXB mouse is a useful model to evaluate the key events of the porphyria-mediated cytotoxicity MOA in humans and suggest the utility of PXB mice for clarifying the human relevancy of findings in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayumi Eguchi
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co, Ltd, Osaka, Japan
| | - Satoki Fukunaga
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co, Ltd, Osaka, Japan
| | - Keiko Ogata
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co, Ltd, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masahiko Kushida
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co, Ltd, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Asano
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co, Ltd, Osaka, Japan
| | - Samuel M Cohen
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Havlik-Wall Professor of Oncology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Tokuo Sukata
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co, Ltd, Osaka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|