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Assad Z, Cohen R, Varon E, Levy C, Bechet S, Corrard F, Werner A, Ouldali N, Bonacorsi S, Rybak A. Antibiotic Resistance of Haemophilus influenzae in Nasopharyngeal Carriage of Children with Acute Otitis Media and in Middle Ear Fluid from Otorrhea. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1605. [PMID: 37998807 PMCID: PMC10668799 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12111605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Haemophilus influenzae (Hi) is one of the leading bacteria implicated in childhood acute otitis media (AOM). Recent concerns have been raised about the emergence of Hi-resistant strains. We aimed to analyze the evolution of β-lactam resistance to Hi among strains isolated from nasopharyngeal carriage in children with AOM and in mild ear fluid (MEF) after the spontaneous perforation of the tympanic membrane (SPTM) in France. In this national ambulatory-based cohort study over 16 years, we analyzed the rate of Hi nasopharyngeal carriage and the proportion of β-lactam-resistant Hi strains over time using a segmented linear regression model. Among the 13,865 children (median [IQR] age, 12.7 [9.3-17.3] months; 7400 [53.4%] male) with AOM included from November 2006 to July 2022, Hi was isolated in 7311 (52.7%) children by nasopharyngeal sampling. The proportion of β-lactamase-producing and β-lactamase-negative, ampicillin-resistant (BLNAR) Hi strains in nasopharyngeal carriage remained stable during the study period. Among the 783 children (median [IQR] age, 20 [12.3-37.8] months; 409 [52.2%] male) with SPTM included from October 2015 to July 2022, Hi was isolated in 177 (22.6%) cases by MEF sampling. The proportions of β-lactamase-producing and BLNAR Hi strains did not significantly differ between nasopharyngeal (17.6% and 8.8%, respectively) and MEF (12.6% and 7.4%) samples. Accordingly, amoxicillin remains a valid recommendation as the first-line drug for AOM in France.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zein Assad
- Department of General Pediatrics, Pediatric Infectious Disease and Internal Medicine, Robert Debré University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 75019 Paris, France; (Z.A.); (N.O.)
- Infection, Antimicrobials, Modelling, Evolution (IAME), Inserm UMR 1137, Paris Cité University, 75018 Paris, France;
- Groupe de Pathologie Infectieuse Pédiatrique (GPIP), 06200 Nice, France; (R.C.); (A.W.); (A.R.)
| | - Robert Cohen
- Groupe de Pathologie Infectieuse Pédiatrique (GPIP), 06200 Nice, France; (R.C.); (A.W.); (A.R.)
- Association Clinique et Thérapeutique Infantile du Val-de-Marne (ACTIV), 94000 Créteil, France; (S.B.); (F.C.)
- Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale-Groupe de Recherche Clinique Groupe d’Etude des Maladies Infectieuses Néonatales et Infantiles (IMRB-GRC GEMINI), Université Paris Est, 94000 Créteil, France
- Association Française de Pédiatrie Ambulatoire (AFPA), 45000 Orléans, France
| | - Emmanuelle Varon
- National Reference Center for Pneumococci, Centre de Recherche Clinique et Biologique, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Créteil, 94000 Créteil, France;
| | - Corinne Levy
- Groupe de Pathologie Infectieuse Pédiatrique (GPIP), 06200 Nice, France; (R.C.); (A.W.); (A.R.)
- Association Clinique et Thérapeutique Infantile du Val-de-Marne (ACTIV), 94000 Créteil, France; (S.B.); (F.C.)
- Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale-Groupe de Recherche Clinique Groupe d’Etude des Maladies Infectieuses Néonatales et Infantiles (IMRB-GRC GEMINI), Université Paris Est, 94000 Créteil, France
- Association Française de Pédiatrie Ambulatoire (AFPA), 45000 Orléans, France
| | - Stéphane Bechet
- Association Clinique et Thérapeutique Infantile du Val-de-Marne (ACTIV), 94000 Créteil, France; (S.B.); (F.C.)
- Association Française de Pédiatrie Ambulatoire (AFPA), 45000 Orléans, France
| | - François Corrard
- Association Clinique et Thérapeutique Infantile du Val-de-Marne (ACTIV), 94000 Créteil, France; (S.B.); (F.C.)
- Association Française de Pédiatrie Ambulatoire (AFPA), 45000 Orléans, France
| | - Andreas Werner
- Groupe de Pathologie Infectieuse Pédiatrique (GPIP), 06200 Nice, France; (R.C.); (A.W.); (A.R.)
- Association Clinique et Thérapeutique Infantile du Val-de-Marne (ACTIV), 94000 Créteil, France; (S.B.); (F.C.)
- Association Française de Pédiatrie Ambulatoire (AFPA), 45000 Orléans, France
| | - Naïm Ouldali
- Department of General Pediatrics, Pediatric Infectious Disease and Internal Medicine, Robert Debré University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 75019 Paris, France; (Z.A.); (N.O.)
- Infection, Antimicrobials, Modelling, Evolution (IAME), Inserm UMR 1137, Paris Cité University, 75018 Paris, France;
- Groupe de Pathologie Infectieuse Pédiatrique (GPIP), 06200 Nice, France; (R.C.); (A.W.); (A.R.)
| | - Stéphane Bonacorsi
- Infection, Antimicrobials, Modelling, Evolution (IAME), Inserm UMR 1137, Paris Cité University, 75018 Paris, France;
- Department of Microbiology, Robert Debré University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 75019 Paris, France
| | - Alexis Rybak
- Groupe de Pathologie Infectieuse Pédiatrique (GPIP), 06200 Nice, France; (R.C.); (A.W.); (A.R.)
- Association Clinique et Thérapeutique Infantile du Val-de-Marne (ACTIV), 94000 Créteil, France; (S.B.); (F.C.)
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Salo H, Perälä J, Hannila-Handelberg T, Sarvikivi E, Luomala O, Ollgren J, Leino T. Decline in varicella cases contacting primary health care after introduction of varicella vaccination in Finland - A population-based register study. Vaccine 2023; 41:6535-6541. [PMID: 37743119 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
A two-dose varicella vaccination programme at the age of 18 months and 6 years started in September 2017 in Finland with catch-up vaccinations, based on earlier modelling results, for children <12 years (born in 2006 or later) with no history of varicella. Nationwide population-based register data were used to assess the age-specific vaccination coverage and the annual incidence rates of varicella cases contacting public primary health care in 2014-2020. Age-specific incidence rates after (2022) and before (2014-2016) the implementation of the vaccination programme was compared by incidence rate ratios (IRR) with 95 % confidence interval. In 2019-2022, the first-dose coverage of varicella vaccination among children following the routine vaccination programme ranged from 85 to 87 % (children born in 2016 or later). The second-dose coverage was 58 % for the children born in 2016. The coverage of the catch-up vaccinations ranged from 18 % (children born in 2006) to 82 % (children born in 2015) for the first dose and from 10 % to 64 % for the second dose in the respective birth cohorts. In 2022, compared to the pre-vaccination period (2014-2016) the annual incidence rate of varicella cases contacting public primary health care declined in all age groups. The reduction ranged from 92 % to 98 % among the children eligible for the vaccinations (born 2006 or later). The 87 % reduction in the incidence rate among the unvaccinated children < 1 year suggests the indirect effect of the vaccinations. Introducing varicella vaccinations with catch-up was associated with rapid reduction in the varicella cases contacting primary health care in all ages. However, the coverage of the routine programme needs to be improved further as presently susceptibles accumulate and enable thus further outbreaks in coming decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heini Salo
- Infectious Disease Control and Vaccinations Unit, Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Jori Perälä
- Infectious Disease Control and Vaccinations Unit, Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuula Hannila-Handelberg
- Infectious Disease Control and Vaccinations Unit, Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Emmi Sarvikivi
- Infectious Disease Control and Vaccinations Unit, Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Oskari Luomala
- Infectious Disease Control and Vaccinations Unit, Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jukka Ollgren
- Infectious Disease Control and Vaccinations Unit, Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuija Leino
- Infectious Disease Control and Vaccinations Unit, Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
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Gil E, Roy S, Best T, Hatcher J, Breuer J. Increasing rhinovirus prevalence in paediatric intensive care patients since the SARS-CoV2 pandemic. J Clin Virol 2023; 166:105555. [PMID: 37536014 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2023.105555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rhinovirus (HRV) is a significant seasonal pathogen in children. The emergence of SARS-CoV2, and the social restrictions introduced in, disrupted viral epidemiology. Here we describe the experience of Great Ormond Street Hospital (GOSH), where HRV almost entirely disappeared from the paediatric intensive care units (PICU) during the first national lockdown and then rapidly re-emerged with a fast-increasing incidence, leading to concerns about possible nosocomial transmission in a vulnerable population. OBJECTIVES To describe alterations in HRV infection amongst PICU patients at GOSH since the emergence of SARS-COV2 STUDY DESIGN: 10,950 nasopharyngeal aspirate viral PCR samples from GOSH PICU patients from 2019 to 2023 were included. 3083 returned a positive result for a respiratory virus, with 1530 samples positive for HRV. 66 HRV isolates from August 2020 - Jan 2021, the period of rapidly increasing HRV incidence, were sequenced. Electronic health record data was retrospectively collected for the same period. RESULTS Following a reduction in the incidence of HRV infection during the first national lockdown, multiple genotypes of HRV emerged amongst GOSH PICU patients, with the incidence of HRV infection rapidly surging to levels higher than that seen prior to the emergence of SARS-CoV2 and continuing to circulate at increased incidence year-round. CONCLUSIONS The incidence of HRV infection amongst GOSH PICU patients is markedly higher than prior to the emergence of SARS-CoV2, a pattern not seen in other respiratory viruses. The increased burden of HRV-infection in vulnerable PICU patients has both clinical and infection prevention and control Implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliza Gil
- Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine; Department of Microbiology, Virology & Infection Control, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, UK; Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Department, GOS Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Sunando Roy
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Department, GOS Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Tim Best
- Department of Microbiology, Virology & Infection Control, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, UK
| | - James Hatcher
- Department of Microbiology, Virology & Infection Control, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, UK
| | - Judith Breuer
- Department of Microbiology, Virology & Infection Control, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, UK; Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Department, GOS Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
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De Thoisy A, Woudenberg T, Pelleau S, Donnadieu F, Garcia L, Pinaud L, Tondeur L, Meola A, Arowas L, Clement N, Backovic M, Ungeheuer MN, Fontanet A, White M. Seroepidemiology of the Seasonal Human Coronaviruses NL63, 229E, OC43 and HKU1 in France. Open Forum Infect Dis 2023; 10:ofad340. [PMID: 37496603 PMCID: PMC10368309 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofad340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The seasonal human coronaviruses (HCoV) NL63, 229E, OC43, and HKU1 are globally endemic, yet the majority of HCoV infections remain undiagnosed. Methods In a cross-sectional study, 2389 serum samples were collected from children and adults in France in 2020. In a longitudinal cohort study, 2520 samples were collected from 898 French individuals followed up between 2020 and 2021. Antibodies to HCoVs were measured using a bead-based multiplex assay. Results The rate of waning of anti-HCoV spike immunoglobulin G antibodies was estimated as 0.22-0.47 year-1 for children, and 0.13-0.27 year-1 for adults. Seroreversion was estimated as 0.31-1.37 year-1 in children and 0.19-0.72 year-1 in adults. The estimated seroconversion rate in children was consistent with 20%-39% of children being infected every year with each HCoV. Conclusions The high force of infection in children indicates that HCoVs may be responsible for a substantial proportion of fever episodes experienced by children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alix De Thoisy
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Analytics G5 Unit, Department of Global Health, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Tom Woudenberg
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Analytics G5 Unit, Department of Global Health, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Pelleau
- Correspondence: Michael White, PhD, Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Analytics G5 Unit, Department of Global Health, Institut Pasteur, Rue du Docteur Roux, Paris 75015, France (); Stéphane Pelleau, PhD, Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Analytics G5 Unit, Department of Global Health, Institut Pasteur, Rue du Docteur Roux, Paris 75015, France ()
| | - Françoise Donnadieu
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Analytics G5 Unit, Department of Global Health, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Laura Garcia
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Analytics G5 Unit, Department of Global Health, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Laurie Pinaud
- Epidemiology of Emerging Diseases Unit, Department of Global Health, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Laura Tondeur
- Epidemiology of Emerging Diseases Unit, Department of Global Health, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Annalisa Meola
- Structural Virology Unit, Department of Virology and CNRS UMR 3569, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Laurence Arowas
- Investigation Clinique et Accès aux Ressources Biologiques (ICAReB), Center for Translational Research, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Clement
- Coordination Clinique du CRT, Center for Translational Research, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Marija Backovic
- Structural Virology Unit, Department of Virology and CNRS UMR 3569, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Noëlle Ungeheuer
- Investigation Clinique et Accès aux Ressources Biologiques (ICAReB), Center for Translational Research, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Arnaud Fontanet
- Epidemiology of Emerging Diseases Unit, Department of Global Health, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- PACRI Unit, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, Paris, France
| | - Michael White
- Correspondence: Michael White, PhD, Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Analytics G5 Unit, Department of Global Health, Institut Pasteur, Rue du Docteur Roux, Paris 75015, France (); Stéphane Pelleau, PhD, Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Analytics G5 Unit, Department of Global Health, Institut Pasteur, Rue du Docteur Roux, Paris 75015, France ()
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Macías Reyes MJ, Vidal-Alaball J, Suwezda EA, Miró Catalina Q, Homs M, Ruiz-Comellas A. Prevalence of Respiratory Infections during the 2018-2020 Period in the Paediatric Population of Primary Care Centres in Central Catalonia. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:healthcare11091252. [PMID: 37174795 PMCID: PMC10178082 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11091252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Following the COVID-19 pandemic, policies such as social distancing, hand washing, and the use of masks were implemented, which could play an important role in the reduction of infectious diseases. An observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted to observe the prevalence of respiratory infections in children under 15 years of age during the 2018-2020 period in Primary Care centres in Central Catalonia. In 2020, there was a 44.3% decrease in total consultations for respiratory infections compared to 2019. All respiratory infections exhibited a significant decrease except flu-like syndrome; children between the ages of 6 and 12 had the highest prevalence of flu-like syndrome (87.6%), and the SARS-CoV-2-19 infection was most frequent (4%) among those between the ages of 12 and 15. Compared to urban centres, rural centres presented a higher prevalence of all infections except flu-like syndrome and SARS-CoV-2. In conclusion, the COVID-19 pandemic caused a significant decrease in the number of consultations for respiratory infections in the paediatric population, except for flu-like syndrome, which increased in cases in January, February, and March 2020. No differences were found between sexes, although differences were found in the distribution of the different age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Josep Vidal-Alaball
- Faculty of Medicine, Vic-Central University of Catalonia, 08500 Vic, Spain
- Health Promotion in Rural Areas Research Group, Institut Català de la Salut, 08272 Sant Fruitós de Bages, Spain
- Central Catalonia Research Support Unit, Jordi Gol i Gurina University Institute for Research in Primary Health Care Foundation, 08007 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Queralt Miró Catalina
- Health Promotion in Rural Areas Research Group, Institut Català de la Salut, 08272 Sant Fruitós de Bages, Spain
- Central Catalonia Research Support Unit, Jordi Gol i Gurina University Institute for Research in Primary Health Care Foundation, 08007 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Homs
- Health Promotion in Rural Areas Research Group, Institut Català de la Salut, 08272 Sant Fruitós de Bages, Spain
| | - Anna Ruiz-Comellas
- Faculty of Medicine, Vic-Central University of Catalonia, 08500 Vic, Spain
- Health Promotion in Rural Areas Research Group, Institut Català de la Salut, 08272 Sant Fruitós de Bages, Spain
- Central Catalonia Research Support Unit, Jordi Gol i Gurina University Institute for Research in Primary Health Care Foundation, 08007 Barcelona, Spain
- Primary Care Centre Sant Joan de Vilatorrada, 08250 Sant Joan de Vilatorrada, Spain
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Bonacina F, Boëlle PY, Colizza V, Lopez O, Thomas M, Poletto C. Global patterns and drivers of influenza decline during the COVID-19 pandemic. Int J Infect Dis 2023; 128:132-139. [PMID: 36608787 PMCID: PMC9809002 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2022.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The influenza circulation reportedly declined during the COVID-19 pandemic in many countries. The occurrence of this change has not been studied worldwide nor its potential drivers. METHODS The change in the proportion of positive influenza samples reported by country and trimester was computed relative to the 2014-2019 period using the FluNet database. Random forests were used to determine predictors of change from demographical, weather, pandemic preparedness, COVID-19 incidence, and pandemic response characteristics. Regression trees were used to classify observations according to these predictors. RESULTS During the COVID-19 pandemic, the influenza decline relative to prepandemic levels was global but heterogeneous across space and time. It was more than 50% for 311 of 376 trimesters-countries and even more than 99% for 135. COVID-19 incidence and pandemic preparedness were the two most important predictors of the decline. Europe and North America initially showed limited decline despite high COVID-19 restrictions; however, there was a strong decline afterward in most temperate countries, where pandemic preparedness, COVID-19 incidence, and social restrictions were high; the decline was limited in countries where these factors were low. The "zero-COVID" countries experienced the greatest decline. CONCLUSION Our findings set the stage for interpreting the resurgence of influenza worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Bonacina
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, F75012 Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Probabilités, Statistique et Modélisation, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Pierre-Yves Boëlle
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, F75012 Paris, France
| | - Vittoria Colizza
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, F75012 Paris, France; Tokyo Tech World Research Hub Initiative (WRHI), Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Olivier Lopez
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Probabilités, Statistique et Modélisation, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Maud Thomas
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Probabilités, Statistique et Modélisation, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Chiara Poletto
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, F75012 Paris, France; Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy.
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Hirae K, Hoshina T, Koga H. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the epidemiology of other communicable diseases in Japan. Int J Infect Dis 2023; 128:265-271. [PMID: 36642212 PMCID: PMC9837205 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2023.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To elucidate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the epidemiology of other infectious diseases. DESIGN We investigated the epidemiology of 36 communicable diseases during 2015-2021 in Japan and compared the number of cases in each disease between the prepandemic (2015-2019) and intrapandemic (2020-2021) periods. Relationships between the incidence of the infectious diseases and the COVID-19 pandemic were also investigated. RESULTS Of 36 communicable diseases, the number of cases in the 27 diseases (75%) mainly caused by pathogens transmitted by droplet or contact was lower intrapandemic than prepandemic, and the cases of 21 diseases (58%) continued to decrease intrapandemic. The number of cases of six diseases (17%) was higher intrapandemic than prepandemic, and the cases of two diseases (5.6%), Japanese spotted fever and syphilis, continued to increase intrapandemic. Time trend analyses revealed a positive correlation between case numbers of communicable diseases and the COVID-19 pandemic, whereas the case numbers of hand-foot-and-mouth disease and respiratory syncytial virus infection rebounded in 2021 after decreasing in 2020. CONCLUSION The COVID-19 pandemic has greatly impacted the epidemiology of communicable diseases, suggesting that countermeasures against COVID-19 and lifestyle changes might be involved in these epidemiological changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Hirae
- Department of Pediatrics, National Hospital Organization Beppu Medical Center, Beppu, Japan.
| | - Takayuki Hoshina
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Koga
- Department of Pediatrics, National Hospital Organization Beppu Medical Center, Beppu, Japan.
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Facchin G, Bella A, Del Manso M, Rota MC, Filia A. Decline in reported measles cases in Italy in the COVID-19 era, January 2020 - July 2022: The need to prevent a resurgence upon lifting non-pharmaceutical pandemic measures. Vaccine 2023; 41:1286-1289. [PMID: 36669968 PMCID: PMC9837224 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
From January 2020 to July 2022, 120 measles cases were reported to the Italian national surveillance system, of which 105 had symptom onset in 2020, nine in 2021 and six in the first seven months of 2022. This represents a sharp decline compared to the time period immediately preceding the COVID-19 pandemic, most likely due to the non-pharmaceutical interventions implemented to prevent SARS-CoV2 transmission. Of 105 cases reported in 2020, 103 acquired the infection before a national lockdown was instituted on 9 March 2020. Overall, one quarter of cases reported at least one complication. As non-pharmaceutical pandemic measures are being eased worldwide, and considering measles seasonality, infectiousness, and its potential severity, it is important that countries ensure high vaccination coverage and close immunity gaps, to avoid risk of future outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Facchin
- Italian National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy,University of Padua, Italy
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Lupo J, Tsougaev M, Blachier S, Chovelon G, Truffot A, Leroy C, Giai J, Epaulard O, Germi R, Morand P. Comparison of Elecsys and Liaison immunoassays to determine Epstein-Barr virus serological status using further diagnostic approaches to clarify discrepant results. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28166. [PMID: 36137986 PMCID: PMC10092878 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Serological markers for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection are commonly used to diagnose infectious mononucleosis and establish a serological status in pretransplant patients. This study prospectively assessed 1043 serum specimens sent to the laboratory for physician-ordered EBV testing. The three markers-antiviral capsid antigen (VCA) immunoglobulin M (IgM), anti-VCA immunoglobulin G (IgG), and anti-Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen (EBNA) antibodies-were tested using the Elecsys and the Liaison immunoassays. Specimens with discrepant results between the two assays were assessed using further EBV diagnostic approaches to conclude on the EBV serological status. In spite of substantial agreement between the two assays (88%) and with the presumed EBV status (>92%), the results showed differences in the performance of the assays. Liaison VCA IgM appeared to be the most sensitive test for the detection of the 38 sera classified as early primary infection in comparison with the Elecsys assay (91.4% vs. 68.6%, p = 0.008). Excluding the cases of early primary infection, the sensitivity values of the VCA IgM marker were comparable between the Liaison and Elecsys assays (95.2% and 92.9%, respectively, p = 1). Concerning the sera classified as past infection (n = 763), the Elecsys assay showed higher sensitivity values for the detection of the VCA and EBNA IgG markers in comparison with the Liaison assay (99.9% and 99.7% vs. 97.4% and 91.2%, respectively, p < 0.001). Overall, the Elecsys and Liaison assays showed similar performance. The interpretation of EBV serological profiles based on the clinical context may require serology follow up or further diagnostic approaches in challenging cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Lupo
- University Grenoble Alpes, Virology Laboratory, Grenoble-Alpes University Hospital, Grenoble, France.,Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble, France
| | - Mansour Tsougaev
- University Grenoble Alpes, Virology Laboratory, Grenoble-Alpes University Hospital, Grenoble, France
| | | | | | - Aurélie Truffot
- University Grenoble Alpes, Virology Laboratory, Grenoble-Alpes University Hospital, Grenoble, France.,Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble, France
| | - Corentin Leroy
- Clinical Investigation Center INSERM CIC1406, Grenoble-Alpes University Hospital, Grenoble, France
| | - Joris Giai
- Clinical Investigation Center INSERM CIC1406, Grenoble-Alpes University Hospital, Grenoble, France.,Département de Méthodologie et de l'Information de Santé, Grenoble-Alpes University Hospital, Grenoble, France
| | - Olivier Epaulard
- Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble, France.,Infectious Diseases Unit, Grenoble-Alpes University Hospital, Grenoble, France.,Groupe de recherche en infectiologie clinique, CIC-1406, Inserm-CHUGA-University Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Raphaële Germi
- University Grenoble Alpes, Virology Laboratory, Grenoble-Alpes University Hospital, Grenoble, France.,Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble, France
| | - Patrice Morand
- University Grenoble Alpes, Virology Laboratory, Grenoble-Alpes University Hospital, Grenoble, France.,Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble, France
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10
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Berdah L, Romain AS, Rivière S, Schnuriger A, Perrier M, Carbajal R, Lorrot M, Guedj R, Corvol H. Retrospective observational study of the influence of the COVID-19 outbreak on infants' hospitalisation for acute bronchiolitis. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e059626. [PMID: 36316083 PMCID: PMC9627576 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-059626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Acute bronchiolitis is a major public health issue with high number of infants hospitalised worldwide each year. In France, hospitalisations mostly occur between October and March and peak in December. A reduction of emergency visits for bronchiolitis has been observed at onset of the COVID-19 outbreak. We aimed to assess the pandemic effects on the hospitalisations for bronchiolitis during the 2020-2021 winter (COVID-19 period) compared with three previous winters (pre-COVID-19). DESIGN Retrospective, observational and cross-sectional study. SETTING Tertiary university paediatric hospital in Paris (France). PARTICIPANTS All infants aged under 12 months who were hospitalised for acute bronchiolitis during the autumn/winter seasons (1 October to 31 March) from 2017 to 2021 were included. Clinical and laboratory data were collected using standardised forms. RESULTS During the COVID-19 period was observed, a 54.3% reduction in hospitalisations for bronchiolitis associated with a delayed peak (February instead of November-December). Clinical characteristics and hospitalisation courses were substantially similar. The differences during the COVID-19 period were: smaller proportion of infants with comorbidities (8% vs 14% p=0.02), lower need for oxygen (45% vs 55%, p=0.01), higher proportions of metapneumovirus, parainfluenzae 3, bocavirus, coronavirus NL63 and OC43 (all p≤0.01) and no influenza. The three infants positive for SARS-CoV-2 were also positive for respiratory syncytial virus, suggesting that SARS-CoV-2 alone does not cause bronchiolitis, despite previous assumptions. CONCLUSION The dramatic reduction in infants' hospitalisations for acute bronchiolitis is an opportunity to change our future habits such as advising the population to wear masks and apply additional hygiene measures in case of respiratory tract infections. This may change the worldwide bronchiolitis burden and improve children respiratory outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Berdah
- Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Trousseau Hospital, Paediatric Pulmonology Department, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint Antoine, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Romain
- Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Trousseau Hospital, General Paediatrics Department, Paris, France
| | - Simon Rivière
- Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Trousseau Hospital, Paediatric Emergency Department, Paris, France
| | - Aurélie Schnuriger
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint Antoine, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Trousseau Hospital, Virology Department, Paris, France
| | - Marine Perrier
- Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Trousseau Hospital, Virology Department, Paris, France
| | - Ricardo Carbajal
- Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Trousseau Hospital, Paediatric Emergency Department, Paris, France
| | - Mathie Lorrot
- Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Trousseau Hospital, General Paediatrics Department, Paris, France
| | - Romain Guedj
- Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Trousseau Hospital, Paediatric Emergency Department, Paris, France
| | - Harriet Corvol
- Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Trousseau Hospital, Paediatric Pulmonology Department, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint Antoine, Paris, France
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11
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Kreger JE, Hershenson MB. Effects of COVID-19 and Social Distancing on Rhinovirus Infections and Asthma Exacerbations. Viruses 2022; 14. [PMID: 36366439 DOI: 10.3390/v14112340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Since their discovery in the 1950s, rhinoviruses (RVs) have been recognized as a major causative agent of the "common cold" and cold-like illnesses, accounting for more than 50% of upper respiratory tract infections. However, more than that, respiratory viral infections are responsible for approximately 50% of asthma exacerbations in adults and 80% in children. In addition to causing exacerbations of asthma, COPD and other chronic lung diseases, RVs have also been implicated in the pathogenesis of lower respiratory tract infections including bronchiolitis and community acquired pneumonia. Finally, early life respiratory viral infections with RV have been associated with asthma development in children. Due to the vast genetic diversity of RVs (approximately 160 known serotypes), recurrent infection is common. RV infections are generally acquired in the community with transmission occurring via inhalation of aerosols, respiratory droplets or fomites. Following the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), exposure to RV and other respiratory viruses was significantly reduced due to social-distancing, restrictions on social gatherings, and increased hygiene protocols. In the present review, we summarize the impact of COVID-19 preventative measures on the incidence of RV infection and its sequelae.
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12
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Nisavanh A, Horrigue I, Debin M, Turbelin C, Kengne-Kuetche C, Nassany O, Ambert-Balay K, Jourdan-Da Silva N, Pontais I, de Valk H, Jones G. Epidemiology of acute gastroenteritis in France from November 2019-August 2021, in light of reported adherence to COVID-19 barrier measures. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17504. [PMID: 36261604 PMCID: PMC9581450 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22317-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, French health authorities have encouraged barrier measures and implemented three lockdowns to slow SARS-CoV-2 transmission. We aimed to examine the impact of these measures on the epidemiology of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in France, from November 2019 to August 2021. We describe trends in AGE indicators from syndromic surveillance and a sentinel surveillance network. Additionally, we describe reported AGE illness data from a community based cohort, and frequencies of adherence to COVID-19 barrier measures from repeated quantitative surveys. From week 7 in 2020, all AGE indicators reached the lowest levels observed since the last decade. During the first lockdown, the median incidence rate reported by the sentinel network was 32 per 100,000 inhabitants, 1.9 times lower than the minimum registered during the 2010-2019 period. Low activity persisted until April 2021. Reported illness from the community cohort mirrored these trends. Adherence to COVID-19 barrier measures was highest during the first lockdown, coinciding with the steep decrease in AGE incidence. Among children under 5 years, AGE incidence increased after the third lockdown in June and July 2021, but remained lower than previous winter-season peaks. Our study indicates that a reduction in adherence to COVID-19 barrier measures, and the end of the lockdowns, coincided with an increase in AGE incidence, particularly among young children. We therefore strongly recommend maintaining adherence to barrier measures in order to in order to limit the transmission of AGE related pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athinna Nisavanh
- grid.493975.50000 0004 5948 8741French Public Health Agency, Santé Publique France, Saint-Maurice, France ,grid.418914.10000 0004 1791 8889ECDC Fellowship Programme, Field Epidemiology Path (EPIET), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Solna, Sweden
| | - Imene Horrigue
- grid.493975.50000 0004 5948 8741French Public Health Agency, Santé Publique France, Saint-Maurice, France
| | - Marion Debin
- grid.7429.80000000121866389Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d’Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, IPLESP, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Clément Turbelin
- grid.7429.80000000121866389Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d’Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, IPLESP, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Charly Kengne-Kuetche
- grid.7429.80000000121866389Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d’Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, IPLESP, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Oriane Nassany
- grid.493975.50000 0004 5948 8741French Public Health Agency, Santé Publique France, Saint-Maurice, France
| | - Katia Ambert-Balay
- grid.31151.37National Reference Centre for Gastroenteritis Viruses, University Hospital of Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - Nathalie Jourdan-Da Silva
- grid.493975.50000 0004 5948 8741French Public Health Agency, Santé Publique France, Saint-Maurice, France
| | - Isabelle Pontais
- grid.493975.50000 0004 5948 8741French Public Health Agency, Santé Publique France, Saint-Maurice, France
| | - Henriette de Valk
- grid.493975.50000 0004 5948 8741French Public Health Agency, Santé Publique France, Saint-Maurice, France
| | - Gabrielle Jones
- grid.493975.50000 0004 5948 8741French Public Health Agency, Santé Publique France, Saint-Maurice, France
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13
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Poucineau J, Delory T, Lapidus N, Hejblum G, Chouaïd C, Le Cœur S, Khlat M. Hospital admissions and mortality for acute exacerbations of COPD during the COVID-19 pandemic: A nationwide study in France. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:995016. [PMID: 36186789 PMCID: PMC9522972 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.995016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A global reduction in hospital admissions for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) was observed during the first months of the COVID-19 pandemic. Large-scale studies covering the entire pandemic period are lacking. We investigated hospitalizations for AECOPD and the associated in-hospital mortality at the national level in France during the first 2 years of the pandemic. Methods We used the French National Hospital Database to analyse the time trends in (1) monthly incidences of hospitalizations for AECOPD, considering intensive care unit (ICU) admission and COVID-19 diagnoses, and (2) the related in-hospital mortality, from January 2016 to November 2021. Pandemic years were compared with the pre-pandemic years using Poisson regressions. Results The database included 565,890 hospitalizations for AECOPD during the study period. The median age at admission was 74 years (interquartile range 65–83), and 37% of the stays concerned women. We found: (1) a dramatic and sustainable decline in hospitalizations for AECOPD over the pandemic period (from 8,899 to 6,032 monthly admissions, relative risk (RR) 0.65, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.65–0.66), and (2) a concomitant increase in in-hospital mortality for AECOPD stays (from 6.2 to 7.6% per month, RR 1.24, 95% CI 1.21–1.27). The proportion of stays yielding ICU admission was similar in the pre-pandemic and pandemic years, 21.5 and 21.3%, respectively. In-hospital mortality increased to a greater extent for stays without ICU admission (RR 1.39, 95% CI 1.35–1.43) than for those with ICU admission (RR 1.09, 95% CI 1.05–1.13). Since January 2020, only 1.5% of stays were associated with a diagnosis of COVID-19, and their mortality rate was nearly three-times higher than those without COVID-19 (RR 2.66, 95% CI 2.41–2.93). Conclusion The decline in admissions for AECOPD during the pandemic could be attributed to a decrease in the incidence of exacerbations for COPD patients and/or to a possible shift from hospital to community care. The rise in in-hospital mortality is partially explained by COVID-19, and could be related to restricted access to ICUs for some patients and/or to greater proportions of severe cases among the patients hospitalized during the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Poucineau
- French Institute for Demographic Studies (INED), Mortality, Health and Epidemiology Unit, Aubervilliers, France
- Institute for Research and Information in Health Economics (IRDES), Paris, France
- *Correspondence: Jonas Poucineau
| | - Tristan Delory
- French Institute for Demographic Studies (INED), Mortality, Health and Epidemiology Unit, Aubervilliers, France
- Annecy-Genevois Hospital Center, Annecy, France
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Paris, France
| | - Nathanaël Lapidus
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Unité de Santé Publique, Paris, France
| | - Gilles Hejblum
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Paris, France
| | - Christos Chouaïd
- INSERM, IMRB (Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Unit), Paris Est Créteil University, Créteil, France
- Pneumology Department, Intercommunal Hospital Center of Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Sophie Le Cœur
- French Institute for Demographic Studies (INED), Mortality, Health and Epidemiology Unit, Aubervilliers, France
| | - Myriam Khlat
- French Institute for Demographic Studies (INED), Mortality, Health and Epidemiology Unit, Aubervilliers, France
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14
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Le Vu S, Bertrand M, Jabagi MJ, Botton J, Drouin J, Baricault B, Weill A, Dray-Spira R, Zureik M. Age and sex-specific risks of myocarditis and pericarditis following Covid-19 messenger RNA vaccines. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3633. [PMID: 35752614 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31401-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cases of myocarditis and pericarditis have been reported following the receipt of Covid-19 mRNA vaccines. As vaccination campaigns are still to be extended, we aimed to provide a comprehensive assessment of the association, by vaccine and across sex and age groups. Using nationwide hospital discharge and vaccine data, we analysed all 1612 cases of myocarditis and 1613 cases of pericarditis that occurred in France in the period from May 12, 2021 to October 31, 2021. We perform matched case-control studies and find increased risks of myocarditis and pericarditis during the first week following vaccination, and particularly after the second dose, with adjusted odds ratios of myocarditis of 8.1 (95% confidence interval [CI], 6.7 to 9.9) for the BNT162b2 and 30 (95% CI, 21 to 43) for the mRNA-1273 vaccine. The largest associations are observed for myocarditis following mRNA-1273 vaccination in persons aged 18 to 24 years. Estimates of excess cases attributable to vaccination also reveal a substantial burden of both myocarditis and pericarditis across other age groups and in both males and females. There have been reports of myocarditis and pericarditis following mRNA COVID-9 vaccination. Here, the authors use nationwide data from France and find increased risks of these outcomes in the first week following vaccination, for both the first and second dose, and present age- and sex-specific rates.
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