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López-Otín C, Kroemer G. The missing hallmark of health: psychosocial adaptation. Cell Stress 2024; 8:21-50. [PMID: 38476764 PMCID: PMC10928495 DOI: 10.15698/cst2024.03.294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The eight biological hallmarks of health that we initially postulated (Cell. 2021 Jan 7;184(1):33-63) include features of spatial compartmentalization (integrity of barriers, containment of local perturbations), maintenance of homeostasis over time (recycling & turnover, integration of circuitries, rhythmic oscillations) and an array of adequate responses to stress (homeostatic resilience, hormetic regulation, repair & regeneration). These hallmarks affect all eight somatic strata of the human body (molecules, organelles, cells, supracellular units, organs, organ systems, systemic circuitries and meta-organism). Here we postulate that mental and socioeconomic factors must be added to this 8×8 matrix as an additional hallmark of health ("psychosocial adaptation") and as an additional stratum ("psychosocial interactions"), hence building a 9×9 matrix. Potentially, perturbation of each of the somatic hallmarks and strata affects psychosocial factors and vice versa. Finally, we discuss the (patho)physiological bases of these interactions and their implications for mental health improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos López-Otín
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue contre le cancer, Université Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, Inserm U1138, Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida y la Naturaleza, Universidad Nebrija, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto Universitario de Oncología (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue contre le cancer, Université Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, Inserm U1138, Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Institut du Cancer Paris CARPEM, Department of Biology, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France
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Walczak-Sztulpa J, Wawrocka A, Kuszel Ł, Pietras P, Leśniczak-Staszak M, Andrusiewicz M, Krawczyński MR, Latos-Bieleńska A, Pawlak M, Grenda R, Materna-Kiryluk A, Oud MM, Szaflarski W. Ciliary phenotyping in renal epithelial cells in a cranioectodermal dysplasia patient with WDR35 variants. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1285790. [PMID: 38161384 PMCID: PMC10756907 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1285790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Cranioectodermal dysplasia (CED) is a skeletal autosomal recessive ciliopathy. The characteristic clinical features of CED are facial dysmorphisms, short limbs, narrow thorax, brachydactyly, ectodermal abnormalities, and renal insufficiency. Thus far, variants in six genes are known to be associated with this disorder: WDR35, IFT122, IFT140, IFT144, IFT52, and IFT43. Objective: The goal of this study was to perform cilium phenotyping in human urine-derived renal epithelial cells (hURECs) from a CED patient diagnosed with second-stage chronic kidney disease (CKD) and three unrelated and unaffected pediatric controls. Methods: Genetic analysis by WDR35 screening was performed in the affected individual. Cilium frequency and morphology, including cilium length, height, and width, were evaluated by immunofluorescence (IF) experiments in hURECs using two markers visualizing the ciliary axoneme (Acet-Tub and ARL13B) and the base of the cilium (PCNT). The IF results were analyzed using a confocal microscope and IMARIS software. Results: WDR35 analysis revealed the presence of a known nonsense p. (Leu641*) variant and a novel missense variant p. (Ala1027Thr). Moreover, comparative genomic hybridization analysis showed that the patient carries a microdeletion on chromosome 7q31.1. Ciliary phenotyping performed on hURECs showed morphological differences in the patient's cilia as compared to the three controls. The cilia of the CED patient were significantly wider and longer. Conclusion: The obtained results suggest that CED-related second-stage CKD might be associated with cilia abnormalities, as identified in renal epithelial cells from a CED patient harboring variants in WDR35. This study points out the added value of hURECs in functional testing for ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Wawrocka
- Department of Medical Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Łukasz Kuszel
- Department of Medical Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Paulina Pietras
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Marta Leśniczak-Staszak
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | | | - Maciej R. Krawczyński
- Department of Medical Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Anna Latos-Bieleńska
- Department of Medical Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Marta Pawlak
- Department of Ophthalmology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Ryszard Grenda
- Department of Nephrology, Kidney Transplantation, and Hypertension, The Children’s Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Materna-Kiryluk
- Department of Medical Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Machteld M. Oud
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Witold Szaflarski
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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