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Kasamatsu Y, Toyomura K, Haba H, Yokokita T, Shigekawa Y, Kino A, Yasuda Y, Komori Y, Kanaya J, Huang M, Murakami M, Kikunaga H, Watanabe E, Yoshimura T, Morita K, Mitsugashira T, Takamiya K, Ohtsuki T, Shinohara A. Co-precipitation behaviour of single atoms of rutherfordium in basic solutions. Nat Chem 2021; 13:226-230. [PMID: 33589784 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-020-00634-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
All superheavy elements (SHEs), with atomic numbers (Z) ≥104, have been artificially synthesized one atom at a time and their chemical properties are largely unknown. Because these heavy nuclei have short lifetimes as well as extremely low production rates, chemical experiments need to be carried out on single atoms and have mostly been limited to adsorption and extraction. We have now investigated the precipitation properties of the SHE Rf (Z = 104). A co-precipitation method with samarium hydroxide had previously established that the co-precipitation behaviour of a range of elements reflected these elements' tendency to form hydroxide precipitates and/or ammine complex ions. Here we investigated co-precipitation of Rf in basic solutions containing NH3 or NaOH. Comparisons between the behaviour of Rf with that of Zr and Hf (lighter homologues of Rf) and actinide Th (a pseudo-homologue of Rf) showed that Rf does not coordinate strongly with NH3, but forms a hydroxide (co)precipitate that is expected to be Rf(OH)4.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Keigo Toyomura
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Haba
- Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science, RIKEN, Wako, Japan
| | - Takuya Yokokita
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Yudai Shigekawa
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Aiko Kino
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Yuki Yasuda
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Yukiko Komori
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Jumpei Kanaya
- Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science, RIKEN, Wako, Japan
| | - Minghui Huang
- Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science, RIKEN, Wako, Japan
| | - Masashi Murakami
- Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science, RIKEN, Wako, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Kikunaga
- Research Center for Electron Photon Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Eisuke Watanabe
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
| | | | - Kosuke Morita
- Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science, RIKEN, Wako, Japan
| | | | - Koichi Takamiya
- Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University, Sennan, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Ohtsuki
- Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University, Sennan, Japan
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Ekatova TY, Kazakov AG. Extraction-chromatographic behavior of Zr(IV) and Hf(IV) on TRU and LN resins in mixtures of HNO3 and HF. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-019-06601-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Schädel M, Nagame Y. From SRAFAP to ARCA and AIDA – developments and implementation of automated aqueous-phase rapid chemistry apparatuses for heavy actinides and transactinides. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/ract-2019-3103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The development of automated rapid chemistry techniques and their application for batch-wise, chromatographic separations of heavy elements in the liquid-phase are outlined. Starting in the mid-1970s with manually performed separations using pressurized liquid-chromatography techniques, this development led to the first version of the Automated Rapid Chemistry Apparatus, ARCA, in the early 1980s. After a breakthrough to a much higher level of automation and miniaturization, the new apparatus ARCA II was built in the late 1980s. Based on it, the Automated Ion-exchange separation apparatus coupled with the Detection system for Alpha spectroscopy, AIDA, became operational in the late 1990s. In the context of technical and technological advancements, this article discusses the successful application of these instruments for (i) the search for superheavy elements, (ii) cross section measurements of actinide elements produced in multi-nucleon transfer reactions with actinide targets, (iii) chemical separation and characterization of the heavy actinides mendelevium, Md, and lawrencium, Lr, and (iv) studies of the transactinide elements rutherfordium, Rf, dubnium, Db, and seaborgium, Sg. Details of the separations are outlined together with the big advancements made over time and the limitations reached. For the transactinide elements, examples are given for their observed chemical behavior; often affected by an interplay between hydrolysis and complex formation. Influenced by relativistic effects, chemical properties of these elements sometimes deviated from those of their lighter homologs in the Periodic Table.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Schädel
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH , 64291 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Yuichiro Nagame
- Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA) , Tokai-mura, Ibaraki 319-1195 , Japan
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Kasamatsu Y, Yokokita T, Toyomura K, Shigekawa Y, Haba H, Kanaya J, Huang M, Ezaki Y, Yoshimura T, Morita K, Shinohara A. Coprecipitation experiment with Sm hydroxide using a multitracer produced by nuclear spallation reaction: A tool for chemical studies with superheavy elements. Appl Radiat Isot 2016; 118:105-116. [PMID: 27623042 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
To establish a new methodology for superheavy element chemistry, the coprecipitation behaviors of 34 elements with samarium hydroxide were investigated using multitracer produced by a spallation of Ta. The chemical reactions were rapidly equilibrated within 10s for many elements. In addition, these elements exhibited individual coprecipitation behaviors, and the behaviors were qualitatively related to their hydroxide precipitation behaviors. It was demonstrated that the ammine and hydroxide complex formations of superheavy elements could be investigated using the established method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Kasamatsu
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043 Japan.
| | - Takuya Yokokita
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043 Japan
| | - Keigo Toyomura
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043 Japan
| | - Yudai Shigekawa
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043 Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Haba
- Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198 Japan
| | - Jumpei Kanaya
- Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198 Japan
| | - Minghui Huang
- Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198 Japan
| | - Yutaka Ezaki
- Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198 Japan
| | - Takashi Yoshimura
- Radioisotope Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871 Japan
| | - Kosuke Morita
- Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198 Japan
| | - Atsushi Shinohara
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043 Japan
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Abstract
The quest for superheavy elements (SHEs) is driven by the desire to find and explore one of the extreme limits of existence of matter. These elements exist solely due to their nuclear shell stabilization. All 15 presently 'known' SHEs (11 are officially 'discovered' and named) up to element 118 are short-lived and are man-made atom-at-a-time in heavy ion induced nuclear reactions. They are identical to the transactinide elements located in the seventh period of the periodic table beginning with rutherfordium (element 104), dubnium (element 105) and seaborgium (element 106) in groups 4, 5 and 6, respectively. Their chemical properties are often surprising and unexpected from simple extrapolations. After hassium (element 108), chemistry has now reached copernicium (element 112) and flerovium (element 114). For the later ones, the focus is on questions of their metallic or possibly noble gas-like character originating from interplay of most pronounced relativistic effects and electron-shell effects. SHEs provide unique opportunities to get insights into the influence of strong relativistic effects on the atomic electrons and to probe 'relativistically' influenced chemical properties and the architecture of the periodic table at its farthest reach. In addition, they establish a test bench to challenge the validity and predictive power of modern fully relativistic quantum chemical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Schädel
- Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai, Japan GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung mbH, Darmstadt, Germany
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Despotopulos JD, Gostic JM, Bennett ME, Gharibyan N, Henderson RA, Moody KJ, Sudowe R, Shaughnessy DA. Characterization of Group 5 dubnium homologs on diglycolamide extraction chromatography resins from nitric and hydrofluoric acid matrices. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2015; 303:485-494. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-014-3398-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Nagame Y, Toyoshima A, Tsukada K, Asai M, Sato TK, Schädel M. Radiochemical studies of the heaviest elements at JAEA. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2014; 300:77-88. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-014-2971-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Türler
- Laboratory
of Radiochemistry
and Environmental Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Radiochemistry
and Environmental Chemistry, Department Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Valeria Pershina
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Planckstrasse
1, D-64291 Darmstadt, Germany
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Ishii Y, Toyoshima A, Tsukada K, Asai M, Li Z, Nagame Y, Miyashita S, Mori T, Suganuma H, Haba H, Goto SI, Kudo H, Akiyama K, Oura Y, Shinohara A, Schädel M, Pershina V, Kratz JV. Fluorido Complex Formation of Element 104, Rutherfordium (Rf). BCSJ 2011. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20110126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Abstract
Abstract
The experimental techniques developed to perform rapid chemical separations of the heaviest elements in the aqueous phase are presented. In general, these include transport of the nuclear reaction products to a separation device by the gas-jet technique and dissolution in an aqueous solution containing inorganic ligands for complex formation. The complexes are chemically characterized by a partition method which can be liquid–liquid extraction, ion-exchange- or reversed-phase extraction chromatography. The separated fractions are quickly evaporated to dryness for the preparation of samples for α-particle spectroscopy. Comments are given on the special situation in which chemistry has to be studied with single atoms. Theoretical predictions of chemical properties are compared to the presently known chemical behaviour of rutherfordium, Rf (element 104), dubnium, Db (element 105), seaborgium, Sg (element 106), and hassium, Hs (element 108) and to that of their lighter homologs in the Periodic Table in order to assess the role of relativistic effects in the chemistry of the heaviest elements.
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Pershina V. Electronic Structure and Chemistry of the Heaviest Elements. Challenges and Advances in Computational Chemistry and Physics 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-9975-5_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Kronenberg A, Eberhardt K, Kratz JV, Mohapatra PK, Nähler A, Thörle P, Brüchle W, Schädel M, Türler A. On-line anion exchange of rutherfordium in HF/HNO3 and HF solutions. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2009. [DOI: 10.1524/ract.92.7.379.35753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Summary
The fluoride complexation of the group-4 elements Zr, Hf, and Rf, and of the pseudo-homolog Th, was previously investigated in mixed HNO3/HF solutions by studying K
d values on both cation-exchange resins (CIX) and anion-exchange resins (AIX) using the automated rapid chemistry apparatus ARCA. On the CIX, the fluoride complexation of Rf was found to be weaker than that of Zr and Hf but stronger than that of Th. On the AIX, the competition for the binding sites by the counter ion NO3
- was found to be stronger for the fluoride complexes of Rf than for those of Zr and Hf. The aim of the present work is to add independent evidence to the latter result by measuring K
d values for Rf on the AIX in 0.1 M HNO3/0.5 M HF and in 0.01 M HF without any HNO3. The results are obtained via an activity ratio of the long-lived α-decay descendant of 261mRf, 20-d 253Es, using the multi-column technique (MCT). These experiments corroborate the seemingly much more pronounced competition of NO3
- for the exchanging sites of the AIX with respect to [RfF
x
](
x
-4)- than with [ZrF
x
](
x
-4)- and [HfF
x
](
x
-4)-.
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Pershina V, Trubert D, Le Naour C, Kratz JV. Theoretical predictions of hydrolysis and complex formation of group-4 elements Zr, Hf and Rf in HF and HCl solutions. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2009. [DOI: 10.1524/ract.2002.90.12_2002.869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
SummaryFully relativistic molecular density–functional calculations of the electronic structures of hydrated, hydrolyzed and fluoride/chloride complexes have been performed for group–4 elements Zr, Hf, and element 104, Rf. Using the electronic density distribution data, relative values of the free energy change for hydrolysis and complex formation reactions were defined. The results show the following trend for the first hydrolysis step of the cationic species: Zr > Hf > Rf in agreement with experiments. For the complex formation in HF solutions, the trend to a decrease from Zr to Hf is continued with Rf, provided no hydrolysis takes place. At pH > 0, further fluorination of hydrolyzed species or fluoro–complexes has an inversed trend in the group Rf ≥ Zr > Hf, with the difference between the elements being very small. For the complex formation in HCl solutions, the trend is continued with Rf, so that Zr > Hf > Rf independently of pH. A decisive energetic factor in hydrolysis or complex formation processes proved to be a predominant electrostatic metal–ligand interaction. Trends in theKd(distribution coefficient) values for the group–4 elements are expected to follow those of the complex formation.
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Abstract
Commonly used calculations of ionic radii (IR) based on the correlation between IR and the maximum radial charge density (Rmax,np) give overestimated values for the heaviest elements. That is because the method does not take into account the significant splitting of outermost p orbitals into p1/2and p3/2. Using 2j+1 weighted expectation orbital radii, (rnp), instead of Rmax,np, new values of IR for Rf4+, Db5+and Sg6+have been calculated. These IR values for coordination number 6 are equal to 74 (instead of 79) pm for Rf4+, 66 (instead of 74) pm for Db5+and 63 (instead of 65) pm for Sg6+.
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Haba H, Tsukada K, Asai M, Nishinaka I, Sakama M, Goto S, Hirata M, Ichikawa S, Nagame Y, Kaneko T. Startup of transactinide chemistry in JAERI. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2009. [DOI: 10.1524/ract.2001.89.11-12.733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The transactinide nuclides261Rf and262Db have been successfully produced in the248Cm(18O,5n) reaction at 99 MeV and in the248Cm(19F,5n) reaction at 100, 103, and 106 MeV, respectively, at the JAERI tandem accelerator. The on-line ion exchange experiments with an automated fast and repetitive liquid chromatography separation system were performed in the HNO3/HF system using Rf homologues89mZr and167,165Hf produced in the89Y(p,n) and152Gd(18O,xn) reactions, respectively. The radiotracers88Zr,175Hf, and234Th were also prepared and the distribution coefficients on ion exchange resins were measured systematically in 1-11 M HCl and 1-14 M HNO3with the batch method. It was found that anion exchange experiments of Rf in 8 M HNO3and 9 M HCl provided information useful to extract the ionic radius of Rf and to verify the influence of relativistic effects.
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Abstract
The aqueous chemistry of the first three transactinide elements is briefly reviewed with special emphasis given to recent experimental results. Short introductory remarks are discussing the atom-at-a-time situation of transactinide chemistry as a result of low production cross-sections and short half-lives. In general, on-line experimental techniques and, more specifically, the Automated Rapid Chemistry Apparatus, ARCA, are presented. Present and future developments of experimental techniques and resulting perspectives are outlined at the end. The central part is mainly focussing on hydrolysis and complex formation aspects of the superheavy group 4, 5, and 6 transition metals with F-and Cl-anions. Experimental results are compared with the behaviour of lighter homologuous elements and with relativistic calculations. It will be shown that the chemical behaviour of the first superheavy elements is already strongly influenced by relativistic effects. While it is justified to place rutherfordium, dubnium and seaborgium in the Periodic Table of the Elements into group 4, 5 and 6, respectively, it is no more possible to deduce from this position in detail the chemical properties of these transactinide or superheavy elements.
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Tsukada K, Haba H, Asai M, Toyoshima A, Akiyama K, Kasamatsu Y, Nishinaka I, Ichikawa S, Yasuda K, Miyamoto Y, Hashimoto K, et al.. Adsorption of Db and its homologues Nb and Ta, and the pseudo-homologue Pa on anion-exchange resin in HF solution. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2009. [DOI: 10.1524/ract.2009.1577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Aksenov NV, Bruchertseifer H, Bozhikov GA, Tereshatov EE, Vostokin GK, Starodub GY, Shishkin SV, Gäggeler HW, Dmitriev SN. Ion-exchange separation of Zr and Hf microamounts in dilute HCl/HF solutions: A model system for chemical identification of Rf and study of its properties. Radiochemistry 2008. [DOI: 10.1134/s1066362208040097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Ishii Y, Toyoshima A, Tsukada K, Asai M, Toume H, Nishinaka I, Nagame Y, Miyashita S, Mori T, Suganuma H, Haba H, Sakamaki M, Goto SI, Kudo H, Akiyama K, Oura Y, Nakahara H, Tashiro Y, Shinohara A, Schädel M, Brüchle W, Pershina V, Kratz JV. Fluoride Complexation of Element 104, Rutherfordium (Rf), Investigated by Cation-exchange Chromatography. CHEM LETT 2008. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2008.288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Toyoshima A, Haba H, Tsukada K, Asai M, Akiyama K, Goto S, Ishii Y, Nishinaka I, Sato TK, Nagame Y, Sato W, Tani Y, Hasegawa H, Matsuo K, Saika D, Kitamoto Y, Shinohara A, Ito M, Saito J, Kudo H, Yokoyama A, Sakama M, Sueki K, Oura Y, Nakahara H, Schädel M, Brüchle W, Kratz JV. Hexafluoro complex of rutherfordium in mixed HF/HNO3 solutions. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2008. [DOI: 10.1524/ract.2008.1474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Nagame Y, Tsukada K, Asai M, Toyoshima A, Akiyama K, Ishii Y, Kaneko-Sato T, Hirata M, Nishinaka I, Ichikawa S, Haba H, Enomoto S. Chemical studies on rutherfordium (Rf) at JAERI. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2007. [DOI: 10.1524/ract.2005.93.9-10.519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
SummaryChemical studies on element 104, rutherfordium (Rf), at JAERI (Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute) are reviewed. The transactinide nuclide261Rf has been produced in the reaction248Cm(18O, 5n) at the JAERI tandem accelerator with the production cross section of about 13 nb. On-line anion-exchange experiments on Rf together with the lighter homologues, group-4 elements Zr and Hf, in acidic solutions have been conducted with a rapid ion-exchange separation apparatus. From the systematic study of the anion-exchange behavior of Rf, it has been found that the properties of Rf in HCl and HNO3solutions are quite similar to those of Zr and Hf, definitely confirming that Rf is a member of the group-4 elements. However, we have observed an unexpected chemical behavior of Rf in HF solutions; the fluoride complex formation of Rf is significantly different from those of the homologues. Prospects of extending chemical studies on transactinide elements in the near future at JAERI are briefly considered.
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Abstract
The number of chemical elements has increased considerably in the last few decades. Most excitingly, these heaviest, man-made elements at the far-end of the Periodic Table are located in the area of the long-awaited superheavy elements. While physical techniques currently play a leading role in these discoveries, the chemistry of superheavy elements is now beginning to be developed. Advanced and very sensitive techniques allow the chemical properties of these elusive elements to be probed. Often, less than ten short-lived atoms, chemically separated one-atom-at-a-time, provide crucial information on basic chemical properties. These results place the architecture of the far-end of the Periodic Table on the test bench and probe the increasingly strong relativistic effects that influence the chemical properties there. This review is focused mainly on the experimental work on superheavy element chemistry. It contains a short contribution on relativistic theory, and some important historical and nuclear aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Schädel
- KPII-Kernchemie, Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung mbH, Planckstrasse 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany.
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Haba H, Tsukada K, Asai M, Toyoshima A, Akiyama K, Nishinaka I, Hirata M, Yaita T, Ichikawa SI, Nagame Y, Yasuda KI, Miyamoto Y, Kaneko T, Goto SI, Ono S, Hirai T, Kudo H, Shigekawa M, Shinohara A, Oura Y, Nakahara H, Sueki K, Kikunaga H, Kinoshita N, Tsuruga N, Yokoyama A, Sakama M, Enomoto S, Schädel M, Brüchle W, Kratz JV. Fluoride Complexation of Element 104, Rutherfordium. J Am Chem Soc 2004; 126:5219-24. [PMID: 15099106 DOI: 10.1021/ja031824u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fluoride complexation of element 104, rutherfordium (Rf), produced in the 248Cm(18O,5n)261Rf reaction has been studied by anion-exchange chromatography on an atom-at-a-time scale. The anion-exchange chromatographic behavior of Rf was investigated in 1.9-13.9 M hydrofluoric acid together with those of the group-4 elements Zr and Hf produced in the 18O-induced reactions on Ge and Gd targets, respectively. It was found that the adsorption behavior of Rf on anion-exchange resin is quite different from those of Zr and Hf, suggesting the influence of relativistic effects on the fluoride complexation of Rf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromitsu Haba
- Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan.
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Pershina V. The Chemistry of the Superheavy Elements and Relativistic Effects. Relativistic Electronic Structure Theory - Part 2. Applications. Elsevier; 2004. pp. 1-80. [DOI: 10.1016/s1380-7323(04)80028-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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