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Niu L, Hu G. EHMT2 Suppresses ARRB1 Transcription and Activates the Hedgehog Signaling to Promote Malignant Phenotype and Stem Cell Property in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Mol Biotechnol 2024:10.1007/s12033-024-01130-9. [PMID: 38573544 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-024-01130-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) represents the primary subtype of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), characterized by a high morbidity and mortality rate. Although previous studies have established specific correlations between euchromatic histone lysine methyltransferase 2 (EHMT2), a histone lysine methyltransferase, and the malignant phenotype of OSCC cells, its biological functions in OSCC remain largely unknown. This study, grounded in bioinformatics predictions, aims to clarify the influence of EHMT2 on the malignant behavior of OSCC cells and delve into the underlying mechanisms. EHMT2 exhibited high expression in OSCC tissues and demonstrated an association with poor patient outcomes. Artificial EHMT2 silencing in OSCC cells, achieved through lentiviral vector infection, significantly inhibited colony formation, migration, invasion, and cell survival. Regarding the mechanism, EHMT2 was found to bind the promoter of arrestin beta 1 (ARRB1), thereby suppressing its transcription through H3K9me2 modification. ARRB1, in turn, was identified as a negative regulator of the Hedgehog pathway, leading to a reduction in the proteins GLI1 and PTCH1. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) were enriched through repeated sphere formation assays in two OSCC cell lines. EHMT2 was found to activate the Hedgehog pathway, thus promoting sphere formation, migration and invasion, survival, and tumorigenic activity of the OSCC-CSCs. Notably, these effects were counteracted by the additional overexpression of ARRB1. In conclusion, this study provides novel evidence suggesting that EHMT2 plays specific roles in enhancing stem cell properties in OSCC by modulating the ARRB1-Hedgehog signaling cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Niu
- Department of Stomatology, Affiliated Hospital of Beihua University, No. 3999, Binjiang East Road, Fengman District, Jilin, 132011, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangyao Hu
- Department of Stomatology, Affiliated Hospital of Beihua University, No. 3999, Binjiang East Road, Fengman District, Jilin, 132011, Jilin, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Wesley CC, North DV, Levy DL. Protein kinase C activity modulates nuclear Lamin A/C dynamics in HeLa cells. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6388. [PMID: 38493209 PMCID: PMC10944469 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57043-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The nuclear lamina serves important functions in the nucleus, providing structural support to the nuclear envelope and contributing to chromatin organization. The primary proteins that constitute the lamina are nuclear lamins whose functions are impacted by post-translational modifications, including phosphorylation by protein kinase C (PKC). While PKC-mediated lamin phosphorylation is important for nuclear envelope breakdown during mitosis, less is known about interphase roles for PKC in regulating nuclear structure. Here we show that overexpression of PKC ß, but not PKC α, increases the Lamin A/C mobile fraction in the nuclear envelope in HeLa cells without changing the overall structure of Lamin A/C and Lamin B1 within the nuclear lamina. Conversely, knockdown of PKC ß, but not PKC α, reduces the Lamin A/C mobile fraction. Thus, we demonstrate an isoform-specific role for PKC in regulating interphase Lamin A/C dynamics outside of mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chase C Wesley
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, 1000 E. University Avenue, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
| | - Dallin V North
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, 1000 E. University Avenue, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
| | - Daniel L Levy
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, 1000 E. University Avenue, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA.
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3
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Jiang D, Xu Y, Yang L, Li P, Han X, Li Q, Yang Y, Chao L. Identification and validation of senescence-related genes in polycystic ovary syndrome. J Ovarian Res 2024; 17:7. [PMID: 38184636 PMCID: PMC10770899 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-023-01338-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an exceedingly intractable issue affecting female endocrine and reproductive health. However, the etiology and intricate pathological mechanisms of PCOS remain unclear. Nowadays, aging was found to share multiple common pathological mechanisms with PCOS, which causes probing into the pathogenesis of PCOS from senescence. However, no bioinformatics analyses have specifically focused on connection between PCOS and ovarian aging. METHODS Differentially expressed aging-related genes in PCOS were identified and then analyzed using function enrichment method. Hub genes were determined based on multiple algorithms, and expression validation of hub genes was performed in both datasets and experiments (human granulosa-like tumor cell line, KGN; human Granulosa Cell, hGCs). Finally, a transcription factor-miRNA-gene network of hub genes was constructed. RESULTS Here, we identified 73 aging-related differential expression genes (ARDEGs) by intersecting DEGs in PCOS and senescence-related gene set. Furthermore, we performed biological functions and potential pathways of ARDEGs and potential hub genes were also screened by multiple algorithms. From the perspective of immune dysfunction, we analyzed the correlation between PCOS and immune cells. Finally, TF-miRNA-gene networks were constructed. Finally, TF-miRNA-gene networks were constructed. CONCLUSIONS Our work aimed to elucidate the relation between PCOS and cellular senescence based on bioinformatics strategy, deepening the understanding of mechanisms and to seek for novel therapy strategies for improving reproductive lifespan and female health. Exploring the potential molecular mechanism of cell aging in PCOS is expected to bring a new breakthrough for PCOS diagnosis and therapy strategies. And this, might deepen our understanding about intricate mechanisms of ovarian aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danni Jiang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Linyi People's Hospital, Shandong University, Linyi, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Pengfei Li
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaojuan Han
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Qianni Li
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Lan Chao
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
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4
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Liu R, Zhao E, Yu H, Yuan C, Abbas MN, Cui H. Methylation across the central dogma in health and diseases: new therapeutic strategies. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:310. [PMID: 37620312 PMCID: PMC10449936 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01528-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The proper transfer of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein is essential for cell-fate control, development, and health. Methylation of DNA, RNAs, histones, and non-histone proteins is a reversible post-synthesis modification that finetunes gene expression and function in diverse physiological processes. Aberrant methylation caused by genetic mutations or environmental stimuli promotes various diseases and accelerates aging, necessitating the development of therapies to correct the disease-driver methylation imbalance. In this Review, we summarize the operating system of methylation across the central dogma, which includes writers, erasers, readers, and reader-independent outputs. We then discuss how dysregulation of the system contributes to neurological disorders, cancer, and aging. Current small-molecule compounds that target the modifiers show modest success in certain cancers. The methylome-wide action and lack of specificity lead to undesirable biological effects and cytotoxicity, limiting their therapeutic application, especially for diseases with a monogenic cause or different directions of methylation changes. Emerging tools capable of site-specific methylation manipulation hold great promise to solve this dilemma. With the refinement of delivery vehicles, these new tools are well positioned to advance the basic research and clinical translation of the methylation field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruochen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Jinfeng Laboratory, Chongqing, 401329, China
- Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Silk Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, Chongqing, 400716, China
- Engineering Research Center for Cancer Biomedical and Translational Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Erhu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Jinfeng Laboratory, Chongqing, 401329, China
- Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Silk Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, Chongqing, 400716, China
- Engineering Research Center for Cancer Biomedical and Translational Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Huijuan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Chaoyu Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Muhammad Nadeem Abbas
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Jinfeng Laboratory, Chongqing, 401329, China
- Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Silk Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, Chongqing, 400716, China
- Engineering Research Center for Cancer Biomedical and Translational Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Hongjuan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
- Jinfeng Laboratory, Chongqing, 401329, China.
- Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Silk Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, Chongqing, 400716, China.
- Engineering Research Center for Cancer Biomedical and Translational Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
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Abstract
Lamins are the ancient type V intermediate filament proteins contributing to diverse biological functions, such as the maintenance of nuclear morphology, stabilization of chromatin architecture, regulation of cell cycle progression, regulation of spatial-temporal gene expressions, and transduction of mechano-signaling. Deregulation of lamins is associated with abnormal nuclear morphology and chromatin disorganization, leading to a variety of diseases such as laminopathy and premature aging, and might also play a role in cancer. Accumulating evidence indicates that lamins are functionally regulated by post-translational modifications (PTMs) including farnesylation, phosphorylation, acetylation, SUMOylation, methylation, ubiquitination, and O-GlcNAcylation that affect protein stabilization and the association with chromatin or associated proteins. The mechanisms by which these PTMs are modified and the relevant functionality become increasingly appreciated as understanding of these changes provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the laminopathies concerned and novel strategies for the management. In this review, we discussed a range of lamin PTMs and their roles in both physiological and pathological processes, as well as potential therapeutic strategies by targeting lamin PTMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyue Zheng
- Medical Research Center, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guoxiang Jin
- Medical Research Center, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhongjun Zhou
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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6
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Peng Y, Tang Q, Xiao F, Fu N. Regulation of Lipid Metabolism by Lamin in Mutation-Related Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:820857. [PMID: 35281936 PMCID: PMC8914069 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.820857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear lamins, known as type 5 intermediate fibers, are composed of lamin A, lamin C, lamin B1, and lamin B2, which are encoded by LMNA and LMNB genes, respectively. Importantly, mutations in nuclear lamins not only participate in lipid disorders but also in the human diseases, such as lipodystrophy, metabolic-associated fatty liver disease, and dilated cardiomyopathy. Among those diseases, the mechanism of lamin has been widely discussed. Thereby, this review mainly focuses on the regulatory mechanism of the mutations in the lamin gene in lipid alterations and the human diseases. Considering the protean actions, targeting nuclear lamins may be a potent therapeutic avenue for lipid metabolic disorders and human diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Peng
- The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Department of Gastroenterology, Hunan Provincial Clinical Research Center of Metabolic Associated Fatty Liver Disease, Hengyang, China
| | - Qianyu Tang
- The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Department of Gastroenterology, Hunan Provincial Clinical Research Center of Metabolic Associated Fatty Liver Disease, Hengyang, China
| | - Fan Xiao
- The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Clinical Research Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
- *Correspondence: Nian Fu, ; Fan Xiao,
| | - Nian Fu
- The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Department of Gastroenterology, Hunan Provincial Clinical Research Center of Metabolic Associated Fatty Liver Disease, Hengyang, China
- The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Clinical Research Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
- *Correspondence: Nian Fu, ; Fan Xiao,
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7
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Murray-Nerger LA, Cristea IM. Lamin post-translational modifications: emerging toggles of nuclear organization and function. Trends Biochem Sci 2021; 46:832-847. [PMID: 34148760 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2021.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear lamins are ancient type V intermediate filaments with diverse functions that include maintaining nuclear shape, mechanosignaling, tethering and stabilizing chromatin, regulating gene expression, and contributing to cell cycle progression. Despite these numerous roles, an outstanding question has been how lamins are regulated. Accumulating work indicates that a range of lamin post-translational modifications (PTMs) control their functions both in homeostatic cells and in disease states such as progeria, muscular dystrophy, and viral infection. Here, we review the current knowledge of the diverse types of PTMs that regulate lamins in a site-specific manner. We highlight methods that can be used to characterize lamin PTMs whose functions are currently unknown and provide a perspective on the future of the lamin PTM field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Murray-Nerger
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Ileana M Cristea
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
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8
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Wong X, Cutler JA, Hoskins VE, Gordon M, Madugundu AK, Pandey A, Reddy KL. Mapping the micro-proteome of the nuclear lamina and lamina-associated domains. Life Sci Alliance 2021; 4:e202000774. [PMID: 33758005 PMCID: PMC8008952 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202000774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The nuclear lamina is a proteinaceous network of filaments that provide both structural and gene regulatory functions by tethering proteins and large domains of DNA, the so-called lamina-associated domains (LADs), to the periphery of the nucleus. LADs are a large fraction of the mammalian genome that are repressed, in part, by their association to the nuclear periphery. The genesis and maintenance of LADs is poorly understood as are the proteins that participate in these functions. In an effort to identify proteins that reside at the nuclear periphery and potentially interact with LADs, we have taken a two-pronged approach. First, we have undertaken an interactome analysis of the inner nuclear membrane bound LAP2β to further characterize the nuclear lamina proteome. To accomplish this, we have leveraged the BioID system, which previously has been successfully used to characterize the nuclear lamina proteome. Second, we have established a system to identify proteins that bind to LADs by developing a chromatin-directed BioID system. We combined the BioID system with the m6A-tracer system which binds to LADs in live cells to identify both LAD proximal and nuclear lamina proteins. In combining these datasets, we have further characterized the protein network at the nuclear lamina, identified putative LAD proximal proteins and found several proteins that appear to interface with both micro-proteomes. Importantly, several proteins essential for LAD function, including heterochromatin regulating proteins related to H3K9 methylation, were identified in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianrong Wong
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Center for Epigenetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Laboratory of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Immunos, Singapore
| | - Jevon A Cutler
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- McKusick-Nathans Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Center for Epigenetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Victoria E Hoskins
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- McKusick-Nathans Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Center for Epigenetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Molly Gordon
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Anil K Madugundu
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- McKusick-Nathans Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Center for Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHNS), Bangalore, India
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, India
| | - Akhilesh Pandey
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- McKusick-Nathans Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Center for Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHNS), Bangalore, India
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, India
- Departments of Pathology and Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Karen L Reddy
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Center for Epigenetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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9
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Yan Z, Ji L, Huo X, Wang Q, Zhang Y, Wen B. G9a/GLP-sensitivity of H3K9me2 Demarcates Two Types of Genomic Compartments. Genomics Proteomics Bioinformatics 2020; 18:359-370. [PMID: 33285284 PMCID: PMC8242262 DOI: 10.1016/j.gpb.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In the nucleus, chromatin is folded into hierarchical architecture that is tightly linked to various nuclear functions. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms that confer these architectures remain incompletely understood. Here, we investigated the functional roles of H3 lysine 9 dimethylation (H3K9me2), one of the abundant histone modifications, in three-dimensional (3D) genome organization. Unlike in mouse embryonic stem cells, inhibition of methyltransferases G9a and GLP in differentiated cells eliminated H3K9me2 predominantly at A-type (active) genomic compartments, and the level of residual H3K9me2 modifications was strongly associated with B-type (inactive) genomic compartments. Furthermore, chemical inhibition of G9a/GLP in mouse hepatocytes led to decreased chromatin-nuclear lamina interactions mainly at G9a/GLP-sensitive regions, increased degree of genomic compartmentalization, and up-regulation of hundreds of genes that were associated with alterations of the 3D chromatin. Collectively, our data demonstrated essential roles of H3K9me2 in 3D genome organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixiang Yan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Luzhang Ji
- MOE Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiangru Huo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qianfeng Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yuwen Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Bo Wen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China.
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Feodorova Y, Falk M, Mirny LA, Solovei I. Viewing Nuclear Architecture through the Eyes of Nocturnal Mammals. Trends Cell Biol 2020; 30:276-289. [PMID: 31980345 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2019.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The cell nucleus is a remarkably well-organized organelle with membraneless but distinct compartments of various functions. The largest of them, euchromatin and heterochromatin, are spatially segregated in such a way that the transcriptionally active genome occupies the nuclear interior, whereas silent genomic loci are preferentially associated with the nuclear envelope. This rule is broken by rod photoreceptor cells of nocturnal mammals, in which the two major compartments have inverted positions. The inversion and dense compaction of heterochromatin converts these nuclei into microlenses that focus light and facilitate nocturnal vision. As is often the case in biology, when a mutation helps to understand normal processes and structures, inverted nuclei have served as a tool to unravel general principles of nuclear organization, including mechanisms of heterochromatin tethering to the nuclear envelope, autonomous behavior of small genomic segments, and euchromatin-heterochromatin segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yana Feodorova
- Biozentrum, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Grosshadernerstrasse 2, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany; Department of Medical Biology, Medical University-Plovdiv, Boulevard Vasil Aprilov 15A, Plovdiv 4000, Bulgaria
| | - Martin Falk
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, and Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Physics, University of Chicago, 929 E 57th St, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Leonid A Mirny
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, and Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Irina Solovei
- Biozentrum, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Grosshadernerstrasse 2, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.
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11
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Abstract
Epigenetics refers to mitotically/meiotically heritable mechanisms that regulate gene transcription without a need for changes in the DNA code. Covalent modifications of DNA, in the form of methylation, and histone post-translational modifications, in the form of acetylation and methylation, constitute the epigenetic code of a cell. Both DNA and histone modifications are highly dynamic and often work in unison to define the epigenetic state of a cell. Most epigenetic mechanisms regulate gene transcription by affecting localized/genome-wide transitions between heterochromatin and euchromatin states, thereby altering the accessibility of the transcriptional machinery and in turn, reduce/increase transcriptional output. Altered chromatin structure is associated with cancer progression, and epigenetic plasticity primarily governs the resistance of cancer cells to therapeutic agents. In this chapter, we specifically focus on regulators of histone methylation and acetylation, the two well-studied chromatin post-translational modifications, in the context of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramakrishnan Natesan
- Department of Cancer Biology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shweta Aras
- Department of Cancer Biology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Samuel Sander Effron
- Department of Cancer Biology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Irfan A Asangani
- Department of Cancer Biology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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