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Lee BS, Jung SM, Ryoo R, Choi SU, An S, Kim KH. N-Hydroxy-Phe-Phe, a new dipeptide, and cytotoxic macrocyclic trichothecenes from the lethal toxic mushroom Podostroma cornu-damae. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:8521-8527. [PMID: 37819425 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01387a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Podostroma cornu-damae, commonly referred to as the red deer's horn mushroom due to its distinct resemblance to the antlers of a deer, is a lethal toxic mushroom that causes vomiting, dehydration, diarrhea, disturbance of consciousness, and even death. In continuation of our research aiming to investigate the novel structural and/or biological principles present in Korean wild mushrooms, a new N-hydroxyphenylalanine-phenylalanine dipeptide, N-hydroxy-Phe-Phe (1), and three known macrocyclic trichothecenes, satratoxin H (2), 12'-episatratoxin H (3), and roridin F (4), were isolated from the MeOH extract of a plate culture of the poisonous mushroom P. cornu-damae. The chemical structure of the new dipeptide (1) was determined by analyzing 1D and 2D NMR spectra and high-resolution (HR)-electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy (ESIMS), along with a computational method combined with a statistical procedure (DP4+), and its absolute configuration was unambiguously assigned by quantum chemical ECD calculations. To the best of our knowledge, compound 1 is the first dipeptide found in P. cornu-damae. Upon evaluating the cytotoxicity of compounds 1-4 against four human-derived cancer cell lines namely SK-OV-3, SK-MEL-2, A549, and HCT15, 12'-episatratoxin H (3) displayed potent cytotoxic effects toward all four cell lines tested, with IC50 values ranging from 0.7 to 2.8 nM, which was found to be stronger than that of doxorubicin. Satratoxin H (2) also demonstrated moderate cytotoxic potency against all four cell lines, with IC50 values ranging from 1.93 to 4.22 μM. Our findings provide experimental data supporting the potential of the poisonous mushroom P. cornu-damae as a source of anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bum Soo Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Su Myung Jung
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Rhim Ryoo
- Special Forest Products Division, Forest Bioresources Department, National Institute of Forest Science, Suwon 16631, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Un Choi
- Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Deajeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongpil An
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ki Hyun Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
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Lee HY, Jo JW, Kwak YN, Lee H, Ryu H, Sung J, So YS, Kim CS, Chung JW. The complete mitochondrial genome of the poisonous mushroom Trichoderma cornu-damae (Hypocreaceae). Mitochondrial DNA B Resour 2022; 7:1899-1901. [PMID: 36353061 PMCID: PMC9639550 DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2022.2135393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichoderma cornu-damae is a poisonous mushroom that contains trichothecene mycotoxins. The complete mitochondrial genome of this mushroom was determined using next-generation sequencing. This mitogenome is a circular molecule 94,608 bp in length with a GC content of 27.94% and contains 15 protein-coding genes, two rRNA genes (rnl and rns), and 25 tRNA genes. Phylogenetic analysis placed T. cornu-damae in the family Hypocreaceae group, which includes the genus Trichoderma. The mitogenome of T. cornu-damae will contribute to our understanding of the phylogeny, taxonomy, and population genetics of this mushroom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwa-Yong Lee
- Department of Forest Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Won Jo
- Forest Biodiversity Research Division, Korea National Arboretum, Pocheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Nam Kwak
- Forest Biodiversity Research Division, Korea National Arboretum, Pocheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Lee
- Forest Biodiversity Research Division, Korea National Arboretum, Pocheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hojin Ryu
- Department of Biology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jwakyung Sung
- Department of Crop Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Sup So
- Department of Crop Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Sun Kim
- Forest Biodiversity Research Division, Korea National Arboretum, Pocheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Wook Chung
- Department of Industrial Plant Science and Technology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
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He MQ, Wang MQ, Chen ZH, Deng WQ, Li TH, Vizzini A, Jeewon R, Hyde KD, Zhao RL. Potential benefits and harms: a review of poisonous mushrooms in the world. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2022.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Lee S, Yu JS, Lee SR, Kim KH. Non-peptide secondary metabolites from poisonous mushrooms: overview of chemistry, bioactivity, and biosynthesis. Nat Prod Rep 2022; 39:512-559. [PMID: 34608478 DOI: 10.1039/d1np00049g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Covering: up to June 2021A wide variety of mushrooms have traditionally been recognized as edible fungi with high nutritional value and low calories, and abundantly produce structurally diverse and bioactive secondary metabolites. However, accidental ingestion of poisonous mushrooms can result in serious illnesses and even death. Chemically, mushroom poisoning is associated with secondary metabolites produced in poisonous mushrooms, causing specific toxicity. However, many poisonous mushrooms have not been fully investigated for their secondary metabolites, and the secondary metabolites of poisonous mushrooms have not been systematically summarized for details such as chemical composition and biosynthetic mechanisms. The isolation and identification of secondary metabolites from poisonous mushrooms have great research value since these compounds could be lethal toxins that contribute to the toxicity of mushrooms or could provide lead compounds with remarkable biological activities that can promote advances in other related disciplines, such as biochemistry and pharmacology. In this review, we summarize the structures and biological activities of secondary metabolites identified from poisonous mushrooms and provide an overview of the current information on these metabolites, focusing on their chemistry, bioactivity, and biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seulah Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea. .,Division of Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, KIOST, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Sik Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seoung Rak Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, New Jersey, 08544, USA
| | - Ki Hyun Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
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Ohta H, Watanabe D, Nomura C, Saito D, Inoue K, Miyaguchi H, Harada S, Aita Y. Toxicological analysis of satratoxins, the main toxins in the mushroom Trichoderma cornu-damae, in human serum and mushroom samples by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Forensic Toxicol 2021; 39:101-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-020-00549-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
Many poisoning cases involving the deadly toxic mushroom Trichoderma cornu-damae have been reported, but there are very few reports on toxicological analysis of the poisoning. In this study, a simple and sensitive method was developed for detecting and quantifying satratoxins, which are the main toxins found in T. cornu-damae, in human serum and mushroom samples.
Methods
The four main toxins, namely, satratoxin H and its 12′-acetate, 13′-acetate and 12′,13′-diacetate, were isolated from T. cornu-damae and used as analytical standards. These standards were spiked into human serum and effective methods were developed for extraction and detection/quantification using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). Quantification of satratoxins in T. cornu-damae samples was performed by the standard addition method.
Results
Although satratoxins, which have neutral terpene structures, showed very low sensitivities in conventional LC–MS/MS analysis, they could be detected with enough sensitivity by our developed method. In human serum, the limit of detection was 0.1 ng/mL and the limit of quantification was 1 ng/mL for all four satratoxins. The recovery rate ranged from 70.5 to 86.6%, and the coefficients of determination for calibration curves were > 0.999. Satratoxins in T. cornu-damae samples were also well detected and quantified with coefficients of determination for calibration curves of > 0.997 and intraday/interday precision (relative standard deviation) ranging from 2.98 to 10.3%.
Conclusions
To our knowledge, this is the first report of toxicological analysis of satratoxins using analytical standards.
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Govorushko S, Rezaee R, Dumanov J, Tsatsakis A. Poisoning associated with the use of mushrooms: A review of the global pattern and main characteristics. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 128:267-279. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Abstract
Mushroom consumption is a global tradition that is still gaining popularity. However, foraging for wild mushrooms and accidental ingestion of toxic mushrooms can result in serious illness and even death. The early diagnosis and treatment of mushroom poisoning are quite difficult, as the symptoms are similar to those caused by common diseases. Chemically, mushroom poisoning is related to very powerful toxins, suggesting that the isolation and identification of toxins have great research value, especially in determining the lethal components of toxic mushrooms. In contrast, most of these toxins have remarkable physiological properties that could promote advances in chemistry, biochemistry, physiology, and pharmacology. Although more than 100 toxins have been elucidated, there are a number of lethal mushrooms that have not been fully investigated. This review provides information on the chemistry (including chemical structures, total synthesis, and biosynthesis) and the toxicology of these toxins, hoping to inspire further research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Yin
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemistry Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy , Northwest A & F University , Yangling 712100 , People's Republic of China
| | - An-An Yang
- Department of Pathology , The 969th Hospital of PLA , Hohhot , Inner Mongolia 010000 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Ming Gao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemistry Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy , Northwest A & F University , Yangling 712100 , People's Republic of China
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Abstract
Three new macrocyclic trichothecenes (1-3) and five known related compounds (4-8) were isolated from the MeOH extract of a plate culture of the fungus Podostroma cornu-damae, a deadly poisonous mushroom. Miophytocen D (1) is a rearranged macrocyclic type D trichothecene, featuring a bicyclo-[6.5]dodecahydrocyclopenta[ b]chromene scaffold, and the structures of new compounds (1-3) were delineated by the combination of 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic experiments and HRESIMS, modified Mosher's esterification, and quantum chemical ECD calculations. The isolated compounds (1-8) were evaluated for cytotoxicity against four human breast cancer cell lines (Bt549, HCC70, MDA-MB-231, and MDA-MB-468). Compounds 4, 6, and 8 exhibited significant cytotoxic effects against the breast cancer cell lines, with IC50 values in the range of 0.02-80 nM, which is stronger than doxorubicin, the positive control, and a structure-activity relationship was suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seoung Rak Lee
- School of Pharmacy , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 440-746 , Republic of Korea
| | - Soonja Seok
- Agricultural Microbiology Division , National Institute of Agricultural Sciences (NAS), RDA , 166, Nongsaengmyeong-ro , Iseo-myeon, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365 , Republic of Korea
| | - Rhim Ryoo
- Special Forest Products Division, Forest Bioresources Department , National Institute of Forest Science , Suwon 16631 , Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Un Choi
- Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology , Deajeon 305-600 , Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Hyun Kim
- School of Pharmacy , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 440-746 , Republic of Korea
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White J, Weinstein SA, De Haro L, Bédry R, Schaper A, Rumack BH, Zilker T. Mushroom poisoning: A proposed new clinical classification. Toxicon 2019; 157:53-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Choe S, In S, Jeon Y, Choi H, Kim S. Identification of trichothecene-type mycotoxins in toxic mushroom Podostroma cornu-damae and biological specimens from a fatal case by LC–QTOF/MS. Forensic Sci Int 2018; 291:234-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Yu V, Juhász M, Chiang A, Atanaskova Mesinkovska N. Alopecia and Associated Toxic Agents: A Systematic Review. Skin Appendage Disord 2018; 4:245-260. [PMID: 30410891 DOI: 10.1159/000485749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Importance/Objective There are a number of toxic agents that can cause alopecia. In this review we summarize the known substances that cause alopecia as one of the clinical signs of overdose or toxicity. Evidence Review A search was conducted using PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane for studies describing hair loss of any type as a result of exposure to or ingestion of a toxic agent. The search yielded 856 articles, with 47 studies included in this review. Findings Agents with the strongest evidence of association to alopecia include thallium, mercury, selenium, and colchicine. Agents with described incidents include boric acid, arsenic, vitamin A, botulinum toxin, Podostroma cornu-damae, and the synthetic opioid MT-45. Conclusions and Relevance Numerous toxic agents have been implicated in alopecia, and the strength of evidence behind each agent varies. Toxic levels of thallium and colchicine have long been established to cause alopecia, as compared to agents such as botulinum toxin A and synthetic recreational drugs which have less literature describing their links to alopecia and will need further investigation to characterize their relationships to hair loss. Knowledge of typical presentations of hair loss will aid in the development of a differential diagnosis for patients presenting with alopecia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicky Yu
- University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Margit Juhász
- University of California, Irvine, Department of Dermatology, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Audris Chiang
- University of California, Irvine, Department of Dermatology, Irvine, California, USA
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