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Ariyo OO, Ajayi AM, Attah FA, Akinluyi ET, Adeoluwa GO, Aderibigbe AO. Acute and subacute toxicological evaluation of the ethanol leaf extract of Morus mesozygia stapf. (Moraceae) in rodents. J Ethnopharmacol 2024; 328:118112. [PMID: 38554852 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Traditionally, the Morus mesozygia tree leaf has been used to manage maladies such as peptic ulcer, hyperglycemia, dermatitis, rheumatism, stomach-ache, arthritis, cough, malignancies, and malaria in parts of Africa. AIM OF THE STUDY The study aimed to evaluate the potential of ethanol leaf extract of Morus mesozygia (EEMm) to induce toxicity by employing both acute and sub-acute oral toxicity experimental models. MATERIAL AND METHODS The extract's cytotoxicity was studied using brine shrimps (Artemia salina) lethality assay (BSLA), while in the acute toxicity test, male and female mice were administered a single oral dose of EEMm (2000 mg/kg). Male and female Wistar rats received repeated doses of 100 or 500 mg/kg EEMm orally for 28 days in the sub-acute toxicity experiment. The phytochemical analysis of EEMm was done using the HPLC. RESULTS The BSLA revealed a moderate cytotoxic potential of the extract, with an LC50 of 567.13 ± 0.27 μg/mL. All the animals survived the acute toxicity test, with no significant changes in the relative organ weights, suggesting that LD50 is greater than 2000 mg/kg. The animal weights did not vary significantly in the sub-acute toxicity test neither were the alterations in biochemical and hematological tests pronounced, although the histoarchitectures of the kidney, liver and spleen indicated slight anomalies in the evaluated animals. The HPLC analysis revealed the presence of quercetin, ferulic acid, rutin, caffeic acid, morin and gallic acid. CONCLUSIONS Ethanol leaf extract of Morus mesozygia demonstrated a safe toxicity profile in rodents, supporting its broad folkloric use in African ethnomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwakemi O Ariyo
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ibadan, Nigeria.
| | - Abayomi M Ajayi
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ibadan, Nigeria.
| | - Francis A Attah
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Drug Development, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ilorin, Nigeria.
| | - Elizabeth T Akinluyi
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria.
| | - Gladys O Adeoluwa
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria.
| | - Adegbuyi O Aderibigbe
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ibadan, Nigeria.
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Sudi IY, Ahmed MU, Adzu B. Sphaeranthus senegalensis DC: Evaluation of chemical constituents, oral safety, gastroprotective activity, and mechanism of action of its hydroethanolic extract. J Ethnopharmacol 2021; 268:113597. [PMID: 33221497 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Sphaeranthus senegalensis DC is a seasonal herb with a spicy smell that grows wild in wet grounds of tropical Africa and Asia. The plant is used in folk medicine for the treatment of various diseases; that includes its use to treat gastric ulcers. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to investigate the chemical constituents of the hydroethanolic extract of Sphaeranthus senegalensis DC and evaluate its oral safety, gastroprotective activity, and mechanisms of action using laboratory models in rats and mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Hydroethanolic extract (70%) of the powdered whole dried material was prepared, and chemical constituents of the resultant extract (denoted HESs) standardized using the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. The safety profile of HESs was assessed using 2000 mg/kg, oral (p.o.) for Hippocratic screening in mice, and 800 mg/kg, p.o. for 28 days subchronic toxicity assay in rats. The gastroprotective effect of HESs (25, 100, and 400 mg/kg, p.o.) was investigated using acidified ethanol, piroxicam, water immobilization stress, and acetic acid-induced ulcer models. The gastroprotective mechanisms of HESs were evaluated using its effect on gastric mucus protection, nitric oxide modulation, gastric juice secretory parameters, catalase and myeloperoxidase activities. Histological analysis of the stomach tissues was also carried out. RESULTS The HPLC analysis indicated the presence of 25.94% phenolics (gallic acid, caffeic acid, and ferulic acid) and 14.53% flavonoids (rutin, morin, luteolin, quercetin, and apigenin). Hippocratic screening and the 28 days subchronic study indicated that HESs is generally safe. Result shows that oral administration of HESs (25, 100 and 400 mg/kg) alleviated the severity of the gastric ulcers induced by acidified ethanol by 35.65% (p < 0.05), 48.70% (p < 0.05) and 78.02% (p < 0.001) respectively; exhibited gastroprotective effect against the gastric lesions induced by piroxicam by 37.97% (p < 0.05), 53.27% (p < 0.05) and 76.23% (p < 0.001) respectively; and decreased the severity of the water immobilization stress-induced gastric ulcers by 32.43% (p < 0.05), 55.26% (p < 0.01) and 74.05% (p < 0.001) respectively, when compared to the vehicle control group. The mechanisms of action assays indicated that the gastroprotective activity was mediated mainly through gastroprotection, antisecretory, and antioxidant activities. Histological analysis showed it inhibited epithelial cell loss, vascular damage, and leucocyte infiltration. CONCLUSION HESs contains useful phytochemicals, is safe, and exhibited significant gastroprotective action. The results provided justification for its claim in the treatment of gastric ulcers and its evaluation for potential application as a gastroprotective agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismaila Yada Sudi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Adamawa State University (ADSU), Mubi, Adamawa State, Nigeria.
| | - Maryam Usman Ahmed
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Adamawa State University (ADSU), Mubi, Adamawa State, Nigeria
| | - Bulus Adzu
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Adamawa State University (ADSU), Mubi, Adamawa State, Nigeria; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development (NIPRD), Abuja, Nigeria.
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Rocha TA, Moura DFD, Silva MMD, Dos Santos Souza TG, Lira MADCD, Barros DDM, da Silva AG, Ximenes RM, Falcão EPDS, Chagas CA, Júnior FCADA, Santos NPDS, Silva MVD, Correia MTDS. Evaluation of cytotoxic potential, oral toxicity, genotoxicity, and mutagenicity of organic extracts of Pityrocarpa moniliformis. J Toxicol Environ Health A 2019; 82:216-231. [PMID: 30849290 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2019.1576563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the cytotoxicity of organic extracts of P. moniliformis in vitro and identify the acute toxicity and genotoxicity in vivo. The leaves were extracted using three organic solvents (cyclohexane [EP1], ethyl acetate [EP2], and methanol [EP3]). Phytochemical qualitative analysis was performed by thin layer chromatography (TLC). Cytotoxicity tests were performed on human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells and J774 murine macrophages. Acute toxicity in mice was measured after intraperitoneal (ip) administration of 2000 mg/kg, while evaluation of genotoxicity and mutagenicity were assessed using the comet assay and the micronucleus (MN) test, respectively. The TLC analysis of the extracts revealed the presence of flavonoids, triterpenes, steroids, and saponins. In the cytotoxicity assay, extracts EP1 and EP3 altered proliferation of HEK cells, and all organic extracts increased the viability of J774 cells. In the toxicity tests, no deaths or behavioral alterations were observed in mice exposed to the acute dose of the extracts. Although some extracts led to changes in hematological and histological parameters, these results did not indicate physiological changes. In relation to the MN test and comet assay, no significant changes were detected in the DNA of the animals tested with the extracts EP1, EP2, and EP3. Thus, extracts of P. moniliformis were not considered to be toxic and did not induce formation of MN or damage to cellular DNA in the genotoxicity tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamiris Alves Rocha
- a Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Bioquímica , Universidade Federal de Pernambuco , Recife , Brazil
| | - Danielle Feijó de Moura
- a Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Bioquímica , Universidade Federal de Pernambuco , Recife , Brazil
| | - Marllyn Marques da Silva
- b Laboratório de Nanotecnologia, Biotecnologia e Cultura de Células (NANOBIOCEL), Centro Acadêmico de Vitória , Universidade Federal de Pernambuco , Brazil
| | - Talita Giselly Dos Santos Souza
- c Laboratório de Biotecnologia e Fármacos, Centro Acadêmico de Vitória , Universidade Federal de Pernambuco , Vitória de Santo Antão , Brazil
| | - Maria Aparecida da Conceição de Lira
- d Laboratório de Síntese e Isolamento Molecular (SIM). Centro Acadêmico de Vitória , Universidade Federal de Pernambuco , Vitória de Santo Antão
| | - Dayane de Melo Barros
- e Laboratório de Microbiologia de Alimentos, Centro Acadêmico de Vitória , Universidade Federal de Pernambuco , Brazil
| | - Alexandre Gomes da Silva
- f Departamento de Antibióticos , Universidade Federal de Pernambuco , Recife , Pernambuco , Brazil
- g Núcleo de Bioprospecção da Caatinga , Instituto Nacional do Semiárido , Paraíba , Brazil
| | - Rafael Matos Ximenes
- b Laboratório de Nanotecnologia, Biotecnologia e Cultura de Células (NANOBIOCEL), Centro Acadêmico de Vitória , Universidade Federal de Pernambuco , Brazil
| | - Emerson Peter da Silva Falcão
- d Laboratório de Síntese e Isolamento Molecular (SIM). Centro Acadêmico de Vitória , Universidade Federal de Pernambuco , Vitória de Santo Antão
| | - Cristiano Aparecido Chagas
- h Laboratório de Biotecnologia e Fármacos, Centro Acadêmico de Vitória , Universidade Federal de Pernambuco , Vitória de Santo Antão , Brazil
| | | | - Noêmia Pereira da Silva Santos
- b Laboratório de Nanotecnologia, Biotecnologia e Cultura de Células (NANOBIOCEL), Centro Acadêmico de Vitória , Universidade Federal de Pernambuco , Brazil
| | - Marcia Vanusa da Silva
- a Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Bioquímica , Universidade Federal de Pernambuco , Recife , Brazil
- g Núcleo de Bioprospecção da Caatinga , Instituto Nacional do Semiárido , Paraíba , Brazil
| | - Maria Tereza Dos Santos Correia
- a Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Bioquímica , Universidade Federal de Pernambuco , Recife , Brazil
- g Núcleo de Bioprospecção da Caatinga , Instituto Nacional do Semiárido , Paraíba , Brazil
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Bonomini TJ, Holzmann I, Thiesen LC, Fratoni E, Muller AFF, Lucinda-silva RM, Yunes RA, Malheiros A, Gonçalves AE, Dalmagro AP, da Silva KABS, de Souza MM, Santin JR. Neuropharmacological and acute toxicological evaluation of ethanolic extract of Allamanda cathartica L. flowers and plumieride. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 91:9-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Santana DB, da Costa RC, Araújo RM, de Paula JE, Silveira ER, Braz-Filho R, Espindola LS. Activity of Fabaceae species extracts against fungi and Leishmania: vatacarpan as a novel potent anti-Candida agent. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjp.2015.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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de Azevedo Neta Mahon CPC, Colodel EM, Balogun SO, de Oliveira RG, de Oliveira Martins DT. Toxicological evaluation of the hydroethanolic extract of Dilodendron bipinnatum Radlk. J Ethnopharmacol 2014; 155:665-671. [PMID: 24933228 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Dilodendron bipinnatum Radlk., Sapindaceae, is popularly known as 'mulher-pobre'. Its stem bark macerate or decoction is popularly used mainly to treat uterine inflammation and bone fractures. Acute oral and subchronic toxicities of the hydroethanolic extract of Dilodendron bipinnatum (HEDb) were investigated as well as the classes of phytochemical present in the extract. MATERIALS AND METHODS Acute toxicity of HEDb was investigated by hippocratic screening in Swiss mice, cytotoxicity and potential genotoxic effect were evaluated with micronucleus test in the CHO-k1cells. Subchronic oral toxicity of HEDb was assessed in Wistar rats with graded doses of HEDb repeatedly administered for 30 days, in order to evaluate the behavioral changes, weight gain, water and feed consumption, urine and feces excretion, hematological and biochemical parameters and histopathological examinations of vital organs. RESULTS In hippocratic screening doses up to 5000 mg/kg p.o. did not cause any changes in female mice, while signs of reduction in motility, increased respiratory rate and tail erection were observed in male mice but were all reversed within an hour. In cytotoxicity assay, IC50 was 118±1.55 µg/mL in CHO-k1 cells. Micronucleus test demonstrated that the plant extract is non-genotoxic. In subchronic toxicity studies, minor change was observed as an increase in the urine output in the last 18 days of treatment with 500 mg/kg of HEDb, while other parameters remained unchanged. All alterations observed were discrete and minor in nature and were not accompanied by any relevant clinical signs or any toxicologically significant biochemical, hematological and histopathological changes. Preliminary phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of aurones, chalcones, coumarins, flavonones, flavononoids, phenols, and saponins. CONCLUSION The results demonstrate high safety profile of HEDb in both experimental animals and cell models assays. However, there may be risk of hepatotoxicity in the use of the extract at high doses for a prolonged period.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Edson Moleta Colodel
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT) 78060-900, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
| | - Sikiru Olaitan Balogun
- Departament of Basic Sciences in Health, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT) 78060-900, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
| | - Ruberlei Godinho de Oliveira
- Departament of Basic Sciences in Health, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT) 78060-900, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
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Porto Dechandt CR, Siqueira JT, de Souza DLP, Junqueira Araujo LC, da Silva VC, Sousa Junior PTD, Balbinotti Andrade CM, Kawashita NH, Baviera AM. Combretum lanceolatum flowers extract shows antidiabetic activity through activation of AMPK by quercetin. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia 2013. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-695x2012005000140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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