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Zheng B, Chen H, Xia W, Jiang Y, Zhang J. Secondary infections of COVID-19 in schools and the effectiveness of school-based interventions: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Public Health 2024; 229:42-49. [PMID: 38394706 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2024.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This meta-analysis explored secondary infections of SARS-CoV-2 and the effectiveness of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) in school settings, with the aim of providing a reference to formulate scientific prevention and response strategies for similar major public health emergencies in specific settings. STUDY DESIGN This was a systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS Systematic searches were conducted in PubMed, Web of Science and the Cochrane Library through to 1 August 2022 using the following key search terms: COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, secondary attack rate, school, transmission, etc. The IVhet model was used for the meta-analysis, and the I2 index and Cochran's Q-test were used to assess heterogeneity. Publication bias was examined using Doi plot, Galbraith plots and Luis Furuya-Kanamori index. Prevalence Critical Appraisal Tool was used to assess the quality of the included articles, while Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation was used to rate the quality of the evidence. Subgroup analyses were conducted to explore the potential source of heterogeneity. RESULTS Thirty-four studies involving 226,727 school contacts and 2216 secondary cases were included in this study. The pooled secondary attack rates (SARs) of close contacts, staff contacts and student contacts were 0.67% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.11, 1.56), 0.79% (95% CI: 0.00, 6.72) and 0.50% (95% CI: 0.00, 4.48), respectively. Subgroup analysis suggested that multiple or specific combinations (e.g. the combination of contact restriction and hygiene action) of NPIs appeared to be associated with lower SARs. CONCLUSIONS The SAR of SARS-CoV-2 was low in schools. Multiple or specific combinations of prevention strategies appear to mitigate SARS-CoV-2 transmission in school settings. These findings provide a basis for continuous improvement of response strategies to major public health emergencies in the school environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Zheng
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Key Laboratory of Environment & Health (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - H Chen
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Key Laboratory of Environment & Health (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - W Xia
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Key Laboratory of Environment & Health (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Y Jiang
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Key Laboratory of Environment & Health (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - J Zhang
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Key Laboratory of Environment & Health (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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Barreto MDS, da Silva BS, Santos RS, Silva DMRR, Silva EED, Moura PHM, de Souza JB, Santana LADM, Fonseca DLM, Filgueiras IS, Guimarães AG, Cabral-Marques O, Schimke LF, Borges LP. COVID-19 Vaccination and Serological Profile of a Brazilian University Population. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1925. [PMID: 37763328 PMCID: PMC10532467 DOI: 10.3390/life13091925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19 led to the suspension academic activities worldwide, affecting millions of students and staff. METHODS In this study, we evaluated the presence of IgM and IgG anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in an academic population during the return to classes after a one-year suspension. The study took place over five months at a Brazilian university and included 942 participants. RESULTS We found that most participants had reactive IgG and non-reactive IgM. All received at least one dose, and 940 received two or more doses, of different COVID-19 vaccines. We obtained a higher average of memory antibodies (IgG) in participants who received the CoronaVac/ChAdOx1 combination. IgG was consistently distributed for each vaccine group, but individuals who completed the vaccination schedule had higher levels. There were no differences between antibodies and gender, presence of symptoms, and previous COVID-19 infection, but older participants (>53 years) and contacts of infected individuals had higher IgM levels. CONCLUSION This study makes significant contributions to the assessment of antibodies in the academic environment, allowing us to infer that most participants had memory immunity and low indications of recent infection when returning to face-to-face classes, as well as demonstrating the need to monitor immunity and update vaccinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina dos Santos Barreto
- Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão 49100-000, SE, Brazil; (M.d.S.B.); (B.S.d.S.); (R.S.S.); (D.M.R.R.S.); (E.E.D.S.); (P.H.M.M.); (J.B.d.S.); (A.G.G.)
| | - Beatriz Soares da Silva
- Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão 49100-000, SE, Brazil; (M.d.S.B.); (B.S.d.S.); (R.S.S.); (D.M.R.R.S.); (E.E.D.S.); (P.H.M.M.); (J.B.d.S.); (A.G.G.)
| | - Ronaldy Santana Santos
- Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão 49100-000, SE, Brazil; (M.d.S.B.); (B.S.d.S.); (R.S.S.); (D.M.R.R.S.); (E.E.D.S.); (P.H.M.M.); (J.B.d.S.); (A.G.G.)
| | - Deise Maria Rego Rodrigues Silva
- Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão 49100-000, SE, Brazil; (M.d.S.B.); (B.S.d.S.); (R.S.S.); (D.M.R.R.S.); (E.E.D.S.); (P.H.M.M.); (J.B.d.S.); (A.G.G.)
| | - Eloia Emanuelly Dias Silva
- Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão 49100-000, SE, Brazil; (M.d.S.B.); (B.S.d.S.); (R.S.S.); (D.M.R.R.S.); (E.E.D.S.); (P.H.M.M.); (J.B.d.S.); (A.G.G.)
| | - Pedro Henrique Macedo Moura
- Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão 49100-000, SE, Brazil; (M.d.S.B.); (B.S.d.S.); (R.S.S.); (D.M.R.R.S.); (E.E.D.S.); (P.H.M.M.); (J.B.d.S.); (A.G.G.)
| | - Jessiane Bispo de Souza
- Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão 49100-000, SE, Brazil; (M.d.S.B.); (B.S.d.S.); (R.S.S.); (D.M.R.R.S.); (E.E.D.S.); (P.H.M.M.); (J.B.d.S.); (A.G.G.)
| | | | - Dennyson Leandro M. Fonseca
- Interunit Postgraduate Program on Bioinformatics, Institute of Mathematics and Statistics (IME), University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo 05508-090, SP, Brazil;
| | - Igor Salerno Filgueiras
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil;
| | - Adriana Gibara Guimarães
- Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão 49100-000, SE, Brazil; (M.d.S.B.); (B.S.d.S.); (R.S.S.); (D.M.R.R.S.); (E.E.D.S.); (P.H.M.M.); (J.B.d.S.); (A.G.G.)
| | - Otavio Cabral-Marques
- Interunit Postgraduate Program on Bioinformatics, Institute of Mathematics and Statistics (IME), University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo 05508-090, SP, Brazil;
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil;
- Department of Medicine, Division of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-903, SP, Brazil
- Department of Pharmacy and Postgraduate Program of Health and Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59012-570, RN, Brazil
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation 29, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo 01246-903, SP, Brazil
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy, Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Lena F. Schimke
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil;
- Department of Medicine, Division of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-903, SP, Brazil
| | - Lysandro Pinto Borges
- Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão 49100-000, SE, Brazil; (M.d.S.B.); (B.S.d.S.); (R.S.S.); (D.M.R.R.S.); (E.E.D.S.); (P.H.M.M.); (J.B.d.S.); (A.G.G.)
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Fujino H, Itai M. Disinfection behavior for COVID-19 in individuals with Down syndrome and caregivers' distress in Japan: a cross-sectional retrospective study. J Dev Phys Disabil 2022; 35:81-96. [PMID: 35637873 PMCID: PMC9132748 DOI: 10.1007/s10882-022-09845-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 outbreak affected the daily lives of individuals with Down syndrome, who were considered to have a higher risk of severe infection. While several studies have reported mental health issues in children and/or parents in the general population, no study has focused on people with Down syndrome and their caregivers. This study investigated the disinfection behaviors of individuals with Down syndrome and their caregivers' stress. A cross-sectional retrospective survey was conducted in October 2020. Caregivers of children and adults with Down syndrome were administered questionnaires including measures for practiced disinfection behavior in children, caregiver's child-related stress, and psychological distress. About half of the respondents' children practiced hand hygiene and mask-wearing behaviors, while physical distancing was performed less frequently. Habitual practices in physical distancing are affected by intellectual function. Logistic regression showed that caregivers' stress was associated with the irritability of individuals with the disorder (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 8.44, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.69-42.09) and the burden of infection-prevention behaviors for people with Down syndrome (adjusted OR = 4.26, 95% CI 1.88-9.65). This study showed the characteristics of disinfection behaviors in individuals with Down syndrome and associated factors for serious caregiver stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruo Fujino
- Department of Child Development, Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, 5650871 Suita, Japan
- Department of Special Needs Education, Oita University, Oita, Japan
- Graduate School of Human Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Minori Itai
- Department of Special Needs Education, Oita University, Oita, Japan
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Rudan I, Adeloye D, Katikireddi SV, Murray J, Simpson C, Shah SA, Robertson C, Sheikh A. The COVID-19 pandemic in children and young people during 2020-2021: Learning about clinical presentation, patterns of spread, viral load, diagnosis and treatment. J Glob Health 2021; 11:01010. [PMID: 35047182 PMCID: PMC8763336 DOI: 10.7189/jogh.11.01010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Igor Rudan
- Centre for Global Health, Usher Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Davies Adeloye
- Centre for Global Health, Usher Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Josie Murray
- COVID-19 Surveillance Lead, Public Health Scotland, Fife, UK
| | - Colin Simpson
- School of Health, Wellington Faculty of Health, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand
- Usher Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Chris Robertson
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK and Public Health Scotland, Glasgow, UK
| | - Aziz Sheikh
- Usher Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - EAVE II collaboration
- Centre for Global Health, Usher Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- MRC/CSO Social & Public Health Sciences Unit, Glasgow, UK
- COVID-19 Surveillance Lead, Public Health Scotland, Fife, UK
- School of Health, Wellington Faculty of Health, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand
- Usher Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK and Public Health Scotland, Glasgow, UK
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