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Zhang T, Li B, Liu Y, Liu S. Risk Factors Associated With Echinococcosis in the General Chinese Population: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review. Front Public Health 2022; 10:821265. [PMID: 35655451 PMCID: PMC9152270 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.821265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Echinococcosis is a severe zoonotic disease that imposes a substantial burden on human life. This meta-analysis aimed to summarize available data on the prevalence of human echinococcosis and identify the key risk factors for echinococcosis in the Chinese general population. Methods Relevant studies were comprehensively searched in the PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Cochrane, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Chongqing VIP Information (VIP), Wanfang and SinoMed databases until August 22, 2020. A random-effects model was used to estimate the pooled odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI). The I2 and Q statistics were calculated to evaluate the heterogeneity, and potential sources of heterogeneity were identified using sensitivity analysis and subgroup analysis. Publication bias was estimated by funnel plots and Egger's test. Results A total of 1026 studies were identified through the database search, of which 26 were eligible for this meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of AE and CE were 2.88% and 5.66%, respectively. Ethnicity (OR = 2.93, 95% CI: 1.81–4.75; I2 = 0), herdsman occupation (OR = 2.66, 95% CI: 2.25–3.14; I2 = 8.0%), not washing hands before meals (OR = 2.40, 95% CI: 1.34–4.28; I2 = 82.8%) and being female (OR = 1.45, 95% CI: 1.26–1.66; I2 = 33.9%) were risk factors for AE. The top five risk factors for CE were ethnicity (OR = 3.18, 95% CI: 1.55–6.52; I2 = 79.2%), nomadism (OR = 2.71, 95% CI: 1.65–4.47; I2 = 55.8%), drinking nonboiled water (OR = 2.47, 95% CI: 1.36–4.47; I2 = 85.7), feeding viscera to dogs (OR = 2.35, 95% CI: 1.89–2.91; I2 = 21.5%), and herdsman occupation (OR = 2.19, 95% CI: 1.67–2.86; I2 = 85.1%). Conclusions This study generalized articles that have contributed to our current understanding of the epidemic of human echinococcosis (AE and CE) in China over the years. The results support that the ethnicity and dog-related factors are major risk factors for both CE and AE. The identification of echinococcosis risk factors may aid researchers and policymakers in improving surveillance and preventive measures aimed at reducing Echinococcus granulosus and Echinococcus multilocularis infection in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Zhang
- Department of Public Health, Medical College, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Public Health, Medical College, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Yuying Liu
- Department of Public Health, Medical College, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Shou Liu
- Department of Public Health, Medical College, Qinghai University, Xining, China
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He W, Wang LY, Yu WJ, Zhang GJ, Zhong B, Liao S, Wang Q, Li RR, Yang L, Yao RX, Liu Y, Danba Z, Qin SC, Wang SA, Wang YX, Huang Y, Wang Q. Prevalence and spatial distribution patterns of human echinococcosis at the township level in Sichuan Province, China. Infect Dis Poverty 2021; 10:82. [PMID: 34090538 PMCID: PMC8180058 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-021-00862-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Echinococcosis is a global zoonotic parasitic disease caused by Echinococcus larvae. This disease is highly endemic in Sichuan Province, China. This study investigates the prevalence and spatial distribution characteristics of human echinococcosis at the township level in Sichuan Province, geared towards providing a future reference for the development of precise prevention and control strategies.
Methods Human prevalence of echinococcosis was evaluated using the B-ultrasonography diagnostic method in Sichuan Province between 2016 and 2019. All data were collected, collated, and analyzed. A spatial distribution map was drawn to intuitively analyze the spatial distribution features. Eventually, the spatial autocorrelation was specified and local indicators of spatial association (LISA) clustering map was drawn to investigate the spatial aggregation of echinococcosis at the township level in Sichuan Province. Results The prevalence of echinococcosis in humans of Sichuan Province was 0.462%, among which the occurrence of cystic echinococcosis (CE) was 0.221%, while that of alveolar echinococcosis (AE) was 0.244%. Based on the results of the spatial distribution map, a predominance of echinococcosis in humans decreased gradually from west to east and from north to south. The Global Moran’s I index was 0.77 (Z = 32.07, P < 0.05), indicating that the prevalence of echinococcosis in humans was spatially clustered, exhibiting a significant spatial positive correlation. Further, the findings of local spatial autocorrelation analysis revealed that the “high–high” concentration areas were primarily located in some townships in the northwest of Sichuan Province. However, the “low–low” concentration areas were predominantly located in some townships in the southeast of Sichuan Province.
Conclusions Our findings demonstrated that the prevalence of echinococcosis in humans of Sichuan Province follows a downward trend, suggesting that the current prevention and control work has achieved substantial outcomes. Nevertheless, the prevalence in humans at the township level is widely distributed and differs significantly, with a clear clustering in space. Therefore, precise prevention and control strategies should be formulated for clusters, specifically strengthening the “high–high” clusters at the township level. Graphic Abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei He
- Department of Parasitic Diseases, Sichuan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No.6 Zhongxue Road, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Ying Wang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Centre for Tropical Diseases Research, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Centre for International Research On Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology (National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention), Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.,Doctorate School of Chemical and Biological Sciences for Health (CBS2), University of Montpellier, 34395, Montpellier, France
| | - Wen-Jie Yu
- Department of Parasitic Diseases, Sichuan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No.6 Zhongxue Road, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang-Jia Zhang
- Department of Parasitic Diseases, Sichuan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No.6 Zhongxue Road, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Zhong
- Department of Parasitic Diseases, Sichuan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No.6 Zhongxue Road, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Sha Liao
- Department of Parasitic Diseases, Sichuan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No.6 Zhongxue Road, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Parasitic Diseases, Sichuan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No.6 Zhongxue Road, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui-Rui Li
- Department of Parasitic Diseases, Sichuan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No.6 Zhongxue Road, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of Parasitic Diseases, Sichuan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No.6 Zhongxue Road, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Ren-Xin Yao
- Department of Parasitic Diseases, Sichuan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No.6 Zhongxue Road, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Parasitic Diseases, Sichuan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No.6 Zhongxue Road, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Zeli Danba
- Ganzi Prefectural Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No.139 Lucheng South Road, Ganzi Prefecture, 626000, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Chao Qin
- Aba Prefectural Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No.178 Meigu Street, Aba Prefecture, 624000, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi-An Wang
- Liangshan Prefectural Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Section 2 of Hangtian Avenue, Liangshan Prefecture, 615000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Xia Wang
- Ya'an Prefectural Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No.9 Fangcao Road, Daxing New District, Ya'an City, 625000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Huang
- Department of Parasitic Diseases, Sichuan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No.6 Zhongxue Road, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Parasitic Diseases, Sichuan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No.6 Zhongxue Road, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.
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