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Perramón M, Jiménez W. Pituitary Tumor-Transforming Gene 1/Delta like Non-Canonical Notch Ligand 1 Signaling in Chronic Liver Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:6897. [PMID: 35805898 PMCID: PMC9267054 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23136897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The management of chronic liver diseases (CLDs) remains a challenge, and identifying effective treatments is a major unmet medical need. In the current review we focus on the pituitary tumor transforming gene (PTTG1)/delta like non-canonical notch ligand 1 (DLK1) axis as a potential therapeutic target to attenuate the progression of these pathological conditions. PTTG1 is a proto-oncogene involved in proliferation and metabolism. PTTG1 expression has been related to inflammation, angiogenesis, and fibrogenesis in cancer and experimental fibrosis. On the other hand, DLK1 has been identified as one of the most abundantly expressed PTTG1 targets in adipose tissue and has shown to contribute to hepatic fibrosis by promoting the activation of hepatic stellate cells. Here, we extensively analyze the increasing amount of information pointing to the PTTG1/DLK1 signaling pathway as an important player in the regulation of these disturbances. These data prompted us to hypothesize that activation of the PTTG1/DLK1 axis is a key factor upregulating the tissue remodeling mechanisms characteristic of CLDs. Therefore, disruption of this signaling pathway could be useful in the therapeutic management of CLDs.
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Kum SJ, Lee HW, Kim SG, Park H, Hwang I, Kim SP. Association of PTTG1 expression with invasiveness of non-functioning pituitary adenomas. J Pathol Transl Med 2021; 56:22-31. [PMID: 34645111 PMCID: PMC8743807 DOI: 10.4132/jptm.2021.08.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pituitary tumor transforming gene 1 (PTTG1), paired-like homeodomain 2 (PITX2), and galectin-3 have been widely studied as predictive biomarkers for various tumors and are involved in tumorigenesis and tumor progression. We evaluated the usefulness of PTTG1, PITX2, and galectin-3 as predictive biomarkers for invasive non-functioning pituitary adenomas (NFPAs) by determining the relationship between the expressions of these three proteins and the invasiveness of the NFPAs. We also investigated whether PTTG1, E-cadherin, and Ki-67, which are known to be related to each other, show a correlation with NFPA features. Methods A retrospective study was conducted on 87 patients with NPFAs who underwent surgical removal. The NFPAs were classified into three groups based on magnetic resonance imaging findings of suprasellar extension and cavernous sinus invasion. Immunohistochemical staining for PTTG1, PITX2, galectin-3, E-cadherin, and Ki-67 was performed on tissue microarrays. Results PTTG1 expression showed a statistically significant correlation with the invasiveness of NFPAs, whereas PITX2 and galectin-3 did not have a relationship with the invasiveness of NFPAs. Moreover, there was no association among PTTG1, E-cadherin, and Ki-67 expression. Conclusion PTTG1 has the potential to serve as a predictive biomarker for invasive NFPA. Furthermore, this study may serve as a reference for the development of PTTG1-targeted therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Jung Kum
- Department of Pathology, Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center, Daegu, Korea
| | - Hye Won Lee
- Department of Pathology, Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center, Daegu, Korea
| | - Soon Gu Kim
- Department of Pathology, Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center, Daegu, Korea
| | - Hyungsik Park
- Department of Pathology, Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center, Daegu, Korea
| | - Ilseon Hwang
- Department of Pathology, Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center, Daegu, Korea
| | - Sang Pyo Kim
- Department of Pathology, Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center, Daegu, Korea
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Jia YY, Chi ML, Jiang WP, Liu SL, Cheng S, Zheng JB, Gu ZM. Identification of reproduction-related genes and pathways in the Culter alburnus H-P-G axis and characterization of their expression differences in malformed and normal gynogenetic ovaries. Fish Physiol Biochem 2021; 47:1-20. [PMID: 33156507 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-020-00859-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study applied RNA-seq technology to discover reproduction-related genes and pathways in female topmouth culter brain (including pituitary) and ovarian tissues. In functional analysis, 2479 and 2605 unigenes in the brain and ovary tissue were assigned to the "reproductive process" subcategory in addition to the 2660 and 2845 unigenes assigned to the "reproduction" subcategory. Twenty-three complete cDNA sequences were identified through the different gene expression (DGE) approach from five reproduction-related pathways (MAPK signaling pathway, neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction pathway, gonadotropin-releasing hormone signaling pathway, oocyte meiosis pathway, and steroid biosynthesis pathway). The expression levels of 16 candidate genes using qPCR in this study were in accordance with the results of transcriptome analysis. In addition, the expression levels of the FSH, 3β-HSD, PGR, and NPYR genes in malformed gynogenetic ovaries were considerably low, which was consistent with the progress of oocytogenesis in the ovaries of topmouth culter. The high expression of these four genes in the ovaries of normal topmouth culter suggested they might involve in the preparation for the shift of oogenesis to ovulation. Hence, our work identified a set of annotated gene products that are candidate factors affecting reproduction in the topmouth culter H-P-G axis. These results could be essential for further research in functional genomics and genetic editing for topmouth culter reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Y Jia
- Agriculture Ministry Key Laboratory of Healthy Freshwater Aquaculture, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquaculture Genetic and Breeding of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Huzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mei L Chi
- Agriculture Ministry Key Laboratory of Healthy Freshwater Aquaculture, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquaculture Genetic and Breeding of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Huzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wen P Jiang
- Agriculture Ministry Key Laboratory of Healthy Freshwater Aquaculture, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquaculture Genetic and Breeding of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Huzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shi L Liu
- Agriculture Ministry Key Laboratory of Healthy Freshwater Aquaculture, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquaculture Genetic and Breeding of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Huzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shun Cheng
- Agriculture Ministry Key Laboratory of Healthy Freshwater Aquaculture, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquaculture Genetic and Breeding of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Huzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jian B Zheng
- Agriculture Ministry Key Laboratory of Healthy Freshwater Aquaculture, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquaculture Genetic and Breeding of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Huzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhi M Gu
- Agriculture Ministry Key Laboratory of Healthy Freshwater Aquaculture, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquaculture Genetic and Breeding of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Huzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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Manyes L, Holst S, Lozano M, Santos E, Fernandez-Medarde A. Spatial learning and long-term memory impairments in RasGrf1 KO, Pttg1 KO, and double KO mice. Brain Behav 2018; 8:e01089. [PMID: 30259712 PMCID: PMC6236249 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND RasGrf1 is a guanine-nucleotide releasing factor that enhances Ras activity. Human PTTG1 is an oncoprotein found in pituitary tumors and later identified as securin, a protein isolated from yeast with a reported role in chromosome separation. It has been suggested that RasGrf1 is an important upstream component of signal transduction pathways regulating Pttg1 expression and controlling beta cell development and their physiological response. At memory formation level, there are contradictory data regarding the role of RasGrf1, while Pttg1 has not been previously studied. Both proteins are expressed in the mammalian hippocampus, which is one of the key brain areas for spatial learning and memory. OBJECTIVE The aim of this work was to study a potential link between RasGrf1 and Pttg1 in memory formation. METHOD Spatial learning and memory test in the Pttg1 KO, RasGrf1 KO, and Pttg1-RasGrf1 double KO and their correspondent WT mice using a Barnes maze. RESULTS In comparison with the WT control mice, Pttg1 KO mice learned how to solve the task in a less efficient way, suggesting problems in memory consolidation. RasGrf1 KO mice performance was similar to controls, and they learned to use the best searching strategy. Double KO mice reached a better spatial learning level than WT. CONCLUSION A role for Pttg1 in memory consolidation/formation is suggested, while our RasGrf1 KO mice do not show hippocampus associated memory defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Manyes
- Lab 1, Cancer Research Center, CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca & CIBERONC, Salamanca, Spain.,Laboratory of Food Sciences and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitat de València, València, Spain
| | - Sarah Holst
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Manuel Lozano
- Laboratory of Food Sciences and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitat de València, València, Spain
| | - Eugenio Santos
- Lab 1, Cancer Research Center, CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca & CIBERONC, Salamanca, Spain
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Noll JE, Vandyke K, Hewett DR, Mrozik KM, Bala RJ, Williams SA, Kok CH, Zannettino AC. PTTG1 expression is associated with hyperproliferative disease and poor prognosis in multiple myeloma. J Hematol Oncol 2015; 8:106. [PMID: 26445238 PMCID: PMC4595141 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-015-0209-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple myeloma (MM) is an incurable haematological malignancy characterised by the clonal proliferation of malignant plasma cells within the bone marrow. We have previously identified pituitary tumour transforming gene 1 (Pttg1) as a gene that is significantly upregulated in the haematopoietic compartment of the myeloma-susceptible C57BL/KaLwRij mouse strain, when compared with the myeloma-resistant C57BL/6 mouse. Over-expression of PTTG1 has previously been associated with malignant progression and an enhanced proliferative capacity in solid tumours. Methods In this study, we investigated PTTG1 gene and protein expression in MM plasma cells from newly diagnosed MM patients. Gene expression profiling was used to identify gene signatures associated with high PTTG1 expression in MM patients. Additionally, we investigated the effect of short hairpin ribonucleic acid (shRNA)-mediated PTTG1 knockdown on the proliferation of the murine myeloma plasma cell line 5TGM1 in vitro and in vivo. Results PTTG1 was found to be over-expressed in 36–70 % of MM patients, relative to normal controls, with high PTTG1 expression being associated with poor patient outcomes (hazard ratio 2.49; 95 % CI 1.28 to 4.86; p = 0.0075; log-rank test). In addition, patients with high PTTG1 expression exhibited increased expression of cell proliferation-associated genes including CCNB1, CCNB2, CDK1, AURKA, BIRC5 and DEPDC1. Knockdown of Pttg1 in 5TGM1 cells decreased cellular proliferation, without affecting cell cycle distribution or viability, and decreased expression of Ccnb1, Birc5 and Depdc1 in vitro. Notably, Pttg1 knockdown significantly reduced MM tumour development in vivo, with an 83.2 % reduction in tumour burden at 4 weeks (p < 0.0001, two-way ANOVA). Conclusions This study supports a role for increased PTTG1 expression in augmenting tumour development in a subset of MM patients. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13045-015-0209-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline E Noll
- Myeloma Research Laboratory, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide and Cancer Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Kate Vandyke
- Myeloma Research Laboratory, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide and Cancer Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, Australia. .,SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Duncan R Hewett
- Myeloma Research Laboratory, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide and Cancer Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Krzysztof M Mrozik
- Myeloma Research Laboratory, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide and Cancer Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Rachel J Bala
- Myeloma Research Laboratory, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide and Cancer Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Sharon A Williams
- Myeloma Research Laboratory, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide and Cancer Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Chung H Kok
- Leukaemia Research Group, Cancer Theme, SAHMRI, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Andrew Cw Zannettino
- Myeloma Research Laboratory, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide and Cancer Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, Australia. .,Discipline of Physiology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Cancer Theme, Level 5 South, SAHMRI, PO Box 11060, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia.
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Arumugam R, Fleenor D, Freemark M. Knockdown of prolactin receptors in a pancreatic beta cell line: effects on DNA synthesis, apoptosis, and gene expression. Endocrine 2014; 46:568-76. [PMID: 24114406 PMCID: PMC3984618 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-013-0073-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Prolactin (PRL) and placental lactogen stimulate beta cell replication and insulin production in vitro and in vivo. The molecular mechanisms by which lactogens promote beta cell expansion are unclear. We treated rat insulinoma cells with a PRL receptor (PRLR) siRNA to determine if PRLR signaling is required for beta cell DNA synthesis and cell survival and to identify beta cell cycle genes whose expression depends upon lactogen action. Effects of PRLR knockdown were compared with those of PRL treatment. PRLR knockdown (-80 %) reduced DNA synthesis, increased apoptosis, and inhibited expression of cyclins D2 and B2, IRS-2, Tph1, and the anti-apoptotic protein PTTG1; p21 and BCL6 mRNAs increased. Conversely, PRL treatment increased DNA synthesis, reduced apoptosis, and enhanced expression of A, B and D2 cyclins, CDK1, IRS-2, FoxM1, BCLxL, and PTTG1; BCL6 declined. PRLR signaling is required for DNA synthesis and survival of rat insulinoma cells. The effects of lactogens are mediated by down-regulation of cell cycle inhibitors (BCL6, p21) and induction of A, B, and D2 cyclins, IRS-2, Tph1, FoxM1, and the anti-apoptotic proteins BCLxL and PTTG1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramamani Arumugam
- Departments of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham NC 27710 USA
| | - Don Fleenor
- Departments of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham NC 27710 USA
| | - Michael Freemark
- Departments of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham NC 27710 USA
- Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham NC 27710 USA
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Salehi F, Kovacs K, Scheithauer BW, Cantelmi D, Horvath E, Lloyd RV, Cusimano M. Immunohistochemical expression of pituitary tumor transforming gene (PTTG) in pituitary adenomas: a correlative study of tumor subtypes. Int J Surg Pathol 2010; 18:5-13. [PMID: 20106827 DOI: 10.1177/1066896909356105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated the correlation between immunohistochemical expression of the pituitary tumor transforming gene (PTTG) and pituitary adenoma subtype. METHODS Pituitary adenomas (n = 89) were stained for PTTG using the streptavidin-biotin-peroxidase complex method and a monoclonal PTTG antibody. RESULTS PTTG staining was found to be cytoplasmic with a pronounced paranuclear expression pattern. Reactivity was highest in growth hormone (GH) adenomas as compared with other tumors, including prolactin (PRL), follicle-stimulating hormone/luteinizing hormone/alpha subunit, as well as adrenocorticotrophic hormone-secreting adenomas. PRL adenomas exhibited the lowest expression levels. Among GH adenomas, untreated tumors demonstrated significantly higher PTTG levels than octreotide-treated examples. Although dopamine agonist-treated PRL adenomas tended to show lower expression levels, statistical significance was not reached. CONCLUSIONS Our finding that PTTG was differentially expressed in pituitary adenoma subtypes suggests a cell-specific function for PTTG. Moreover, treatment of GH adenomas with somatostatin analogues lowered PTTG expression. Further investigation into mechanisms mediating cell-specific expression of PTTG is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fateme Salehi
- St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Chesnokova V, Wong C, Zonis S, Gruszka A, Wawrowsky K, Ren SG, Benshlomo A, Yu R. Diminished pancreatic beta-cell mass in securin-null mice is caused by beta-cell apoptosis and senescence. Endocrinology 2009; 150:2603-10. [PMID: 19213844 PMCID: PMC2689808 DOI: 10.1210/en.2008-0972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary tumor transforming gene (PTTG) encodes a securin protein critical in regulating chromosome separation. PTTG-null (PTTG(-/-)) mice exhibit pancreatic beta-cell hypoplasia and insulinopenic diabetes. We tested whether PTTG deletion causes beta-cell senescence, resulting in diminished beta-cell mass. We examined beta-cell mass, proliferation, apoptosis, neogenesis, cell size, and senescence in PTTG(-/-) and WT mice from embryo to young adulthood before diabetes is evident. The roles of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors and DNA damage in the pathogenesis of diabetes in PTTG(-/-) mice were also addressed. Relative beta-cell mass in PTTG(-/-) mice began to decrease at 2-3 wk, whereas beta-cell proliferation rate was initially normal but decreased in PTTG(-/-) mice beginning at 2 months. Apoptosis was also much more evident in PTTG(-/-) mice. At 1 month, beta-cell neogenesis was robust in wild-type mice but was absent in PTTG(-/-) mice. In addition, the size of beta-cells became larger and macronuclei were prominent in PTTG(-/-) animals. Senescence-associated beta-galactosidase was also active in PTTG(-/-) beta-cells at 1 month. Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 was progressively up-regulated in PTTG(-/-) islets, and p21 deletion partially rescued PTTG(-/-) mice from development of diabetes. mRNA array showed that DNA damage-associated genes were activated in PTTG(-/-) islets. We conclude that beta-cell apoptosis and senescence contribute to the diminished beta-cell mass in PTTG(-/-) mice, likely secondary to DNA damage. Our results also suggest that ductal progenitor beta-cells are exhausted by excessive neogenesis induced by apoptosis in PTTG(-/-) mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Chesnokova
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA
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