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Lazure F, Farouni R, Sahinyan K, Blackburn DM, Hernández-Corchado A, Perron G, Lu T, Osakwe A, Ragoussis J, Crist C, Perkins TJ, Jahani-Asl A, Najafabadi HS, Soleimani VD. Transcriptional reprogramming of skeletal muscle stem cells by the niche environment. Nat Commun 2023; 14:535. [PMID: 36726011 PMCID: PMC9892560 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36265-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult stem cells are indispensable for tissue regeneration, but their function declines with age. The niche environment in which the stem cells reside plays a critical role in their function. However, quantification of the niche effect on stem cell function is lacking. Using muscle stem cells (MuSC) as a model, we show that aging leads to a significant transcriptomic shift in their subpopulations accompanied by locus-specific gain and loss of chromatin accessibility and DNA methylation. By combining in vivo MuSC transplantation and computational methods, we show that the expression of approximately half of all age-altered genes in MuSCs from aged male mice can be restored by exposure to a young niche environment. While there is a correlation between gene reversibility and epigenetic alterations, restoration of gene expression occurs primarily at the level of transcription. The stem cell niche environment therefore represents an important therapeutic target to enhance tissue regeneration in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicia Lazure
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, 3640 rue University, Montréal, QC, H3A 0C7, Canada.,Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, 3755 Chemin de la Côte-Sainte-Catherine, Montréal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada
| | - Rick Farouni
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, 3640 rue University, Montréal, QC, H3A 0C7, Canada.,McGill Genome Centre, Victor Phillip Dahdaleh Institute of Genomic Medicine, 740 Dr Penfield Avenue, Montreal, QC, H3A 0G1, Canada
| | - Korin Sahinyan
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, 3640 rue University, Montréal, QC, H3A 0C7, Canada.,Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, 3755 Chemin de la Côte-Sainte-Catherine, Montréal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada
| | - Darren M Blackburn
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, 3640 rue University, Montréal, QC, H3A 0C7, Canada.,Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, 3755 Chemin de la Côte-Sainte-Catherine, Montréal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada
| | - Aldo Hernández-Corchado
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, 3640 rue University, Montréal, QC, H3A 0C7, Canada.,McGill Genome Centre, Victor Phillip Dahdaleh Institute of Genomic Medicine, 740 Dr Penfield Avenue, Montreal, QC, H3A 0G1, Canada
| | - Gabrielle Perron
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, 3640 rue University, Montréal, QC, H3A 0C7, Canada.,McGill Genome Centre, Victor Phillip Dahdaleh Institute of Genomic Medicine, 740 Dr Penfield Avenue, Montreal, QC, H3A 0G1, Canada
| | - Tianyuan Lu
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, 3755 Chemin de la Côte-Sainte-Catherine, Montréal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada.,Quantitative Life Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Adrien Osakwe
- Quantitative Life Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jiannis Ragoussis
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, 3640 rue University, Montréal, QC, H3A 0C7, Canada.,McGill Genome Centre, Victor Phillip Dahdaleh Institute of Genomic Medicine, 740 Dr Penfield Avenue, Montreal, QC, H3A 0G1, Canada
| | - Colin Crist
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, 3640 rue University, Montréal, QC, H3A 0C7, Canada.,Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, 3755 Chemin de la Côte-Sainte-Catherine, Montréal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada
| | - Theodore J Perkins
- Sprott Center for Stem Cell Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Arezu Jahani-Asl
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Hamed S Najafabadi
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, 3640 rue University, Montréal, QC, H3A 0C7, Canada. .,McGill Genome Centre, Victor Phillip Dahdaleh Institute of Genomic Medicine, 740 Dr Penfield Avenue, Montreal, QC, H3A 0G1, Canada. .,Quantitative Life Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
| | - Vahab D Soleimani
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, 3640 rue University, Montréal, QC, H3A 0C7, Canada. .,Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, 3755 Chemin de la Côte-Sainte-Catherine, Montréal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada.
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2
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Yang J, Vamvini M, Nigro P, Ho LL, Galani K, Alvarez M, Tanigawa Y, Renfro A, Carbone NP, Laakso M, Agudelo LZ, Pajukanta P, Hirshman MF, Middelbeek RJW, Grove K, Goodyear LJ, Kellis M. Single-cell dissection of the obesity-exercise axis in adipose-muscle tissues implies a critical role for mesenchymal stem cells. Cell Metab 2022; 34:1578-1593.e6. [PMID: 36198295 PMCID: PMC9558082 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2022.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Exercise training is critical for the prevention and treatment of obesity, but its underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood given the challenge of profiling heterogeneous effects across multiple tissues and cell types. Here, we address this challenge and opposing effects of exercise and high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity at single-cell resolution in subcutaneous and visceral white adipose tissue and skeletal muscle in mice with diet and exercise training interventions. We identify a prominent role of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in obesity and exercise-induced tissue adaptation. Among the pathways regulated by exercise and HFD in MSCs across the three tissues, extracellular matrix remodeling and circadian rhythm are the most prominent. Inferred cell-cell interactions implicate within- and multi-tissue crosstalk centered around MSCs. Overall, our work reveals the intricacies and diversity of multi-tissue molecular responses to exercise and obesity and uncovers a previously underappreciated role of MSCs in tissue-specific and multi-tissue beneficial effects of exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiekun Yang
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Maria Vamvini
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pasquale Nigro
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Li-Lun Ho
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kyriakitsa Galani
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Marcus Alvarez
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yosuke Tanigawa
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ashley Renfro
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Nicholas P Carbone
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Markku Laakso
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Leandro Z Agudelo
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Päivi Pajukanta
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Institute for Precision Health, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael F Hirshman
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Roeland J W Middelbeek
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kevin Grove
- Novo Nordisk Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Laurie J Goodyear
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Manolis Kellis
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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Lu A, Tseng C, Guo P, Gao Z, Whitney KE, Kolonin MG, Huard J. The role of the aging microenvironment on the fate of PDGFRβ lineage cells in skeletal muscle repair. Stem Cell Res Ther 2022; 13:405. [PMID: 35932084 PMCID: PMC9356493 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-022-03072-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background During aging, perturbation of muscle progenitor cell (MPC) constituents leads to progressive loss of muscle mass and accumulation of adipose and fibrotic tissue. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) give rise to adipocytes and fibroblasts that accumulate in injured and pathological skeletal muscle through constitutive activation of platelet-derived growth factor receptors (PDGFRs). Although the role of the PDGFRα has been widely explored, there is a paucity of evidence demonstrating the role of PDGFRβ in aged skeletal muscle. Methods In this study, we investigated the role of PDGFRβ lineage cells in skeletal muscle during aging by using Cre/loxP lineage tracing technology. The PDGFR-Cre mice were crossed with global double-fluorescent Cre reporter mice (mTmG) that indelibly marks PDGFRβ lineage cells. Those cells were analyzed and compared at different ages in the skeletal muscle of the mice. Results Our results demonstrated that PDGFRβ lineage cells isolated from the muscles of young mice are MPC-like cells that exhibited satellite cell morphology, expressed Pax7, and undergo myogenic differentiation producing myosin heavy chain expressing myotubes. Conversely, the PDGFRβ lineage cells isolated from muscles of old mice displayed MSC morphology with a reduced myogenic differentiation potential while expressing adipogenic and fibrotic differentiation markers. PDGFRβ lineage cells also gave rise to newly regenerated muscle fibers in young mice after muscle injury, but their muscle regenerative process is reduced in old mice. Conclusions Our data suggest that PDGFRβ lineage cells function as MPCs in young mice, while the same PDGFRβ lineage cells from old mice undergo a fate switch participating in adipose and fibrotic tissue infiltration in aged muscle. The inhibition of fate-switching in PDGFRβ lineage cells may represent a potential approach to prevent fibrosis and fatty infiltration in skeletal muscle during the aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiping Lu
- Center for Regenerative and Personalized Medicine, Steadman Philippon Research Institute, 181 West Meadow Drive, Suite 1000, Vail, CO, 81657, USA.
| | - Chieh Tseng
- M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Ping Guo
- Center for Regenerative and Personalized Medicine, Steadman Philippon Research Institute, 181 West Meadow Drive, Suite 1000, Vail, CO, 81657, USA
| | - Zhanguo Gao
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Kaitlyn E Whitney
- Center for Regenerative and Personalized Medicine, Steadman Philippon Research Institute, 181 West Meadow Drive, Suite 1000, Vail, CO, 81657, USA
| | - Mikhail G Kolonin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Johnny Huard
- Center for Regenerative and Personalized Medicine, Steadman Philippon Research Institute, 181 West Meadow Drive, Suite 1000, Vail, CO, 81657, USA.
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Parker E, Hamrick MW. Role of fibro-adipogenic progenitor cells in muscle atrophy and musculoskeletal diseases. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2021; 58:1-7. [PMID: 33839480 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2021.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Maintaining muscle mass is clinically important as muscle helps to regulate metabolic systems of the body as well as support activities of daily living that require mobility, strength, and power. Losing muscle mass decreases an individual's independence and quality of life, and at the same time increases the risk of disease burden. Fibro-adipogenic progenitor (FAP) cells are a group of muscle progenitor cells that play an important role in muscle regeneration and maintenance of skeletal muscle fiber size. These important functions of FAPs are mediated by a complex secretome that interacts in a paracrine manner to stimulate muscle satellite cells to divide and differentiate. Dysregulation of FAP differentiation leads to fibrosis, fatty infiltration, muscle atrophy, and impaired muscle regeneration. Functional deficits in skeletal muscle resulting from atrophy, fibrosis, or fatty infiltration will reduce biomechanical stresses on the skeleton, and both FAP-derived adipocytes and FAPs themselves are likely to secrete factors that can induce bone loss. These findings suggest that FAPs represent a cell population to be targeted therapeutically to improve both muscle and bone health in settings of aging, injury, and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Parker
- Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Mark W Hamrick
- Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
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6
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Blackburn DM, Lazure F, Corchado AH, Perkins TJ, Najafabadi HS, Soleimani VD. High-resolution genome-wide expression analysis of single myofibers using SMART-Seq. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:20097-20108. [PMID: 31753917 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.011506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is a heterogeneous tissue. Individual myofibers that make up muscle tissue exhibit variation in their metabolic and contractile properties. Although biochemical and histological assays are available to study myofiber heterogeneity, efficient methods to analyze the whole transcriptome of individual myofibers are lacking. Here, we report on a single-myofiber RNA-sequencing (smfRNA-Seq) approach to analyze the whole transcriptome of individual myofibers by combining single-fiber isolation with Switching Mechanism at 5' end of RNA Template (SMART) technology. Using smfRNA-Seq, we first determined the genes that are expressed in the whole muscle, including in nonmyogenic cells. We also analyzed the differences in the transcriptome of myofibers from young and old mice to validate the effectiveness of this new method. Our results suggest that aging leads to significant changes in the expression of metabolic genes, such as Nos1, and structural genes, such as Myl1, in myofibers. We conclude that smfRNA-Seq is a powerful tool to study developmental, disease-related, and age-related changes in the gene expression profile of skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren M Blackburn
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C7, Canada.,Molecular and Regenerative Medicine Axis, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1E2, Canada
| | - Felicia Lazure
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C7, Canada.,Molecular and Regenerative Medicine Axis, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1E2, Canada
| | - Aldo H Corchado
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C7, Canada
| | - Theodore J Perkins
- Sprott Center for Stem Cell Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L6, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Hamed S Najafabadi
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C7, Canada
| | - Vahab D Soleimani
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C7, Canada .,Molecular and Regenerative Medicine Axis, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1E2, Canada
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7
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Bakula D, Ablasser A, Aguzzi A, Antebi A, Barzilai N, Bittner MI, Jensen MB, Calkhoven CF, Chen D, Grey ADNJD, Feige JN, Georgievskaya A, Gladyshev VN, Golato T, Gudkov AV, Hoppe T, Kaeberlein M, Katajisto P, Kennedy BK, Lal U, Martin-Villalba A, Moskalev AA, Ozerov I, Petr MA, Reason, Rubinsztein DC, Tyshkovskiy A, Vanhaelen Q, Zhavoronkov A, Scheibye-Knudsen M. Latest advances in aging research and drug discovery. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 11:9971-9981. [PMID: 31770722 PMCID: PMC6914421 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
An increasing aging population poses a significant challenge to societies worldwide. A better understanding of the molecular, cellular, organ, tissue, physiological, psychological, and even sociological changes that occur with aging is needed in order to treat age-associated diseases. The field of aging research is rapidly expanding with multiple advances transpiring in many previously disconnected areas. Several major pharmaceutical, biotechnology, and consumer companies made aging research a priority and are building internal expertise, integrating aging research into traditional business models and exploring new go-to-market strategies. Many of these efforts are spearheaded by the latest advances in artificial intelligence, namely deep learning, including generative and reinforcement learning. To facilitate these trends, the Center for Healthy Aging at the University of Copenhagen and Insilico Medicine are building a community of Key Opinion Leaders (KOLs) in these areas and launched the annual conference series titled “Aging Research and Drug Discovery (ARDD)” held in the capital of the pharmaceutical industry, Basel, Switzerland (www.agingpharma.org). This ARDD collection contains summaries from the 6th annual meeting that explored aging mechanisms and new interventions in age-associated diseases. The 7th annual ARDD exhibition will transpire 2nd-4th of September, 2020, in Basel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Bakula
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andrea Ablasser
- Global Health Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Adriano Aguzzi
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Adam Antebi
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Nir Barzilai
- Department of Medicine, Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | | | | | - Cornelis F Calkhoven
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing (ERIBA), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, AD Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Danica Chen
- Program in Metabolic Biology, Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | | | - Jerome N Feige
- Nestlé Research, EPFL Innovation Park, Lausanne, Switzerland.,School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Vadim N Gladyshev
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Andrei V Gudkov
- Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center and Genome Protection, Inc., Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Thorsten Hoppe
- Institute for Genetics and CECAD Research Center, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Matt Kaeberlein
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.,Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Pekka Katajisto
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Center for Innovative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.,Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Brian K Kennedy
- Departments of Biochemistry and Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Singapore, Singapore.,Centre for Healthy Ageing, National University Healthy System, Singapore.,Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA 94945, USA
| | - Unmesh Lal
- Frost and Sullivan, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | - Alexey A Moskalev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Institute of Biology of Komi Science Center of Ural Branch of RAS, Syktyvkar, Russia.,Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Ivan Ozerov
- Pharmaceutical Artificial Intelligence Department, Insilico Medicine, Inc., Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Michael A Petr
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Reason
- Repair Biotechnologies, Inc., Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - David C Rubinsztein
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, The Keith Peters Building, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute, The Keith Peters Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alexander Tyshkovskiy
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Quentin Vanhaelen
- Pharmaceutical Artificial Intelligence Department, Insilico Medicine, Inc., Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Alex Zhavoronkov
- Pharmaceutical Artificial Intelligence Department, Insilico Medicine, Inc., Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Morten Scheibye-Knudsen
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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