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Bamouh Z, Elkarhat Z, Zouagui Z, Fihri OF, Elharrak M. The prevalence, virulence, and serogroups of Dichelobacter nodosus and prevalence of Fusobacterium necrophorum in footrot lesions of sheep and cattle in Morocco. Vet World 2023; 16:668-674. [DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.668-674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Footrot is a contagious disease of ruminants leading to severe economic losses. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence, virulence, and serogroups of Dichelobacter nodosus and the prevalence of Fusobacterium necrophorum in footrot lesions of sheep and cattle.
Materials and Methods: A total of 106 pathogenic lesion samples were taken from 74 sheep and 32 cattle exhibiting typical footrot lesions and were analyzed for the presence of D. nodosus and F. necrophorum by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Both virulence and serogroup were estimated for D. nodosus positive samples.
Results: Among the 106 samples, 89 were positive by PCR for F. necrophorum, D. nodosus, or both. Dichelobacter nodosus was detected at a rate of 78.3% versus 28.3% for F. necrophorum. Virulent D. nodosus strains were detected in 67.5% of positive samples, with a higher rate in sheep (73.4%) than in cattle (47.4%). Benign D. nodosus strains were detected in 57.8% of samples, with a lower prevalence rate in sheep (50%) than in cattle (84.2%). The positive samples of D. nodosus revealed the presence of three dominant serogroups (D, H, I) and three minor serogroups (G, C, A) by serogroup-specific multiplex PCR.
Conclusion: The findings provided information on the prevalence of D. nodosus and F. necrophorum strains in footrot lesions of sheep and cattle in some regions of Morocco, which will be useful for developing an effective autovaccine for the prevention of this disease in cattle and sheep in these regions.
Keywords: cattle, Dichelobacter nodosus, footrot, Fusobacterium necrophorum, polymerase chain reaction, sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Bamouh
- Department of Research and Development, Multi Chemical Industry Santé Animale, Lot. 157, Z.I., Sud-Ouest (ERAC) B.P: 278, Mohammedia, 28810, Morocco; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Contagious Diseases Institute of Agronomy and Veterinary Hassan II, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Z. Elkarhat
- Department of Research and Development, Multi Chemical Industry Santé Animale, Lot. 157, Z.I., Sud-Ouest (ERAC) B.P: 278, Mohammedia, 28810, Morocco
| | - Z. Zouagui
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Contagious Diseases Institute of Agronomy and Veterinary Hassan II, Rabat, Morocco
| | - O. Fassi Fihri
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Contagious Diseases Institute of Agronomy and Veterinary Hassan II, Rabat, Morocco
| | - M. Elharrak
- Department of Research and Development, Multi Chemical Industry Santé Animale, Lot. 157, Z.I., Sud-Ouest (ERAC) B.P: 278, Mohammedia, 28810, Morocco
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Clifton R, Monaghan EM, Green MJ, Purdy KJ, Green LE. Differences in composition of interdigital skin microbiota predict sheep and feet that develop footrot. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8931. [PMID: 35624131 PMCID: PMC9142565 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12772-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Footrot has a major impact on health and productivity of sheep worldwide. The current paradigm for footrot pathogenesis is that physical damage to the interdigital skin (IDS) facilitates invasion of the essential pathogen Dichelobacter nodosus. The composition of the IDS microbiota is different in healthy and diseased feet, so an alternative hypothesis is that changes in the IDS microbiota facilitate footrot. We investigated the composition and diversity of the IDS microbiota of ten sheep, five that did develop footrot and five that did not (healthy) at weekly intervals for 20 weeks. The IDS microbiota was less diverse on sheep 2 + weeks before they developed footrot than on healthy sheep. This change could be explained by only seven of > 2000 bacterial taxa detected. The incubation period of footrot is 8–10 days, and there was a further reduction in microbial diversity on feet that developed footrot in that incubation period. We conclude that there are two stages of dysbiosis in footrot: the first predisposes sheep to footrot and the second occurs in feet during the incubation of footrot. These findings represent a step change in our understanding of the role of the IDS microbiota in footrot pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Clifton
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK.
| | - Emma M Monaghan
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK
| | - Martin J Green
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Kevin J Purdy
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Laura E Green
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK
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Kavitha M, Kumar NV, Sreedevi B. Standardization of loop-mediated isothermal amplification for detection of D. nodosus and F. necrophorum causing footrot in sheep and goats. Trop Anim Health Prod 2022; 54:57. [PMID: 35031870 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-022-03064-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) was standardized for rapid detection of Dichelobacter nodosus and Fusobacterium necrophorum. A total of 250 foot swabs were screened from sheep (200) and goats (50) from different districts of Rayalaseema, viz., Chittoor, Nellore, Kadapa, and Anantapur. Out of 250 samples 75 (30.0%) and 85 (34.0%) were positive for D. nodosus and F. necrophorum, respectively. All the 250 samples were screened individually for both the organisms by LAMP. Among them, 104 (41.6%) were found to be positive for D. nodosus and 120 (48.0%) were positive for F. necrophorum. The efficacy of LAMP in terms of sample DNA detection limit was compared with the PCR by using standard dilutions of DNA extracted from D. nodosus and F. necrophorum cultures. The detection limit was found to be higher than PCR for both the organisms. The sensitivity of LAMP is compared with PCR by targeting 16S rRNA gene of D. nodosus and lktA gene of F. necrophorum. In case of D. nodosus, out of 250 samples, 75 (30.0%) were positive by PCR and 104 (41.6%) were positive by LAMP. Among 250 samples, 85 (34.0%) were positive by PCR and 120 (48.0%) were positive by LAMP in case of F. necrophorum. The LAMP was found to be more sensitive than PCR in detecting the organisms with high statistical significance.
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Zanolari P, Dürr S, Jores J, Steiner A, Kuhnert P. Ovine footrot: A review of current knowledge. Vet J 2021; 271:105647. [PMID: 33840488 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2021.105647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Footrot is a contagious foot disease mainly affecting sheep. It is caused by the Gram-negative anaerobic bacterium Dichelobacter nodosus. Warm, wet environmental conditions favour development of footrot, and under perfect conditions, it takes just 2-3 weeks from infection to manifestation of clinical signs. Affected sheep show lameness of various degrees and often graze while resting on their carpi. Local clinical signs vary in severity and extent from interdigital inflammation (benign footrot) to underrunning of the complete horn shoe in advanced stages of virulent footrot. Laboratory diagnosis ideally involves collection of four-foot interdigital swab samples followed by competitive real time PCR, allowing for detection of the presence of D. nodosus and differentiation between benign and virulent strains. Laboratory-based diagnostics at the flock level based on risk-based sampling and pooling of interdigital swab samples are recommended. The list of treatment options of individual sheep includes careful removal of the loose undermined horn, local or systemic administration of antimicrobials, systemic administration of non-steroidal anti-inflammatories (NSAIDs) and disinfectant footbathing. Strategies for control at the flock level are manifold and depend on the environmental conditions and the procedures traditionally implemented by the respective country. Generally, measures consist of treatment/culling of infected sheep, vaccination and prevention of reinfection of disease-free flocks. Gaining deeper insight into the beneficial effects of NSAIDs, screening for eco-friendly footbath solutions, developing better vaccines, including the development of a robust, reproducible infection model and elucidation of protective immune responses, as well as the elaboration of effective awareness training programs for sheep farmers, are relevant research gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Zanolari
- Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Salome Dürr
- Veterinary Public Health Institute, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jörg Jores
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Adrian Steiner
- Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Peter Kuhnert
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Giebel K, Green LE, Purdy KJ. A Pilot Study to Investigate the Feasibility of a Multiple Locus Variable Number Tandem Repeat Analysis to Understand the Epidemiology of Dichelobacter nodosus in Ovine Footrot. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:581342. [PMID: 33344526 PMCID: PMC7738329 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.581342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dichelobacter nodosus is the essential pathogen in ovine footrot, an important cause of lameness in sheep that reduces productivity and welfare. The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of using multiple locus variable number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) developed to investigate isolates to understand the molecular epidemiology of Dichelobacter nodosus in ovine footrot by investigation of communities of strains. MLVA sensitivity was improved by optimizing PCR conditions to 100% specificity for D. nodosus. The improved MLVA scheme was used to investigate non-cultured DNA purified from swabs (swab DNA) and cultured DNA from isolates (isolate DNA) from 152 foot and 38 gingival swab samples from 10 sheep sampled on four occasions in a longitudinal study. Isolate DNA was obtained from 6/152 (3.9%) feet and 5/6 yielded complete MLVA profiles, three strains were detected. Two of the three isolate strains were also detected in isolate DNA from 2 gingival crevice cultures. Complete MLVA profiles were obtained from swab DNA from 39 (25.7%) feet. There were 22 D. nodosus community types that were comprised of 7 single strain and 15 multi-strain communities. Six community types were detected more than once and three of these were detected on the same four sheep and the same two feet over time. There were a minimum of 17 and a maximum of 25 strain types of D. nodosus in the study. The three isolate strain types were also the most frequently detected strain types in swab DNA. We conclude that the MLVA from swab DNA detects the same strains as culture, is much more sensitive and can be used to describe and differentiate communities and strains on sheep, feet and over time. It is therefore a sensitive molecular tool to study D. nodosus strains directly from DNA without culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Giebel
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom.,School of Agriculture, Food and the Environment, Royal Agricultural University, Gloucestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Laura E Green
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Institute for Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin J Purdy
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
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Prosser NS, Monaghan EM, Green LE, Purdy KJ. Serogroups of Dichelobacter nodosus, the cause of footrot in sheep, are randomly distributed across England. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16823. [PMID: 33033301 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73750-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We present the largest and most representative study of the serological diversity of Dichelobacter nodosus in England. D. nodosus causes footrot and is one of the top five globally important diseases of sheep. The commercial vaccine, containing nine serogroups, has low efficacy compared with bivalent vaccines. Our aim was to investigate the prevalence and distribution of serogroups of D. nodosus in England to elucidate whether a bivalent vaccine could protect the national flock. Farmers from 164 flocks submitted eight interdigital swabs from eight, preferably diseased, sheep. All serogroups, A-I, were detected by PCR in 687/1150 D. nodosus positive swabs, with a prevalence of 2.6-69.3% of positive swabs per serogroup. There was a median of two serogroups per flock (range 0-6). Serogroups were randomly distributed between, but clustered within, flocks, with 50 combinations of serogroups across flocks. H and B were the most prevalent serogroups, present in > 60% of flocks separately but in only 27% flocks together. Consequently, a bivalent vaccine targeting these two serogroups would protect 27% of flocks fully (if only H and B present) and partially, if more serogroups were present in the flock. We conclude that one bivalent vaccine would not protect the national flock against footrot and, with 50 combinations of serogroups in flocks, flock-specific vaccines are necessary.
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Clifton R, Giebel K, Liu NLBH, Purdy KJ, Green LE. Sites of persistence of Fusobacterium necrophorum and Dichelobacter nodosus: a paradigm shift in understanding the epidemiology of footrot in sheep. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14429. [PMID: 31594981 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50822-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Sites of persistence of bacterial pathogens contribute to disease dynamics of bacterial diseases. Footrot is a globally important bacterial disease that reduces health and productivity of sheep. It is caused by Dichelobacter nodosus, a pathogen apparently highly specialised for feet, while Fusobacterium necrophorum, a secondary pathogen in footrot is reportedly ubiquitous on pasture. Two prospective longitudinal studies were conducted to investigate the persistence of D. nodosus and F. necrophorum in sheep feet, mouths and faeces, and in soil. Molecular tools were used to detect species, strains and communities. In contrast to the existing paradigm, F. necrophorum persisted on footrot diseased feet, and in mouths and faeces; different strains were detected in feet and mouths. D. nodosus persisted in soil and on diseased, but not healthy, feet; similar strains were detected on both healthy and diseased feet of diseased sheep. We conclude that D. nodosus and F. necrophorum depend on sheep for persistence but use different strategies to persist and spread between sheep within and between flocks. Elimination of F. necrophorum would be challenging due to faecal shedding. In contrast D. nodosus could be eliminated if all footrot-affected sheep were removed and fade out of D. nodosus occurred in the environment before re-infection of a foot.
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Ardüser F, Moore-Jones G, Gobeli Brawand S, Dürr S, Steiner A, Ryser-Degiorgis MP, Zanolari P. Dichelobacter nodosus in sheep, cattle, goats and South American camelids in Switzerland-Assessing prevalence in potential hosts in order to design targeted disease control measures. Prev Vet Med 2019; 178:104688. [PMID: 31109750 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Footrot is a contagious foot disease caused by the bacterium Dichelobacter nodosus (D. nodosus) that affects sheep worldwide. Due to substantial economic and welfare impact, various countries have developed control programs against footrot. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to estimate the national prevalence of virulent and benign D. nodosus in Switzerland in the four domestic ruminant species sheep, cattle, goats and South American camelids (SAC) to detect potential host populations and to propose targeted disease control measures. Risk factors for infection with the virulent strain of D. nodosus, based on a survey carried out among farmers, were investigated on animal and herd level. Overall, 613 farms and 2920 animals were investigated during 2017-18 applying a two-stage cluster sampling strategy. A Real-Time PCR method for simultaneous detection of virulent and benign strains of D. nodosus was used for the first time in such a large study. On animal level, the true prevalence (TP) of virulent D. nodosus in sheep was estimated at 16.9% (95% confidence interval (CI95%): 9.5-24.3%). In cattle and goats no virulent D. nodosus was detected and in SAC an apparent prevalence (AP) of 0.2% (CI95%: 0.0-0.4%) was observed. On farm level, a TP of virulent D. nodosus of 16.2% (CI95%: 8.4-25.2%) for sheep and an AP of 1.5% (CI95%: 0.3-5.2%) for SAC herds was estimated. Since the Swiss control program only targets the virulent strains of D. nodosus, it was concluded that cattle, goats and SAC do not play a role in footrot epidemiology in Switzerland. Adult sheep were at higher risk of infection for virulent D. nodosus compared to lambs and yearlings. On herd level, risk factors for infection with virulent D. nodosus in sheep were earlier occurence of footrot, winter compared to summer and autumn, and goat contact on pasture. Liming pastures had a protective effect on D. nodosus infection. For benign D. nodosus, the TP in sheep was 6.3% (CI95%: 1.6-11.0%) and in cattle 88.4% (CI95%: 83.8-93.0%). The TP for benign D. nodosus in sheep farms was 2.8% (CI95%: 0.0-10.5%) and in cattle farms 95.9% (CI95%: 91.7-98.1%). In goat and SAC farms, the AP was 6.6% (CI95%: 3.4-11.5%) and 7.4% (CI95%: 3.8-13.1%), respectively. These findings could be relevant for wild ruminants such as Alpine ibex (Capra ibex ibex), which can develop clinical footrot after infection with benign D. nodosus. The findings of this study are crucial for assessing targeted disease control measures in Switzerland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flurin Ardüser
- Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gaia Moore-Jones
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health (FIWI), Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, Postfach, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stefanie Gobeli Brawand
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, Postfach, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Salome Dürr
- Veterinary Public Health Institute, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Bern, Schwarzenburgstrasse 155, 3097 Liebefeld, Switzerland
| | - Adrian Steiner
- Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marie-Pierre Ryser-Degiorgis
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health (FIWI), Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, Postfach, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Patrik Zanolari
- Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
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Wani SA, Farooq S, Kashoo ZA, Hussain I, Bhat MA, Rather MA, Aalamgeer S. Determination of prevalence, serological diversity, and virulence of Dichelobacter nodosus in ovine footrot with identification of its predominant serotype as a potential vaccine candidate in J&K, India. Trop Anim Health Prod 2019; 51:1089-1095. [PMID: 30627862 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-018-01788-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, serological diversity, and virulence of Dichelobacter nodosus in footrot lesions of sheep and identification of its predominant serotype as a potential vaccine candidate. The overall prevalence of footrot in sheep was 16.19%, and ranged from 13.69 to 19.71%, respectively. A total of 759 flocks with 22,698 sheep were investigated for footrot and 2374 clinical samples were collected from naturally infected sheep exhibiting footrot lesions. Of the 2374 samples collected, 1446 (60.90%) were positive for D. nodosus by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). These positive samples when subjected to serogroup-specific multiplex PCR, 1337 (92.46%) samples carried serogroup B, 247 (17.08%) possessed serogroup E, 86 (5.94%) serogroup I, and one (0.069%) serogroup G of D. nodosus. While mixed infection of serogroups B and E was detected in 127 (8.78%), B and I in 46 (3.18%) and B, E, and I in 26 (1.79%) samples, respectively. The serogroup B of D. nodosus was the predominant (92.47%) serogroup affecting sheep population with footrot followed by serogroup E (19.91%) and serogroup I (4.57%), respectively. Virulent status of D. nodosus strains were confirmed by presence of virulence-specific integrase A (intA) gene and the production of thermostable proteases. The intA gene was detected in 709 (72.79%) samples while gelatin gel test carried out on 246 representative isolates all positive for intA gene produced thermostable proteases, confirming their virulence nature. The PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) of whole fimA gene of serogroup B revealed the predominance of serotype B5 (82.97%) of serogroup B. This information suggests that serotype B5 is the predominant serotype of D. nodosus associated with severe footrot lesions in sheep in Jammu & Kashmir (J&K), India. Hence, this serotype can be a potential vaccine candidate for the effective control and treatment of ovine footrot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakil A Wani
- Bacteriology Laboratory, Division of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, SKUAST-K, Shuhama (Alusteng), Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190006, India
| | - S Farooq
- Bacteriology Laboratory, Division of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, SKUAST-K, Shuhama (Alusteng), Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190006, India.
| | - Z A Kashoo
- Bacteriology Laboratory, Division of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, SKUAST-K, Shuhama (Alusteng), Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190006, India
| | - I Hussain
- Bacteriology Laboratory, Division of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, SKUAST-K, Shuhama (Alusteng), Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190006, India
| | - M A Bhat
- Division of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu (SKUAST-J), R.S. Pura, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, 181102, India
| | - M A Rather
- Department of Sheep Husbandry, Government of Jammu and Kashmir, Jammu, India
| | - S Aalamgeer
- Bacteriology Laboratory, Division of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, SKUAST-K, Shuhama (Alusteng), Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190006, India
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Farooq S, Wani SA, Hassan MN, Aalamgeer S, Kashoo ZA, Magray SN, Bhat MA. The detection and prevalence of leukotoxin gene variant strains of Fusobacterium necrophorum in footrot lesions of sheep in Kashmir, India. Anaerobe 2018; 51:36-41. [PMID: 29596988 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2018.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and identification of leukotoxin gene, lktA, variant strains of Fusobacterium necrophorum in the footrot lesions of sheep. The detection of F. necrophorum was carried out by PCR targeting the lktA gene fragment and identification of lktA variant strains was done by PCR-single stranded conformational polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) and gene sequencing. Of the 450 swabs collected from footrot lesions of sheep, 117 were lktA-positive for F. necrophorum. Of the 50 swabs collected from apparently asymptomatic sheep, only one was lktA-positive for F. necrophorum. The overall prevalence of F. necrophorum in footrot affected sheep in Kashmir valley was 26%, and ranged from 20 to 34.8%, respectively. PCR-SSCP of lktA gene fragment analysis revealed three lktA variants, designated as JKS-F1/F2/F3, while two samples (1.7%) showed multiple lktA variant strains of F. necrophorum in a single footrot-affected sheep hoof. This appears to be the first report on the presence of more than one lktA variant of F. necrophorum in a footrot lesion of sheep. The JKS-F3 lktA variant was the most frequent (75.4%), followed by JKS-F2 (14.4%) and JKS-F1 (8.4%), respectively. Among the three lktA variants identified, JKS-F3 was detected in 74 (86.0%) samples from severe footrot affected sheep with a lesion score of 4. The data suggest that JKS-F3 is the predominant lktA variant of F. necrophorum and is associated with severe footrot in sheep. Hence, JKS-F3 may be a significant variant contributing to the severity and duration of the disease in sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Farooq
- KVK-Kupwara, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir (SKUAST-K), Jammu and Kashmir, India.
| | - S A Wani
- Division of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, SKUAST-K, Shuhama (Alusteng), Srinagar, 190006, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - M N Hassan
- KVK-Nyoma, SKUAST-K, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - S Aalamgeer
- Division of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, SKUAST-K, Shuhama (Alusteng), Srinagar, 190006, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Z A Kashoo
- Division of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, SKUAST-K, Shuhama (Alusteng), Srinagar, 190006, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - S N Magray
- Division of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, SKUAST-K, Shuhama (Alusteng), Srinagar, 190006, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - M A Bhat
- Division of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu (SKUAST-J), R.S.Pura, Jammu and Kashmir, India
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Vinod Kumar N, Sreenivasulu D, Karthik A. Identification and characterization of Dichelobacter nodosus serogroup H from ovine footrot in India. Anaerobe 2016; 40:100-2. [PMID: 27259362 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2016.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A total of 56 foot swabs were collected from inter digital spaces of sheep with footrot lesions were screened for 16 rRNA of Dichelobacter nodosus by PCR. Out of the 56 samples, 38(67.85%) were found to be positive. All the positive samples were subjected to multiplex PCR targeting fimA gene for identification of serogroups of D. nodosus. Serogroup H was found along with serogroup B in 12 (55.26%) samples and with serogroup I in 8 (22.2%) samples. The serogroup H was identified for the first time from the Indian subcontinent. The phylogenetic analysis of the present sequence with the available serogroup H sequences of GenBank revealed to be in close association with the serotype H1.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Vinod Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science, Tirupati, AP, India.
| | - D Sreenivasulu
- College of Veterinary Science, Tirupati, 517 502, AP, India.
| | - A Karthik
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science, Tirupati, AP, India.
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Kumar NV, Karthik A, Vijayalakhsmi S, Sreenivasulu D. Phylogenetic analysis of Dichelobacter nodosus serogroup-specific fimA gene from ovine footrot in Andhra Pradesh. Vet World 2016; 8:567-71. [PMID: 27047136 PMCID: PMC4774714 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2015.567-571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Identification of different serogroups of Dichelobacter nodosus prevailing in the region and to understand the degree of genetic heterogeneities among the different isolates of D. nodosus. Materials and Methods: A total of 150 exudate samples of footrot lesions with a lesion score of 2-4 were collected from naturally infected sheep. The samples were screened by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting D. nodosus specific 16srRNA. Of 150 samples screened, 70 samples were found to be positive. The positive samples were attempted for isolation of D. nodosus, out of which 16 isolates were recovered. All the isolates were subjected to serogrouping by multiplex PCR targeting fimA gene using A-I serogroup specific primers. Results: Of 16 isolates, 7 (43.75%) isolates were serogroup B, 4 (25.00%) isolates were serogroup A, 3 isolates (18.75%) were serogroup I and 2 (12.5%) isolates yielded both serogroup A and B. phylogenetic analysis was performed using neighbor-joining algorithm of the ClustelX2 software in order to study whether the serogroups isolated in the present investigation differed genetically from other published serogroups. The fimA gene sequence of present isolates of serogroups A, B, and I were segregated into three distinct groups with high bootstrap values. The serogroup B clustered with Australian isolate of serotype B1 suggesting high genetic similarity of the present isolate with serotype B1. Conclusions: The clinical samples were collected from suspected outbreaks of footrot and identified the prevalence of D. nodosus by PCR targeting 16srRNA gene. Identified serogroups A, B, and I from different districts of Andhra Pradesh. The phylogenetic analysis will help for the tentative identification of serotypes present in the serogroup and to understand the degree of genetic heterogeneities among the different isolates of D. nodosus.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Vinod Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science, Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, Tirupati - 517 502, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - A Karthik
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science, Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, Tirupati - 517 502, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - S Vijayalakhsmi
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science, Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, Tirupati - 517 502, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - D Sreenivasulu
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science, Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, Tirupati - 517 502, Andhra Pradesh, India
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