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Downen JM, Swendener B, Bodlak AA, Añazco DF, Nicolalde BI, Mhaskar R, Cevallos N, Castillo A, Larreategui D, Torres E, Izurieta R, Teran E. Quantifying alcohol use among Ecuadorian human immunodeficiency virus positive individuals and assessing alcohol as an independent risk factor for human immunodeficiency virus: A case control study STROBE. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e23276. [PMID: 33235085 PMCID: PMC7710261 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000023276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol abuse has been identified as a risk factor for contracting human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and accelerating disease progression. Our study aims to determine alcohol consumption rates among Ecuadorian HIV positive (HIV+) patients prior to diagnosis to evaluate its impact as an independent risk factor for contracting HIV. Additionally, we will examine post-diagnosis consumption rates among the HIV+ population.We provided anonymous questionnaires to 300 HIV+ patients and 600 internal medicine patients at 3 hospitals in Quito, Ecuador. Questionnaires quantified alcohol usage prior to HIV diagnosis, at time of diagnosis, and post-diagnosis while accounting for other potential HIV risk factors. We then determined frequencies of alcohol consumption and confounding variables. Finally, we performed a multivariable logistic regression controlling for confounders to determine the statistical significance of alcohol consumption as an independent risk factor for HIV.Our results showed increased odds for contracting HIV among those who drank daily (OR 5.3, CI 2.0-14.0) and those who consumed 6 or more alcoholic beverages on days they drank (OR 5.0, CI 3.1-8.2). Through multivariable analysis, we found that abstaining from binge drinking was a protective factor with an OR 0.5 (0.3-0.96). The percentage of HIV+ patients abstaining from alcohol increased from 30% twelve months prior to diagnosis to 57% after diagnosis.Our results show that alcohol abuse significantly increases the risk of contracting HIV. We found that prior to diagnosis, HIV patients consistently drank more frequently and a greater amount than the control group. Alcohol use significantly decreased among HIV+ patients after diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M. Downen
- University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, United States
| | - Briana Swendener
- University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, United States
| | - Adriana A. Bodlak
- University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, United States
| | - Diego F. Añazco
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud
| | | | - Rahul Mhaskar
- University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, United States
| | - Nelson Cevallos
- Ministerio de Salud Publica del Ecuador, Hospital Enrique Garces
| | - Alberto Castillo
- Ministerio de Salud Publica del Ecuador, Hospital Eugenio Espejo
| | - David Larreategui
- Instituto Ecuatoriano de Seguridad Social, Hospital Carlos Andrade Marin, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Edmundo Torres
- Instituto Ecuatoriano de Seguridad Social, Hospital Carlos Andrade Marin, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Ricardo Izurieta
- University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, United States
- University of South Florida College of Public Health, Tampa, Florida, United States
| | - Enrique Teran
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud
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Denaro F, Benedetti F, Worthington MD, Scapagnini G, Krauss CC, Williams S, Bryant J, Davis H, Latinovic OS, Zella D. The HIV-1 Transgenic Rat: Relevance for HIV Noninfectious Comorbidity Research. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8111643. [PMID: 33114165 PMCID: PMC7690772 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8111643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV noninfectious comorbidities (NICMs) are a current healthcare challenge. The situation is further complicated as there are very few effective models that can be used for NICM research. Previous research has supported the use of the HIV-1 transgenic rat (HIV-1TGR) as a model for the study of HIV/AIDS. However, additional studies are needed to confirm whether this model has features that would support NICM research. A demonstration of the utility of the HIV-1TGR model would be to show that the HIV-1TGR has cellular receptors able to bind HIV proteins, as this would be relevant for the study of cell-specific tissue pathology. In fact, an increased frequency of HIV receptors on a specific cell type may increase tissue vulnerability since binding to HIV proteins would eventually result in cell dysfunction and death. Evidence suggests that observations of selective cellular vulnerability in this model are consistent with some specific tissue vulnerabilities seen in NICMs. We identified CXCR4-expressing cells in the brain, while specific markers for neuronal degeneration demonstrated that the same neural types were dying. We also confirm the presence of gp120 and Tat by immunocytochemistry in the spleen, as previously reported. However, we observed very rare positive cells in the brain. This underscores the point that gp120, which has been reported as detected in the sera and CSF, is a likely source to which these CXCR4-positive cells are exposed. This alternative appears more probable than the local production of gp120. Further studies may indicate some level of local production, but that will not eliminate the role of receptor-mediated pathology. The binding of gp120 to the CXCR4 receptor on neurons and other neural cell types in the HIV-1TGR can thus explain the phenomena of selective cell death. Selective cellular vulnerability may be a contributing factor to the development of NICMs. Our data indicate that the HIV-1TGR can be an effective model for the studies of HIV NICMs because of the difference in the regional expression of CXCR4 in rat tissues, thus leading to specific organ pathology. This also suggests that the model can be used in the development of therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Denaro
- Department of Biology, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD 21251, USA; (F.D.); (M.D.W.); (C.C.K.); (S.W.)
| | - Francesca Benedetti
- Institute of Human Virology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (F.B.); (J.B.); (H.D.); (O.S.L.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Myla D. Worthington
- Department of Biology, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD 21251, USA; (F.D.); (M.D.W.); (C.C.K.); (S.W.)
| | - Giovanni Scapagnini
- Department of Medicine and Health Science, University of Molise, Via F. De Sanctis, 86100 Campobasso, Italy;
| | - Christopher C. Krauss
- Department of Biology, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD 21251, USA; (F.D.); (M.D.W.); (C.C.K.); (S.W.)
| | - Sumiko Williams
- Department of Biology, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD 21251, USA; (F.D.); (M.D.W.); (C.C.K.); (S.W.)
- Institute of Human Virology-Animal Core Division, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Joseph Bryant
- Institute of Human Virology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (F.B.); (J.B.); (H.D.); (O.S.L.)
- Institute of Human Virology-Animal Core Division, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Harry Davis
- Institute of Human Virology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (F.B.); (J.B.); (H.D.); (O.S.L.)
- Institute of Human Virology-Animal Core Division, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Olga S. Latinovic
- Institute of Human Virology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (F.B.); (J.B.); (H.D.); (O.S.L.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Davide Zella
- Institute of Human Virology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (F.B.); (J.B.); (H.D.); (O.S.L.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Correspondence:
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Checa A, Castillo A, Camacho M, Tapia W, Hernandez I, Teran E. Depression is associated with efavirenz-containing treatments in newly antiretroviral therapy initiated HIV patients in Ecuador. AIDS Res Ther 2020; 17:47. [PMID: 32727488 PMCID: PMC7391584 DOI: 10.1186/s12981-020-00303-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It is well known that people living with HIV (PLWH) is in higher risk for the development of depression and it has also been suggested that the use of efavirenz into the antiretroviral regimens increases even that risk. Objective To evaluate the effect of efavirenz-containing antiretroviral regimens on the development of depression in newly ART initiated HIV patients in Ecuador. Methods In a prospective cohort study from June 2016 to May 2017, all newly HIV diagnosed patients at the HIV/AIDS Unit of the Hospital Eugenio Espejo in Quito, Ecuador were evaluated using the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression followed by a second assessment 8–12 weeks after antiretroviral therapy containing efavirenz was initiated. Results A total of 79 patients, mainly males younger than 35 years were studied. Majority of them were on TDF/FTC/EFV. Initial score in Hamilton Rating Scale revealed that less than 30% had no depression symptoms while almost 40% had mild depression. However, in the second assessment, 22.6% of the subjects had a score in the Hamilton Rating Scale compatible with severe or very severe depression (RR 1.58, 95% CI 1.09 to 2.28; p = 0.05). Conclusion In our cohort study, depression was much higher in patients on Efavirenz-containing treatments. Therefore, assessment for depression must be essential as part of follow-up in these patients.
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