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Gutova M, Hibbard JC, Ma E, Natri HM, Adhikarla V, Chimge NO, Qiu R, Nguyen C, Melendez E, Aguilar B, Starr R, Yin H, Rockne RC, Ono M, Banovich NE, Yuan YC, Brown CE, Kahn M. Targeting Wnt signaling for improved glioma immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1342625. [PMID: 38449858 PMCID: PMC10915090 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1342625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Despite aggressive standard-of-care therapy, including surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy, glioblastoma recurrence is almost inevitable and uniformly lethal. Activation of glioma-intrinsic Wnt/β-catenin signaling is associated with a poor prognosis and the proliferation of glioma stem-like cells, leading to malignant transformation and tumor progression. Impressive results in a subset of cancers have been obtained using immunotherapies including anti-CTLA4, anti-PD-1, and anti-PD-L1 or chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapies. However, the heterogeneity of tumors, low mutational burden, single antigen targeting, and associated antigen escape contribute to non-responsiveness and potential tumor recurrence despite these therapeutic efforts. In the current study, we determined the effects of the small molecule, highly specific Wnt/CBP (CREB Binding Protein)/β-catenin antagonist ICG-001, on glioma tumor cells and the tumor microenvironment (TME)-including its effect on immune cell infiltration, blood vessel decompression, and metabolic changes. Methods Using multiple glioma patient-derived xenografts cell lines and murine tumors (GL261, K-Luc), we demonstrated in vitro cytostatic effects and a switch from proliferation to differentiation after treatment with ICG-001. Results In these glioma cell lines, we further demonstrated that ICG-001 downregulated the CBP/β-catenin target gene Survivin/BIRC5-a hallmark of Wnt/CBP/β-catenin inhibition. We found that in a syngeneic mouse model of glioma (K-luc), ICG-001 treatment enhanced tumor infiltration by CD3+ and CD8+ cells with increased expression of the vascular endothelial marker CD31 (PECAM-1). We also observed differential gene expression and induced immune cell infiltration in tumors pretreated with ICG-001 and then treated with CAR T cells as compared with single treatment groups or when ICG-001 treatment was administered after CAR T cell therapy. Discussion We conclude that specific Wnt/CBP/β-catenin antagonism results in pleotropic changes in the glioma TME, including glioma stem cell differentiation, modulation of the stroma, and immune cell activation and recruitment, thereby suggesting a possible role for enhancing immunotherapy in glioma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Gutova
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Jonathan C. Hibbard
- Department of Hematology & Hematopoietic Cell transplantation (T cell Therapeutic Research Laboratories), City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Eric Ma
- Department of Hematology & Hematopoietic Cell transplantation (T cell Therapeutic Research Laboratories), City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Heini M. Natri
- Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen), Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Vikram Adhikarla
- Division of Mathematical Oncology, Department of Computational and Quantitative Medicine, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Nyam-Osor Chimge
- Cancer Biology and Molecular Medicine, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Runxiang Qiu
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Cu Nguyen
- Cancer Biology and Molecular Medicine, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Elizabeth Melendez
- Cancer Biology and Molecular Medicine, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Brenda Aguilar
- Department of Hematology & Hematopoietic Cell transplantation (T cell Therapeutic Research Laboratories), City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Renate Starr
- Department of Hematology & Hematopoietic Cell transplantation (T cell Therapeutic Research Laboratories), City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Holly Yin
- Cancer Biology and Molecular Medicine, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Russel C. Rockne
- Division of Mathematical Oncology, Department of Computational and Quantitative Medicine, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, United States
| | | | | | - Yate-Ching Yuan
- Department of Computational and Quantitative Medicine, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Christine E. Brown
- Department of Hematology & Hematopoietic Cell transplantation (T cell Therapeutic Research Laboratories), City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Michael Kahn
- Cancer Biology and Molecular Medicine, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, United States
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Waseem A, Rashid S, Rashid K, Khan MA, Khan R, Haque R, Seth P, Raza SS. Insight into the transcription factors regulating Ischemic Stroke and Glioma in Response to Shared Stimuli. Semin Cancer Biol 2023; 92:102-127. [PMID: 37054904 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2023.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemic stroke and glioma are the two leading causes of patient mortality globally. Despite physiological variations, 1 in 10 people who have an ischemic stroke go on to develop brain cancer, most notably gliomas. In addition, glioma treatments have also been shown to increase the risk of ischemic strokes. Stroke occurs more frequently in cancer patients than in the general population, according to traditional literature. Unbelievably, these events share multiple pathways, but the precise mechanism underlying their co-occurrence remains unknown. Transcription factors (TFs), the main components of gene expression programmes, finally determine the fate of cells and homeostasis. Both ischemic stroke and glioma exhibit aberrant expression of a large number of TFs, which are strongly linked to the pathophysiology and progression of both diseases. The precise genomic binding locations of TFs and how TF binding ultimately relates to transcriptional regulation remain elusive despite a strong interest in understanding how TFs regulate gene expression in both stroke and glioma. As a result, the importance of continuing efforts to understand TF-mediated gene regulation is highlighted in this review, along with some of the primary shared events in stroke and glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshi Waseem
- Laboratory for Stem Cell & Restorative Neurology, Department of Biotechnology, Era's Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, Era University, Sarfarazganj, Lucknow-226003, India
| | - Sumaiya Rashid
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 173, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Rashid
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vontz Center for Molecular Studies, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0521
| | | | - Rehan Khan
- Chemical Biology Unit, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Knowledge City,Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Rizwanul Haque
- Department of Biotechnology, Central University of South Bihar, Gaya -824236, India
| | - Pankaj Seth
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Neurovirology Section, National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Haryana-122052, India
| | - Syed Shadab Raza
- Laboratory for Stem Cell & Restorative Neurology, Department of Biotechnology, Era's Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, Era University, Sarfarazganj, Lucknow-226003, India; Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Era's Lucknow Medical College Hospital, Era University, Sarfarazganj, Lucknow-226003, India
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Arifianto MR, Meizikri R, Haq IBI, Susilo RI, Wahyuhadi J, Hermanto Y, Faried A. Emerging hallmark of gliomas microenvironment in evading immunity: a basic concept. Egypt J Neurol Psychiatry Neurosurg 2023. [DOI: 10.1186/s41983-023-00635-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Over the last decade, since clinical trials examining targeted therapeutics for gliomas have failed to demonstrate a meaningful increase in survival, the emphasis has recently been switched toward innovative techniques for modulating the immune response against tumors and their microenvironments (TME). Cancerous cells have eleven hallmarks which make it distinct from normal ones, among which is immune evasion. Immune evasion in glioblastoma helps it evade various treatment modalities.
Summary
Glioblastoma’s TME is composed of various array of cellular actors, ranging from peripherally derived immune cells to a variety of organ-resident specialized cell types. For example, the blood–brain barrier (BBB) serves as a selective barrier between the systemic circulation and the brain, which effectively separates it from other tissues. It is capable of blocking around 98% of molecules that transport different medications to the target tumor.
Objectives
The purpose of this paper is to offer a concise overview of fundamental immunology and how ‘clever’ gliomas avoid the immune system despite the discovery of immunotherapy for glioma.
Conclusions
Herein, we highlight the complex interplay of the tumor, the TME, and the nearby normal structures makes it difficult to grasp how to approach the tumor itself. Numerous researchers have found that the brain TME is a critical regulator of glioma growth and treatment efficacy.
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Cao W, Zhou Q, Wang H, Rao W, Cheng G, Wang P, Guo S, Ren B, Zhang J, Jinhui L. Hypoxia Promotes Glioma Stem Cell Proliferation by Enhancing the 14-3-3β Expression via the PI3K Pathway. J Immunol Res 2022; 2022:1-11. [PMID: 35607406 PMCID: PMC9124136 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5799776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioma is a serious fatal type of cancer with the shorter median survival period and poor quality of living. The overall 5-year survival rate remains low due to high recurrence rates. Glioma stem cells (GSCs) play the important roles in the development of gliomas. Examination of the numerous biomarkers or cancer-associated genes involved in the development or prevention of glioma may therefore serve the discovery of novel strategies to treat patients with glioma. Hypoxia induced by using CoCl2 application and 14-3-3β protein knockdown by specific small interfering RNA transfection were performed in GSCs both in vitro and in vivo to observe their role in glioma progression and metastasis occurrence by using western blot analysis and MTT assay. The results demonstrated that CoCl2 application enhanced the 14-3-3β protein expression and mRNA levels via the PI3K pathway in GSCs. Furthermore, hypoxia promoted GSC cell proliferation and activated the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen, which was inhibited following 14-3-3β knockdown. In addition, tumor growth in mice was enhanced by CoCl2 application but reversed following 14-3-3β knockdown, which also enhanced GSC cell apoptosis. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that hypoxia promoted glioma growth both in vitro and in vivo by increasing the 14-3-3β expression via the PI3K signaling pathway. 14-3-3β and HIF-1α may therefore be considered as the potential therapeutic target to treat patients with glioma.
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Mazurek M, Rola R. The implications of nitric oxide metabolism in the treatment of glial tumors. Neurochem Int 2021; 150:105172. [PMID: 34461111 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Glial tumors are the most common intracranial malignancies. Unfortunately, despite such a high prevalence, patients' prognosis is usually poor. It is related to the high invasiveness, tendency to relapse and the resistance of tumors to traditional methods of treatment. An important link in the aspect of these issues may be nitric oxide (NO) metabolism. It is a very complex mechanism with multidirectional effects on the neoplastic process. Depending on the concentration axis, it can both exert pro-tumor action as well as contribute to the inhibition of tumorigenesis. The latest observations show that the control of its metabolism can be very helpful in the development of new methods of treating gliomas, as well as in increasing the effectiveness of the agents currently used. The influence of nitric oxide and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity on glioma stem cells seem to be of particular importance. The use of specific inhibitors may allow the reduction of tumor growth and its tendency to relapse. Another important feature of GSCs is their conditioning of glioma resistance to traditional forms of treatment. Recent studies have shown that modulation of NO metabolism can suppress this effect, preventing the induction of radio and chemoresistance. Moreover, nitric oxide is involved in the regulation of a number of immune mechanisms. Adequate modulation of its metabolism may contribute to the induction of an anti-tumor response in the patients' immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Mazurek
- Chair and Department of Neurosurgery and Paediatric Neurosurgery, Medical University in Lublin, Poland.
| | - Radosław Rola
- Chair and Department of Neurosurgery and Paediatric Neurosurgery, Medical University in Lublin, Poland
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify glioma radiomic features associated with proliferation-related Ki-67 antigen and cellular tumour antigen p53 levels, common immunohistochemical markers for differentiating benign from malignant tumours, and to generate radiomic prediction models. METHODS Patients with glioma, who were scanned before therapy using standard brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) protocols on T1 and T2 weighted imaging, were included. For each patient, regions-of-interest (ROI) were drawn based on tumour and peritumoral areas (5/10/15/20 mm), and features were identified using feature calculations, and used to create and assess logistic regression models for Ki-67 and p53 levels. RESULTS A total of 92 patients were included. The best area under the curve (AUC) for the Ki-67 model was 0.773 for T2 weighted imaging in solid glioma (sensitivity, 0.818; specificity, 0.833), followed by a less reliable AUC of 0.773 (sensitivity, 0.727; specificity 0.667) in 20-mm peritumoral areas. The highest AUC for the p53 model was 0.709 (sensitivity, 1; specificity, 0.4) for T2 weighted imaging in 10-mm peritumoral areas. CONCLUSION Using T2-weighted imaging, the prediction model for Ki-67 level in solid glioma tissue was better than the p53 model. The 20-mm and 10-mm peritumoral areas in the Ki-67 and p53 model, respectively, showed predictive effects, suggesting value in further research into areas without conventional MRI features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Sun
- Department of Radiology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Peipei Pang
- Department of Life Sciences, GE Healthcare, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lin Lou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qi Feng
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhongxiang Ding
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Translational Medicine Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Liu J, Gao L, Liao J, Yang J, Yuan F, Chen Q. Kiaa0101 serves as a prognostic marker and promotes invasion by regulating p38/snail1 pathway in glioma. Ann Transl Med 2021; 9:260. [PMID: 33708887 PMCID: PMC7940917 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-3219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Background Kiaa0101, a regulator of cell proliferation, is overexpressed in many malignant tumors. However, its role in promoting invasion of glioma is poorly understood. Here, we investigated the effects of Kiaa0101 on glioma invasion and elucidated the underlying mechanisms of action. Methods We analyzed Kiaa0101 expression using datasets from four public databases, namely TCGA, CGGA, Gravendeel and Rembrandt as well as experimentally on 123 glioma samples via western blot (WB), RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry (IHC). We further quantified migration and invasion using wound healing and transwell assays. WB, IHC and immunofluorescence (IF) were used to detect expression of invasion related markers. Moreover, we detected tumor invasion of glioma cells in vivo in 5-week-old Balb/c nude mice. Results Kiaa0101 was upregulated in glioma, relative to non-tumor brain tissues, with the expression increasing with increase in glioma grade. Kiaa0101 mRNA expression was especially enriched in isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)1 wild-type glioma. Kaplan-Meier analysis, based on the aforementioned datasets, revealed that high Kiaa0101 levels were significantly associated with worse overall survival. Besides, shRNA-mediated Kiaa0101 knockdown inhibited migration and invasion of glioma cells by reducing snail1 expression both in vitro and in vivo, whereas its upregulation enhanced malignant behaviors of these cells. Furthermore, Kiaa0101 regulated snail1 expression by activating the p38MAPK signaling pathway. Conclusions Our findings strongly indicate that Kiaa0101 is a prognostic biomarker for malignant tumors, and its inhibition may be an effective strategy for treating glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhui Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lun Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianmin Liao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ji'an Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fan'en Yuan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qianxue Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Wang Q, Jia S, Wang D, Chen X, Kalvakolanu DV, Zheng H, Wei X, Wen N, Liang H, Guo B, Zhang L. A Combination of BRD4 and HDAC3 Inhibitors Synergistically Suppresses Glioma Stem Cell Growth by Blocking GLI1/IL6/STAT3 Signaling Axis. Mol Cancer Ther 2020; 19:2542-2553. [PMID: 32999044 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-20-0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Glioma stem cells (GSC) are essential for tumor maintenance, invasiveness, and recurrence. Using a global epigenetic screening with an shRNA library, we identified HDAC3 as an essential factor for GSC stemness. Here, we demonstrated that GSCs poorly respond to an HDAC3 inhibitor, RGFP966 (HDAC3i), owing to the production of IL6 and STAT3 activation. To enhance GSC sensitivity to HDAC3i, we explored whether cotreatment with a BRD4 inhibitor, JQ1 (BRD4i), in GSCs produced a better antitumor effect. BRD4i synergistically inhibits GSC growth in association with HDAC3i. HDAC3 inhibition upregulated the acetylation of H3K27, which allowed the recruitment of BRD4 to the GLI1 gene promoter and induced its expression. GLI1, a transcription factor, turned on the expression of IL6, which led to the activation of STAT3 signaling pathways. However, BRD4i inhibited transcription of the GLI1 gene, thereby blocking the GLI1/IL6/STAT3 pathway. In vivo, the HDAC3i/BRD4i combination caused stronger tumor growth suppression than either drug alone. Thus, HDAC3i/BRD4i might provide promising therapies for GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, and Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shengnan Jia
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Medicine, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ding Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, and Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xuyang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, and Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Dhan V Kalvakolanu
- Greenebaum NCI Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Maryland School Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Hongwu Zheng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Xiaodong Wei
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, and Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Naiyan Wen
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, and Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hang Liang
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, and Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Baofeng Guo
- Department of Plastic Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.
| | - Ling Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, and Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
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Han J, Shen X, Zhang Y, Wang S, Zhou L. Astragaloside IV suppresses transforming growth factor-β1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition through inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin pathway in glioma U251 cells. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2020; 84:1345-1352. [PMID: 32154763 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2020.1737502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Astragaloside IV (AS#IV) has previously demonstrated antitumoractivity. We investigated the effect and mechanisms of AS#IV in relation to epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), viainterference with the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in gliomaU251 cells. Induction of glioma U251 cells by transforming growthfactor (TGF)#β1 activated EMT, including switching E#cadherin toN-cadherin and altering the expression of Wnt/β-catenin signalingpathway components such as vimentin, β-catenin, and cyclin-D1.AS-IV inhibited the viability, invasion, and migration of TGF-β1-induced glioma U251 cells. AS-IV also interfered with the TGF#β1-induced Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in glioma U251 cells.These findings indicate that AS#IV prohibits TGF#β1-induced EMTby disrupting the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in glioma U251 cells. AS#IV may thus be a potential candidate agent for treating glioma andother central nervous system tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinming Han
- Department of Spine Surgery, Ningbo No. 6 Hospital , Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaohan Shen
- Ningbo Diagnostic Pathology Center, Shanghai Cancer Center Ningbo Pathology Center, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital , Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Ningbo No. 6 Hospital , Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Suying Wang
- Ningbo Diagnostic Pathology Center, Shanghai Cancer Center Ningbo Pathology Center, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Leijie Zhou
- Department of Spine Surgery, Ningbo No. 6 Hospital , Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
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Çetin A, Biltekin B. Combining Ellagic Acid with Temozolomide Mediates the Cadherin Switch and Angiogenesis in a Glioblastoma Model. World Neurosurg 2019; 132:e178-e184. [PMID: 31505280 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2019.08.228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to evaluate the combined effect of ellagic acid (EA) and temozolomide (TEM) on the cadherin switch and angiogenesis in the C6 glioma cell line. METHODS A total of 100 μM EA and 100 μM TEM were applied to rat C6 glioma cells for 24, 48, and 72 hours. Cell proliferation was detected by 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine immunohistochemistry. The messenger RNA and protein levels of E-cadherin, N-cadherin, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction and their immunohistochemistry, respectively, subsequent to EA treatment combined with TEM. RESULTS EA in combination with TEM conspicuously reduced the viability of C6 glioma cells at all incubation times (P < 0.001). EA upregulated the expression of E-cadherin at the gene and protein levels in a time-independent manner (P < 0.05 and P < 0.001, respectively). By the presence of TEM, the increase was exaggerated at 24-hour incubation (P < 0.01). Conversely, EA reduced N-cadherin expression and immunoreactivity in a time-independent manner (P < 0.05 and P < 0.001, respectively), and combination with TEM enhanced this effect at the 24th hour (P < 0.001). Combination also downregulated the gene expression (P < 0.001) and immunoreactivity of VEGF only at 72 hours (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS A successful therapeutic efficacy of EA combined with TEM is suggested probably by inhibiting the cadherin switch and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdurrahman Çetin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Gazi Yaşargil Education and Research Hospital of Health Science University, Diyarbakır, Turkey.
| | - Burcu Biltekin
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical Faculty of Istanbul Atlas University, Bagcilar, Istanbul, Turkey
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Ma Q, Long W, Xing C, Chu J, Luo M, Wang HY, Liu Q, Wang RF. Cancer Stem Cells and Immunosuppressive Microenvironment in Glioma. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2924. [PMID: 30619286 PMCID: PMC6308128 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioma is one of the most common malignant tumors of the central nervous system and is characterized by extensive infiltrative growth, neovascularization, and resistance to various combined therapies. In addition to heterogenous populations of tumor cells, the glioma stem cells (GSCs) and other nontumor cells present in the glioma microenvironment serve as critical regulators of tumor progression and recurrence. In this review, we discuss the role of several resident or peripheral factors with distinct tumor-promoting features and their dynamic interactions in the development of glioma. Localized antitumor factors could be silenced or even converted to suppressive phenotypes, due to stemness-related cell reprogramming and immunosuppressive mediators in glioma-derived microenvironment. Furthermore, we summarize the latest knowledge on GSCs and key microenvironment components, and discuss the emerging immunotherapeutic strategies to cure this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianquan Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery in Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Wenyong Long
- Department of Neurosurgery in Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Changsheng Xing
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Junjun Chu
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Mei Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery in Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Helen Y Wang
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Qing Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery in Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Rong-Fu Wang
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States.,Institute of Biosciences and Technology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY, United States
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12
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Shin HJ, Lee S, Jung HJ. A curcumin derivative hydrazinobenzoylcurcumin suppresses stem‐like features of glioblastoma cells by targeting Ca
2+
/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase II. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:6741-6752. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hee Jeong Shin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Biotechnology Sun Moon University Asan‐si Korea
| | - Sanghun Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Biotechnology Sun Moon University Asan‐si Korea
| | - Hye Jin Jung
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Biotechnology Sun Moon University Asan‐si Korea
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13
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Palumbo P, Lombardi F, Siragusa G, Dehcordi SR, Luzzi S, Cimini A, Cifone MG, Cinque B. Involvement of NOS2 Activity on Human Glioma Cell Growth, Clonogenic Potential, and Neurosphere Generation. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092801. [PMID: 30227679 PMCID: PMC6165034 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS2) expression has been suggested as an interesting therapeutic target that is being implicated as a component of the molecular profile of several human malignant tumors, including glioblastoma, which is the most aggressive brain tumor with limited therapeutic options and poor prognosis. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the effect of 1400W, a specific NOS2 inhibitor, on human glioma cells in terms of clonogenic potential, proliferation, migration rate, and neurosphere generation ability. NOS2 expression was determined by Western blotting. Nitric oxide (NO) production was measured through nitrite level determination. The trypan blue exclusion test and the plate colony formation assay were performed to evaluate cell proliferation and clonogenic potential. Cell proliferation and migration ability was assessed by the in vitro wound-healing assay. Neurosphere generation in a specific stemcell medium was investigated. NOS2 was confirmed to be expressed in both the glioma cell line and a human glioma primary culture, and overexpressed in relative derived neurospheres. Experiments that aimed to evaluate the influence of 1400W on U-87 MG, T98G (glioblastoma cell lines) and primary glioma cells sustained the crucial role played by NOS2 in proliferation, colony formation, migration, and neurosphere generation, thus supporting the emerging relevance of a NOS2/NO system as a prognostic factor for glioma malignancy and recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Palumbo
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Building Delta 6, Coppito, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Francesca Lombardi
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Building Delta 6, Coppito, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Siragusa
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Building Delta 6, Coppito, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
| | | | - Sabino Luzzi
- Operative Unit of Neurosurgery, San Salvatore Hospital, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - AnnaMaria Cimini
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Building Delta 6, Coppito, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine and Center for Biotechnology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA.
| | - Maria Grazia Cifone
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Building Delta 6, Coppito, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Benedetta Cinque
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Building Delta 6, Coppito, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
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14
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Zhang J, Cai H, Sun L, Zhan P, Chen M, Zhang F, Ran Y, Wan J. LGR5, a novel functional glioma stem cell marker, promotes EMT by activating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and predicts poor survival of glioma patients. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2018; 37:225. [PMID: 30208924 PMCID: PMC6136228 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-018-0864-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background Tumor recurrence, the chief reason for poor prognosis of glioma, is largely attributed to glioma stem cells (GSCs) and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). However, the mechanisms among them remain unknown. Here, we determined whether leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 5 (LGR5), known as a stem cell marker for colon cancer and gastric cancer, can serve as a novel GSC marker involved in EMT and a therapeutic target in glioma. Methods Stemness properties were examined in FACS-isolated LGR5+/LGR5− cells. Reported stem cell markers, EMT and the Wnt/β-catenin pathway were examined in stable LGR5 knockdown or overexpressed GSCs by Western Blot. The treatment experiment was performed in an intracranial orthotopic xenograft model by knockdown of LGR5 or by using the Wnt/β-catenin pathway inhibitor Wnt-C59. LGR5 expression was determined in 268 glioma specimens by immunohistochemistry. Results LGR5+ cells possessed stronger stemness properties compared to LGR5− cells. The expression of SOX2, Nanog, CD133, CD44, CD24 and EpCAM was modulated by LGR5. Both LGR5 knockdown and Wnt-C59 reduced tumor invasion and migration and blocked EMT by inhibiting the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in vitro and suppressed the intracranial orthotopic xenograft growth and prolonged the survival of xenograft mice in vivo. Moreover, LGR5 was positively correlated with Ki67, N-cadherin and WHO grade and negatively correlated with IDH1. Glioma patients with high expression of LGR5 showed significantly poorer prognosis. Conclusions LGR5 is a new functional GSC marker and prognostic indicator that can promote EMT by activating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and would thus be a novel therapeutic target for glioma. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13046-018-0864-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Hongqing Cai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Lixin Sun
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Panpan Zhan
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Meng Chen
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Yuliang Ran
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Beijing, 100021, China.
| | - Jinghai Wan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Beijing, 100021, China.
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15
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Iwadate Y, Suganami A, Tamura Y, Matsutani T, Hirono S, Shinozaki N, Hiwasa T, Takiguchi M, Saeki N. The Pluripotent Stem-Cell Marker Alkaline Phosphatase is Highly Expressed in Refractory Glioblastoma with DNA Hypomethylation. Neurosurgery 2018; 80:248-256. [PMID: 28173571 DOI: 10.1093/neuros/nyw026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hypomethylation of genomic DNA induces stem-cell properties in cancer cells and contributes to the treatment resistance of various malignancies. Objective To examine the correlation between the methylation status of stem-cell-related genes and the treatment outcomes in patients with glioblastoma (GBM). Methods The genome-wide DNA methylation status was determined using HumanMethylation450 BeadChips, and the methylation status was compared between a group of patients with good prognosis (survival > 4 yr) and a group with poor prognosis (survival < 1 yr). Immunohistochemistry for proteins translated from hypomethylated genes, including alkaline phosphatase (ALPL), CD133, and CD44, was performed in 70 GBMs and 60 oligodendroglial tumors. Results The genomic DNA in refractory GBM was more hypomethylated than in GBM from patients with relatively long survival (P = .0111). Stem-cell-related genes including ALPL, CD133, and CD44 were also significantly hypomethylated. A validation study using immunohistochemistry showed that DNA hypomethylation was strongly correlated with high protein expression of ALPL, CD133, and CD44. GBM patients with short survival showed high expression of these stem-cell markers. Multivariate analysis confirmed that co-expression of ALPL + CD133 or ALPL + CD44 was a strong predictor of short survival. Anaplastic oligodendroglial tumors without isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 mutation were significantly correlated with high ALPL expression and poor survival. Conclusion Accumulation of stem-cell properties due to aberrant DNA hypomethylation is associated with the refractory nature of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Iwadate
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Akiko Suganami
- Department of Bioinformatics, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yutaka Tamura
- Department of Bioinformatics, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tomoo Matsutani
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Seiichiro Hirono
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Natsuki Shinozaki
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takaki Hiwasa
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masaki Takiguchi
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Naokatsu Saeki
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
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16
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Xie G. Circular RNA hsa-circ-0012129 Promotes Cell Proliferation and Invasion in 30 Cases of Human Glioma and Human Glioma Cell Lines U373, A172, and SHG44, by Targeting MicroRNA-661 (miR-661). Med Sci Monit 2018; 24:2497-2507. [PMID: 29686222 PMCID: PMC5936050 DOI: 10.12659/msm.909229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Circular RNA (circRNA) is a stable non-coding RNA without 5′-3′ polarity and without a poly-A tail, that contains response elements for microRNAs (miRNAs) such as miR-661. There have previously been few reported studies on the role of circRNAs in glioma. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the expression of the circRNA, hsa-circ-0012129, and miR-661 in human glioma tissue and human glioma cell lines. Material/Methods Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to detect the expression of hsa-circ-0012129 and miR-661 in glioma tissues from 31 patients (WHO grades I–IV), compared with adjacent normal tissue, and in human glioma cell lines, U373, A172, and SHG44, compared with the normal human astrocyte cell line, NHA. The MTT assay, colony formation assay, transwell and wound scratch assays were performed to analyze and compare cell viability, cell migration, and invasion. Results Expression of hsa-circ-0012129 was significantly increased in glioma tissues and cell lines; hsa-circ-0012129 knockdown significantly suppressed the proliferation, migration, and invasion abilities of U373 and SHG44 cells. A dual-luciferase reporter assay showed that hsa-circ-0012129 contained the complementary binding region with miR-661 and that hsa-circ-0012129 expression negatively regulated miR-661. Rescue experiments showed that miR-661 could reverse the effects of hsa-circ-0012129 on cell viability, cell migration and invasion of glioma cells in vitro. Conclusions The findings of this study indicated that, in human glioma cells, the circRNA, hsa-circ-0012129 might act as a natural miR-661 sponge, and that miR-661 could have suppressive effects on the expression of circ-0012129.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Xie
- Dapartment of Neurosurgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Suzhou, Anhui, China (mainland)
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17
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Wen Y, Cai J, Hou Y, Huang Z, Wang Z. Role of EZH2 in cancer stem cells: from biological insight to a therapeutic target. Oncotarget 2018; 8:37974-37990. [PMID: 28415635 PMCID: PMC5514966 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic modifications in cancer stem cells largely result in phenotypic and functional heterogeneity in many solid tumors. Increasing evidence indicates that enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), the catalytic subunit of Polycomb repressor complex 2, is highly expressed in cancer stem cells of numerous malignant tumors and has a critical function in cancer stem cell expansion and maintenance. Here, we review up-to-date information regarding EZH2 expression patterns, functions, and molecular mechanisms in cancer stem cells in various malignant tumors and discuss the therapeutic potential of targeting EZH2 in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiping Wen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Cai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yaya Hou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zaiju Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zehua Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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18
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Palumbo P, Miconi G, Cinque B, Lombardi F, La Torre C, Dehcordi SR, Galzio R, Cimini A, Giordano A, Cifone MG. NOS2 expression in glioma cell lines and glioma primary cell cultures: correlation with neurosphere generation and SOX-2 expression. Oncotarget 2018; 8:25582-25598. [PMID: 28424427 PMCID: PMC5421953 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide has been implicated in biology and progression of glioblastoma (GBM) being able to influence the cellular signal depending on the concentration and duration of cell exposure. NOS2 (inducible nitric oxide synthase) have been proposed as a component of molecular profile of several tumors, including glioma, one of the most aggressive primary brain tumor featuring local cancer stem cells responsible for enhanced resistance to therapies and for tumor recurrence. Here, we investigated the NOS2 mRNA expression by reverse transcription-PCR in human glioma primary cultures at several grade of malignancy and glioma stem cell (GSC) derived neurospheres. Glioma cell lines were used as positive controls both in terms of stemness marker expression that of capacity of generating neurospheres. NOS2 expression was detected at basal levels in cell lines and primary cultures and appeared significantly up-regulated in cultures kept in the specific medium for neurospheres. The immunofluorescence analysis of all cell cultures to evaluate the levels of SOX-2, a stemness marker aberrantly up-regulated in GBM, was also performed. The potential correlation between NOS2 expression and ability to generate neurospheres and between NOS2 and SOX-2 levels was also verified. The results show that the higher NOS2 expression is detected in all primary cultures able to arise neurosphere. A high and significant correlation between NOS2 expression and SOX-2 positive cells (%) in all cell cultures maintained in standard conditions has been observed. The results shed light on the potential relevance of NOS2 as a prognostic factor for glioma malignancy and recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Palumbo
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Gianfranca Miconi
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Benedetta Cinque
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Francesca Lombardi
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Cristina La Torre
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Soheila Raysi Dehcordi
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.,Department of Surgery, Operative Unit of Neurosurgery, San Salvatore Hospital, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Renato Galzio
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.,Department of Surgery, Operative Unit of Neurosurgery, San Salvatore Hospital, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Annamaria Cimini
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.,Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine and Center for Biotechnology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN), Gran Sasso National Laboratory (LNGS), Assergi, Italy
| | - Antonio Giordano
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine and Center for Biotechnology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Cifone
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
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Giacomelli C, Daniele S, Natali L, Iofrida C, Flamini G, Braca A, Trincavelli ML, Martini C. Carnosol controls the human glioblastoma stemness features through the epithelial-mesenchymal transition modulation and the induction of cancer stem cell apoptosis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15174. [PMID: 29123181 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15360-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A high cell proliferation rate, invasiveness and resistance to chemotherapy are the main features of glioblastoma (GBM). GBM aggressiveness has been widely associated both with a minor population of cells presenting stem-like properties (cancer stem-like cells, CSCs) and with the ability of tumor cells to acquire a mesenchymal phenotype (epithelial-mesenchymal transition, EMT). Carnosol (CAR), a natural inhibitor of MDM2/p53 complex, has been attracted attention for its anti-cancer effects on several tumor types, including GBM. Herein, the effects of CAR on U87MG-derived CSC viability and stemness features were evaluated. CAR decreased the rate of CSC formation and promoted the CSC apoptotic cell death through p53 functional reactivation. Moreover, CAR was able to control the TNF-α/TGF-β-induced EMT, counteracting the effects of the cytokine on EMT master regulator genes (Slug, Snail, Twist and ZEB1) and modulating the activation of miR-200c, a key player in the EMT process. Finally, CAR was able to increase the temozolomide (TMZ) anti-proliferative effects. These findings demonstrate that CAR affected the different intracellular mechanism of the complex machinery that regulates GBM stemness. For the first time, the diterpene was highlighted as a promising lead for the development of agents able to decrease the stemness features, thus controlling GBM aggressiveness.
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20
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Jung N, Kwon HJ, Jung HJ. Downregulation of mitochondrial UQCRB inhibits cancer stem cell-like properties in glioblastoma. Int J Oncol 2017; 52:241-251. [PMID: 29115404 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2017.4191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma stem cell targeted therapies have become a powerful strategy for the treatment of this deadliest brain tumor. We demonstrate for the first time that downregulation of mitochondrial ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase binding protein (UQCRB) inhibits the cancer stem cell-like properties in human glioblastoma cells. The synthetic small molecules targeting UQCRB significantly suppressed not only the self-renewal capacity such as growth and neurosphere formation, but also the metastatic potential such as migration and invasion of glioblastoma stem‑like cells (GSCs) derived from U87MG and U373MG at subtoxic concentrations. Notably, the UQCRB inhibitors repressed c‑Met-mediated downstream signal transduction and hypoxia‑inducible factor‑1α (HIF‑1α) activation, thereby reducing the expression levels of GSC markers including CD133, Nanog, Oct4 and Sox2 in the GSCs. Furthermore, the UQCRB inhibitors decreased mitochondrial ROS generation and mitochondrial membrane potential in the GSCs, indicating that they regulate the mitochondrial function in GSCs. Indeed, the knockdown of UQCRB gene by UQCRB siRNA significantly inhibited the cancer stem cell-like phenotypes as well as the expression of stemness markers by blocking mitochondrial ROS/HIF‑1α/c‑Met pathway in U87MG GSCs. These findings suggest that UQCRB and its inhibitors could be a new therapeutic target and lead compounds for eliminating cancer stem cells in glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narae Jung
- Department of BT-Convergent Pharmaceutical Engineering, Sun Moon University, Tangjeong-myeon, Asan-si, Chungnam 336-708, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Jeong Kwon
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jin Jung
- Department of BT-Convergent Pharmaceutical Engineering, Sun Moon University, Tangjeong-myeon, Asan-si, Chungnam 336-708, Republic of Korea
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21
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Im CN. Combination Treatment with PPAR γ Ligand and Its Specific Inhibitor GW9662 Downregulates BIS and 14-3-3 Gamma, Inhibiting Stem-Like Properties in Glioblastoma Cells. Biomed Res Int 2017; 2017:5832824. [PMID: 28642874 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5832824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PPARγ is a nuclear receptor that regulates differentiation and proliferation and is highly expressed in many cancer cells. Its synthetic ligands, such as rosiglitazone and ciglitazone, and its inhibitor GW9662, were shown to induce cellular differentiation, inhibit proliferation, and lead to apoptosis. Glioblastoma is a common brain tumor with poor survival prospects. Recently, glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) have been examined as a potential target for anticancer therapy; however, little is known about the combined effect of various agents on GSCs. In this study, we found that cotreatment with PPARγ ligands and GW9662 inhibited stem-like properties in GSC-like spheres, which significantly express SOX2. In addition, this treatment decreased the activation of STAT3 and AKT and decreased the amounts of 14-3-3 gamma and BIS proteins. Moreover, combined administration of small-interfering RNA (siRNA) transfection with PPARγ ligands induced downregulation of SOX2 and MMP2 activity together with inhibition of sphere-forming activity regardless of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage. Taken together, our findings suggest that a combination therapy using PPARγ ligands and its inhibitor could be a potential therapeutic strategy targeting GSCs.
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22
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Xu LQ, Tan SB, Huang S, Ding HY, Li WG, Zhang Y, Li SQ, Wang T. G protein-coupled receptor kinase 6 is overexpressed in glioma and promotes glioma cell proliferation. Oncotarget 2017; 8:54227-54235. [PMID: 28903336 PMCID: PMC5589575 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The expression and potential biological functions of G protein-coupled receptor kinase 6 (GRK6) in human glioma are tested in this study. We show that protein and mRNA expression of GRK6 in human glioma tissues was significantly higher than that in the normal brain tissues. Further immunohistochemistry assay analyzing total 118 human glioma tissues showed that GRK6 over-expression was correlated with glioma pathologic grade and patients’ Karnofsky performance status (KPS) score. At the molecular level, in the GRK6-low H4 glioma cells, forced over-expression of GRK6 promoted cell proliferation. Reversely, siRNA-mediated knockdown of GRK6 in the U251MG (GRK6-high) cells led to proliferation inhibition and cell cycle arrest. Intriguingly, GRK6 could also be an important temozolomide resistance factor. Temozolomide-induced cytotoxicity was prominent only in GRK6-low H4 glioma cells. On the other hand, knockdown of GRK6 by targeted siRNA sensitized U251MG cells (GRK6-high) to temozolomide. Thus, GRK6 over-expression in glioma is important for cell proliferation and temozolomide resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Quan Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai 5th People's Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Shu-Bin Tan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai 5th People's Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Shan Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai 5th People's Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - He-Yuan Ding
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai 5th People's Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Wen-Gang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai 5th People's Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, HuaShan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Shi-Qi Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, HuaShan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai 5th People's Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200240, China
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Celiku O, Tandle A, Chung JY, Hewitt SM, Camphausen K, Shankavaram U. Computational analysis of the mesenchymal signature landscape in gliomas. BMC Med Genomics 2017; 10:13. [PMID: 28279210 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-017-0252-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epithelial to mesenchymal transition, and mimicking processes, contribute to cancer invasion and metastasis, and are known to be responsible for resistance to various therapeutic agents in many cancers. While a number of studies have proposed molecular signatures that characterize the spectrum of such transition, more work is needed to understand how the mesenchymal signature (MS) is regulated in non-epithelial cancers like gliomas, to identify markers with the most prognostic significance, and potential for therapeutic targeting. RESULTS Computational analysis of 275 glioma samples from "The Cancer Genome Atlas" was used to identify the regulatory changes between low grade gliomas with little expression of MS, and high grade glioblastomas with high expression of MS. TF (transcription factor)-gene regulatory networks were constructed for each of the cohorts, and 5 major pathways and 118 transcription factors were identified as involved in the differential regulation of the networks. The most significant pathway - Extracellular matrix organization - was further analyzed for prognostic relevance. A 20-gene signature was identified as having prognostic significance (HR (hazard ratio) 3.2, 95% CI (confidence interval) = 1.53-8.33), after controlling for known prognostic factors (age, and glioma grade). The signature's significance was validated in an independent data set. The putative stem cell marker CD44 was biologically validated in glioma cell lines and brain tissue samples. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the differences between low grade gliomas and high grade glioblastoma are associated with differential expression of the signature genes, raising the possibility that targeting these genes might prolong survival in glioma patients.
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Kim B, Jung N, Lee S, Sohng JK, Jung HJ. Apigenin Inhibits Cancer Stem Cell-Like Phenotypes in Human Glioblastoma Cells via Suppression of c-Met Signaling. Phytother Res 2016; 30:1833-1840. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Boram Kim
- Department of BT-Convergent Pharmaceutical Engineering; Sun Moon University; 70, Sunmoon-ro 221, Tangjeong-myeon Asan-si Chungnam 336-708 Korea
| | - Narae Jung
- Department of BT-Convergent Pharmaceutical Engineering; Sun Moon University; 70, Sunmoon-ro 221, Tangjeong-myeon Asan-si Chungnam 336-708 Korea
| | - Sanghun Lee
- Department of BT-Convergent Pharmaceutical Engineering; Sun Moon University; 70, Sunmoon-ro 221, Tangjeong-myeon Asan-si Chungnam 336-708 Korea
| | - Jae Kyung Sohng
- Department of BT-Convergent Pharmaceutical Engineering; Sun Moon University; 70, Sunmoon-ro 221, Tangjeong-myeon Asan-si Chungnam 336-708 Korea
| | - Hye Jin Jung
- Department of BT-Convergent Pharmaceutical Engineering; Sun Moon University; 70, Sunmoon-ro 221, Tangjeong-myeon Asan-si Chungnam 336-708 Korea
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Iwadate Y, Matsutani T, Hirono S, Shinozaki N, Saeki N. Transforming growth factor-β and stem cell markers are highly expressed around necrotic areas in glioblastoma. J Neurooncol 2016; 129:101-7. [PMID: 27193555 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-016-2145-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Invasion into surrounding normal brain and resistance to genotoxic therapies are the main devastating aspects of glioblastoma (GBM). These biological features may be associated with the stem cell phenotype, which can be induced through a dedifferentiation process known as epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). We show here that tumor cells around pseudopalisading necrotic areas in human GBM tissues highly express the most important EMT inducer, transforming growth factor (TGF-β), concurrently with the EMT-related transcriptional factor, TWIST. In addition, the stem cell markers CD133 and alkaline phosphatase (ALPL) were also highly expressed around necrotic foci in GBM tissues. The high expression of TGF-β around necrotic regions was significantly correlated with shorter progression-free survival and overall survival in patients with GBM. High expression of stem cell markers, ALPL, CD133, and CD44 was also correlated with poor outcomes. These results collectively support the hypothesis that tissue hypoxia induces the stem cell phenotype through TGF-β-related EMT and contributes to the poor outcome of GBM patients.
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Hu S, Li B, Shen X, Zhang R, Gao D, Guo Q, Jin Y, Fei Z. Induction of antigen-specific cytotoxic T-cell response by dendritic cells generated from ecto-mesenchymal stem cells infected with an adenovirus containing the MAGE-D4a gene. Oncol Lett 2016; 11:2886-2892. [PMID: 27073570 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the feasibility of using ecto-mesenchymal stem cell (EMSC)-derived dendritic cells (DCs) for glioma immunotherapy following infection by a recombinant adenovirus containing the melanoma-associated antigen D4a (MAGE-D4a) gene. The ex vivo cultured EMSCs were infected by the adenoviral plasmid containing MAGE-D4a (pAd/MAGE-D4a). Efficiency of transfection was evaluated through the detection of green fluorescent protein-marked MAGE-D4a. The MAGE-EMSCs were induced to differentiate into DCs, termed as MAGE-EMSCs-DCs. The morphology was subsequently analyzed under a microscope, and methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) assays were performed to analyze the cytotoxicity of the MAGE-EMSC-DCs on the human glioma U251 cell line. Following purification by magnetic-activated cell sorting, the EMSCs grew into swirls, with a long spindle shape and were fibroblast-like. The gene transfected with recombinant adenovirus vectors maintained high and stable expression levels of MAGE-D4a, and its efficiency was increased in a multiplicity of infection-dependent manner. The results of the MTT assay indicated that the T cells, primed by the recombinant MAGE-D4a-infected EMSC-DCs in vitro, recognized MAGE-D4a-expressing tumor cell lines in a human leukocyte antigen class I-restricted manner, and evoked a higher cytotoxic T cell (CTL) response. The CTL response induced by the MAGE-EMSC-DCs, co-cultured with the U251 cells for 24 h, produced 765.0 pg/ml IFN-γ, which was significantly greater when compared to the control wells. T lymphocytes stimulated by MAGE-EMSC-DCs evoke a higher CTL response to human glioma cell lines, and may serve as a promising therapeutic modality for the treatment of MAGE-D4a-expressing glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijie Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Bing Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Xuefeng Shen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Dakuan Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Qingdong Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Yan Jin
- Department of Oral Histology and Pathology, Research and Development Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Zhou Fei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
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Abstract
Deregulation of microRNAs (miRs) contributes to tumorigenesis. Down-regulation of miR-340 is observed in multiple types of cancers. However, the biological function of miR-340 in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) remains largely unknown. In the present study, we demonstrated that expression of miR-340 was downregulated in both glioma cell lines and tissues. Survival of GBM patients with high levels of miR-340 was significantly extended in comparison to patients expressing low miR-340 levels. Biological functional experiments showed that the restoration of miR-340 dramatically inhibited glioma cell proliferation, induced cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis, suppressed cell motility and promoted autophagy and terminal differentiation. Mechanistic studies disclosed that, miR-340 over-expression suppressed several oncogenes including p-AKT, EZH2, EGFR, BMI1 and XIAP. Furthermore, ROCK1 was validated as a direct functional target miR-340 and silencing of ROCK1 phenocopied the anti-tumor effect of mR-340. Our findings indicate an important role of miR-340 as a glioma killer, and suggest a potential prognosis biomarker and therapeutic target for GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daquan Huang
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuwei Qiu
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruiguang Ge
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, College of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei He
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mei Li
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Peng
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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28
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MA CHAO, WU TINGTING, JIANG PUCHA, LI ZHIQIANG, CHEN XINJUN, FU KAI, WANG WEI, GONG RUI. Anti-carcinogenic activity of anandamide on human glioma in vitro and in vivo. Mol Med Rep 2016; 13:1558-62. [PMID: 26707955 PMCID: PMC4732848 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The poor prognosis of gliomas is to a large extent attributed to the markedly proliferative and invasive nature of the disease. Endocannabinoids have emerged as novel potential anti-tumor agents. The present study aimed to investigate the anti-carcinogenic activity of anandamide (AEA), an endocannabinoid, on glioma cells. To assess the functional role of AEA in glioma, the effects of AEA on cell proliferation, migration, invasion, apoptosis and the cell cycle in vitro, and tumor growth in vivo, were investigated. AEA markedly inhibited the proliferation of U251 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Flow cytometric assays revealed that the apoptosis rate of U251 cells upon treatment with AEA was increased. AEA also suppressed the adhesion, migration and invasion capabilities of the U251 cells. Furthermore, AEA inhibited tumor growth in vivo. These results highlighted the potential role of AEA in the tumorigenesis and progression of glioma, and suggested that AEA exhibits therapeutic potential in the management of human glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- CHAO MA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China,Correspondence to: Dr Chao Ma, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China, E-mail:
| | - TING-TING WU
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - PU-CHA JIANG
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - ZHI-QIANG LI
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - XIN-JUN CHEN
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - KAI FU
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - WEI WANG
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - RUI GONG
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
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29
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Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a reversible biological process that occurs in epithelial cells. EMT ultimately leads to the acquisition of a mesenchymal phenotype, characterized by increased cell motility and resistance to genotoxic agents. These processes mostly overlap with the acquirement of stem cell properties in differentiated tumor cells. With regard to gliomas, the clinical picture is heterogeneous, even within the same grades and histological categories of the disease. Furthermore, the areas of invasion and responses to radiochemotherapy are markedly different among cases, and occasionally even in the same patient. Such phenotypic diversity in glioma tissues may be caused by various microenvironmental factors, as well as intrinsic genetic alterations. The current review focuses on the EMT-inducing factors that are present in gliomas; these typically vary from those observed in epithelial cancers, as no basement membrane is present. Furthermore, the most important cell-cell contact factor, E-cadherin, is rarely expressed in gliomas. The microenvironment that induces EMT in gliomas is characterized by hypoxia and the enrichment of myeloid cells following stimulation by transforming growth factor-β. Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy, including the use of bevacizumab, may be a suitable candidate to modulate the glioma microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Iwadate
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-2870, Japan
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30
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Safa AR, Saadatzadeh MR, Cohen-Gadol AA, Pollok KE, Bijangi-Vishehsaraei K. Emerging targets for glioblastoma stem cell therapy. J Biomed Res 2015; 30:19-31. [PMID: 26616589 PMCID: PMC4726830 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.30.20150100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), designated as World Health Organization (WHO) grade IV astrocytoma, is a lethal and therapy-resistant brain cancer comprised of several tumor cell subpopulations, including GBM stem cells (GSCs) which are believed to contribute to tumor recurrence following initial response to therapies. Emerging evidence demonstrates that GBM tumors are initiated from GSCs. The development and use of novel therapies including small molecule inhibitors of specific proteins in signaling pathways that regulate stemness, proliferation and migration of GSCs, immunotherapy, and non-coding microRNAs may provide better means of treating GBM. Identification and characterization of GSC-specific signaling pathways would be necessary to identify specific therapeutic targets which may lead to the development of more efficient therapies selectively targeting GSCs. Several signaling pathways including mTOR, AKT, maternal embryonic leucine zipper kinase (MELK), NOTCH1 and Wnt/β-catenin as well as expression of cancer stem cell markers CD133, CD44, Oct4, Sox2, Nanog, and ALDH1A1 maintain GSC properties. Moreover, the data published in the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) specifically demonstrated the activated PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in GBM tumorigenesis. Studying such pathways may help to understand GSC biology and lead to the development of potential therapeutic interventions to render them more sensitive to chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Furthemore, recent demonstration of dedifferentiation of GBM cell lines into CSC-like cells prove that any successful therapeutic agent or combination of drugs for GBM therapy must eliminate not only GSCs, but the differentiated GBM cells and the entire bulk of tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad R Safa
- Indiana University Simon Cancer Center.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology.
| | - Mohammad Reza Saadatzadeh
- Indiana University Simon Cancer Center.,Department of Neurosurgery, IU School of Medicine and Goodman Campbell Brain and Spine
| | - Aaron A Cohen-Gadol
- Department of Neurosurgery, IU School of Medicine and Goodman Campbell Brain and Spine
| | - Karen E Pollok
- Indiana University Simon Cancer Center.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology.,Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Wu CX, Lin GS, Lin ZX, Zhang JD, Chen L, Liu SY, Tang WL, Qiu XX, Zhou CF. Peritumoral edema on magnetic resonance imaging predicts a poor clinical outcome in malignant glioma. Oncol Lett 2015; 10:2769-2776. [PMID: 26722240 PMCID: PMC4665258 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Peritumoral edema (PTE), one of the main characteristics of malignant glioma, is a significant contributor to the morbidity and mortality from glioma, however, a recent systematic review suggested that controversy remains with regard to its prognostic value. To further determine whether PTE was a potential prognostic factor on routine pre-operative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for malignant glioma, the association between survival and PTE was investigated in the present retrospective review of 109 patients with newly diagnosed supratentorial malignant glioma using MRI data from these routine scans. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to calculate overall survival (OS) in univariate analysis, and COX proportional hazards model was applied to evaluate the effect of pre-operative MRI features on OS in multivariate analysis. The PTE extent, edema shape, degree of necrosis, enhancement extent, pathological grade, patient age, Karnofsky performance status (KPS) and post-operative chemoradiotherapy were associated with OS in the patients with malignant glioma on univariate analysis. Multivariate analysis indicated that the extent of PTE and degree of necrosis shown by pre-operative MRI were independent predictors of OS, in addition to pathological grade, patient age, KPS and post-operative chemoradiotherapy. Moreover, patients with two unfavorable factors (major edema and severe necrosis) exhibited a poorer OS compared with the remainder. In summary, PTE and degree of necrosis, which are easily determined from routine MRI, can be useful for predicting a poor clinical outcome in patients with newly diagnosed malignant glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Xing Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100093, P.R. China
| | - Guo-Shi Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhangzhou Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Zhangzhou, Fujian 363000, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Xiong Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100093, P.R. China ; Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350005, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Dong Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350005, P.R. China
| | - Long Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350005, P.R. China
| | - Shui-Yuan Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350005, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Long Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350005, P.R. China
| | - Xian-Xin Qiu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350005, P.R. China
| | - Chang-Fu Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhangzhou Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Zhangzhou, Fujian 363000, P.R. China
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Jin F, Zhang R, Feng S, Yuan CT, Zhang RY, Han GK, Li GH, Yu XZ, Liu Y, Kong LS, Zhang SL, Zhao L. Pathological features of transplanted tumor established by CD133 positive TJ905 glioblastoma stem-like cells. Cancer Cell Int 2015; 15:60. [PMID: 26136642 PMCID: PMC4487198 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-015-0208-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study is to explore the pathological features of transplanted tumor established by CD133 positive TJ905 glioblastoma stem-like cells. METHODS CD133 positive TJ905 glioma cells were separated by immunomagnetic beads to isolate glioma stem-like cells. TJ905 cells and stem-like cells were inoculated subcutaneously into the mice to establish model of transplanted tumor, respectively. Mice growing condition and behavior were observed. HE staining assay, immunohistochemical assay for GFAP, Ki-67 and Olig-2, and CD34 marked microvascular density (MVD) test were performed. RESULTS The growing condition and behavior of mice in TJ905 stem cell group was more exaggerated and the models showed stronger malignant features pathologically than that in TJ905 cell group. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in TJ905 cell and stem-like cell group showed the transplanted tumor originated from astrocytes. Expression of Ki-67 and oligodendrocyte transcription factor-2 (Olig-2) in TJ905 stem cells was higher notably and CD34 expression in stem cell group was significantly higher than that in the other two groups. CONCLUSIONS Pathological features of transplanted tumor established by CD133 positive glioblastoma stem-like cells show more malignant. Use of TJ905 stem cells to establish transplanted tumor model in nude mice is excellent for glioma research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Jin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, and Shangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Neuro-oncology, Jining, Shandong 272029 PR China
| | - Ran Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, and Shangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Neuro-oncology, Jining, Shandong 272029 PR China
| | - Song Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, and Shangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Neuro-oncology, Jining, Shandong 272029 PR China
| | - Chuan-Tao Yuan
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272029 PR China
| | - Ren-Ya Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272029 PR China
| | - Guang-Kui Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, and Shangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Neuro-oncology, Jining, Shandong 272029 PR China
| | - Gen-Hua Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, and Shangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Neuro-oncology, Jining, Shandong 272029 PR China
| | - Xi-Zhen Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, and Shangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Neuro-oncology, Jining, Shandong 272029 PR China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, and Shangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Neuro-oncology, Jining, Shandong 272029 PR China
| | - Ling-Sheng Kong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, and Shangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Neuro-oncology, Jining, Shandong 272029 PR China
| | - Shu-Ling Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022 PR China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022 PR China
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Wu CX, Lin GS, Lin ZX, Zhang JD, Liu SY, Zhou CF. Peritumoral edema shown by MRI predicts poor clinical outcome in glioblastoma. World J Surg Oncol 2015; 13:97. [PMID: 25886608 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-015-0496-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) plays an irreplaceable role in the preoperative diagnosis of glioma, and its imaging features are the base of making treatment decisions in patients with glioma, but it is still controversial whether peritumoral edema shown by MRI from preoperative routine scans are associated with patient survival. The aim of this study was to assess the prognostic value of preoperative MRI features in patients with glioblastoma. Methods A retrospective review of 87 patients with newly diagnosed supratentorial glioblastoma was performed using medical records and MRI data from routine scans. The Kaplan-Meier method and COX proportional hazard model were applied to evaluate the prognostic impact on overall survival of pretreatment MRI features (including peritumoral edema, edema shape, necrosis, cyst, enhancement, tumor crosses midline, edema crosses midline, and tumor size). Results In addition to patient age, Karnofsky performance status (KPS) and postoperative chemoradiotherapy, peritumoral edema extent and necrosis on preoperative MRI were independent prognostic indicator for poor survival. Furthermore, patients with two unfavorable conditions (major edema and necrosis) had a shorter overall survival compared with the remainder. Conclusions Our data confirm that peritumoral edema extent and necrosis are helpful for predicting poor clinical outcome in glioblastoma. These features were easy to determine from routine MRI scans postoperatively and therefore could provide a certain instructive significance for clinical activities.
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Zhang G, Jin G, Nie X, Mi R, Zhu G, Jia W, Liu F. Enhanced antitumor efficacy of an oncolytic herpes simplex virus expressing an endostatin-angiostatin fusion gene in human glioblastoma stem cell xenografts. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95872. [PMID: 24755877 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses have demonstrated strong potential for the therapeutic targeting of glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs). In this study, the use of a herpes simplex virus carrying endostatin–angiostatin (VAE) as a novel therapeutic targeting strategy for glioblastoma-derived cancer stem cells was investigated. We isolated six stable GSC-enriched cultures from 36 human glioblastoma specimens and selected one of the stable GSCs lines for establishing GSC-carrying orthotopic nude mouse models. The following results were obtained: (a) VAE rapidly proliferated in GSCs and expressed endo–angio in vitro and in vivo 48 h and 10 d after infection, respectively; (b) compared with the control gliomas treated with rHSV or Endostar, the subcutaneous gliomas derived from the GSCs showed a significant reduction in microvessel density after VAE treatment; (c) compared with the control, a significant improvement was observed in the length of the survival of mice with intracranial and subcutaneous gliomas treated with VAE; (d) MRI analysis showed that the tumor volumes of the intracranial gliomas generated by GSCs remarkably decreased after 10 d of VAE treatment compared with the controls. In conclusion, VAE demonstrated oncolytic therapeutic efficacy in animal models of human GSCs and expressed an endostatin–angiostatin fusion gene, which enhanced antitumor efficacy most likely by restricting tumor microvasculature development.
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36
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Lin GS, Yang LJ, Wang XF, Chen YP, Tang WL, Chen L, Lin ZX. STAT3 Tyr705 phosphorylation affects clinical outcome in patients with newly diagnosed supratentorial glioblastoma. Med Oncol 2014; 31:924. [DOI: 10.1007/s12032-014-0924-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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