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Mushtaq A, Azam U, Mehreen S, Naseer MM. Synthetic α-glucosidase inhibitors as promising anti-diabetic agents: Recent developments and future challenges. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 249:115119. [PMID: 36680985 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is one of the biggest challenges for the scientific community in the 21st century. It is a well-recognized multifactorial health problem contributes significantly to high mortality rates by causing serious health complications mainly related to cardiovascular diseases, kidney damage and neuropathy. The inhibition of α-glucosidase (enzyme that catalyses starch hydrolysis in the intestine) is an effective therapeutic approach for controlling hyperglycemia associated with type-2 diabetes. However, the presently approved drugs/inhibitors such as acarbose, miglitol and voglibose have several undesirable gastrointestinal side effects impeding their applications. Therefore, search for novel and more effective inhibitors with reduced side effects and less cost remains a fascinating area of research. In this context, a large variety of α-glucosidase inhibitors have been identified in recent years that demands attention from drug development community. This review is therefore an effort to summarize and highlight the promising α-glucosidase inhibitors especially those which are primarily based on aromatic heterocyclic scaffolds such as coumarin, imidazole, isatin, pyrimidine, quinazoline, triazine, thiazole etc, having improved safety and pharmacological profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alia Mushtaq
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Uzma Azam
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Saba Mehreen
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
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Khan S, Ullah H, Taha M, Rahim F, Sarfraz M, Iqbal R, Iqbal N, Hussain R, Ali Shah SA, Ayub K, Albalawi MA, Abdelaziz MA, Alatawi FS, Khan KM. Synthesis, DFT Studies, Molecular Docking and Biological Activity Evaluation of Thiazole-Sulfonamide Derivatives as Potent Alzheimer's Inhibitors. Molecules 2023; 28. [PMID: 36677616 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a major public brain condition that has resulted in many deaths, as revealed by the World Health Organization (WHO). Conventional Alzheimer's treatments such as chemotherapy, surgery, and radiotherapy are not very effective and are usually associated with several adverse effects. Therefore, it is necessary to find a new therapeutic approach that completely treats Alzheimer's disease without many side effects. In this research project, we report the synthesis and biological activities of some new thiazole-bearing sulfonamide analogs (1-21) as potent anti-Alzheimer's agents. Suitable characterization techniques were employed, and the density functional theory (DFT) computational approach, as well as in-silico molecular modeling, has been employed to assess the electronic properties and anti-Alzheimer's potency of the analogs. All analogs exhibited a varied degree of inhibitory potential, but analog 1 was found to have excellent potency (IC50 = 0.10 ± 0.05 µM for AChE) and (IC50 = 0.20 ± 0.050 µM for BuChE) as compared to the reference drug donepezil (IC50 = 2.16 ± 0.12 µM and 4.5 ± 0.11 µM). The structure-activity relationship was established, and it mainly depends upon the nature, position, number, and electron-donating/-withdrawing effects of the substituent/s on the phenyl rings.
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Khan I, Rehman W, Rahim F, Hussain R, Khan S, Fazil S, Rasheed L, Taha M, Shah SAA, Abdellattif MH, Farghaly TA. Synthesis, In Vitro α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity and Molecular Docking Study of New Benzotriazole-Based Bis-Schiff Base Derivatives. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 16:ph16010017. [PMID: 36678514 PMCID: PMC9860641 DOI: 10.3390/ph16010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was carried out to synthesize benzotriazole-based bis-Schiff base scaffolds (1-20) and assess them in vitro for α-glucosidase inhibitory potentials. All the synthetics analogs based on benzotriazole-based bis-Schiff base scaffolds were found to display an outstanding inhibition profile on screening against the α-glucosidase enzyme. The synthetic scaffolds showed a varied range of inhibition profiles having IC50 values ranging from 1.10 ± 0.05 µM to 28.30 ± 0.60 µM when compared to acarbose as a standard drug (IC50 = 10.30 ± 0.20 µM). Among the series, fifteen scaffolds 1-3, 5, 6, 9-16, 18-20 were identified to be more potent than standard acarbose, while the five remaining scaffolds 4, 7, 8, 16, and 17, also showed potency against the α-glucosidase enzyme but were found to be less potent than standard acarbose. The structure of all the newly synthesized scaffolds was confirmed using different spectroscopic techniques such as HREI-MS and 1H- and 13C- NMR spectroscopy. To find a structure-activity relationship, molecular docking studies were carried out to understand the binding mode of the active inhibitors with the active sites of the enzyme and the results supported the experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Hazara University, Mansehra 21120, Pakistan
| | - Wajid Rehman
- Department of Chemistry, Hazara University, Mansehra 21120, Pakistan
- Correspondence: (W.R.); or (F.R.)
| | - Fazal Rahim
- Department of Chemistry, Hazara University, Mansehra 21120, Pakistan
- Correspondence: (W.R.); or (F.R.)
| | - Rafaqat Hussain
- Department of Chemistry, Hazara University, Mansehra 21120, Pakistan
| | - Shoaib Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Hazara University, Mansehra 21120, Pakistan
| | - Srosh Fazil
- Department of Chemistry, University of Poonch Rawalakot, Azad Kashmir 12350, Pakistan
| | - Liaqat Rasheed
- Department of Chemistry, Hazara University, Mansehra 21120, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Taha
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdul Rahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 31441, Dammam 34212, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Adnan Ali Shah
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdul Rahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 31441, Dammam 34212, Saudi Arabia
| | - Magda H. Abdellattif
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Thoraya A. Farghaly
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, P.O. Box 715, Makkah Almukkarramah 24382, Saudi Arabia
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Ullah H, Zada H, Khan F, Hayat S, Rahim F, Hussain A, Manzoor A, Wadood A, Ayub K, Rehman AU, Sarfaraz S. Benzimidazole bearing thiourea analogues: Synthesis, β-glucuronidase inhibitory potential and their molecular docking study. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.133941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Ullah H, Khan S, Rahim F, Taha M, Iqbal R, Sarfraz M, Shah SAA, Sajid M, Awad MF, Omran A, Albalawi MA, Abdelaziz MA, Al Areefy A, Jafri I. Benzimidazole Bearing Thiosemicarbazone Derivatives Act as Potent α-Amylase and α-Glucosidase Inhibitors; Synthesis, Bioactivity Screening and Molecular Docking Study. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27206921. [PMID: 36296520 PMCID: PMC9609971 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27206921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is one of the most chronic metabolic diseases. In the past few years, our research group has synthesized and evaluated libraries of heterocyclic analogs against α-glucosidase and α-amylase enzymes and found encouraging results. The current study comprises the evaluation of benzimidazole-bearing thiosemicarbazone as antidiabetic agents. A library of fifteen derivatives (7-21) was synthesized, characterized via different spectroscopic techniques such as HREI-MS, NMR, and screened against α-glucosidase and α-amylase enzymes. All derivatives exhibited excellent to good biological inhibitory potentials. Derivatives 19 (IC50 = 1.30 ± 0.20 µM and 1.20 ± 0.20 µM) and 20 (IC50 = 1.60 ± 0.20 µM and 1.10 ± 0.01 µM) were found to be the most potent among the series when compared with standard drug acarbose (IC50 = 11.29 ± 0.07 and 11.12 ± 0.15 µM, respectively). These derivatives may potentially serve as the lead candidates for the development of new therapeutic representatives. The structure-activity relationship was carried out for all molecules which are mainly based upon the pattern of substituent/s on phenyl rings. Moreover, in silico docking studies were carried out to investigate the active binding mode of selected derivatives with the target enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayat Ullah
- Department of Chemistry, University of Okara, Okara 56300, Pakistan
- Correspondence: (H.U.); (F.R.)
| | - Shoaib Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Hazara University, Mansehra 21120, Pakistan
| | - Fazal Rahim
- Department of Chemistry, Hazara University, Mansehra 21120, Pakistan
- Correspondence: (H.U.); (F.R.)
| | - Muhammad Taha
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rashid Iqbal
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - Maliha Sarfraz
- Department of Zoology, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Sub-Campus Toba Tek Singh, Punjab 36050, Pakistan
| | - Syed Adnan Ali Shah
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Selangor Kampus Puncak Alam, Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor 42300, Malaysia
- Atta-ur-Rahman Institute for Natural Product Discovery (AuRIns), Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Selangor Kampus Puncak Alam, Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor 42300, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Sajid
- Department of Biochemistry, Hazara University, Mansehra 21120, Pakistan
| | - Mohamed F. Awad
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Awatif Omran
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Mahmoud A. Abdelaziz
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Azza Al Areefy
- Clinical Nutrition Department, Applied Medical Science Collage, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
- Faculty of Home Economics, Nutrition & Food Science Department, Helwan University, P.O. Box 11795, Cairo 11281, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim Jafri
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
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Mohammad BD, Baig MS, Bhandari N, Siddiqui FA, Khan SL, Ahmad Z, Khan FS, Tagde P, Jeandet P. Heterocyclic Compounds as Dipeptidyl Peptidase-IV Inhibitors with Special Emphasis on Oxadiazoles as Potent Anti-Diabetic Agents. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27186001. [PMID: 36144735 PMCID: PMC9502781 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27186001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) inhibitors, often known as gliptins, have been used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). They may be combined with other medications as an additional treatment or used alone as a monotherapy. In addition to insulin, sulfonylureas, thiazolidinediones, and metformin, these molecules appear as possible therapeutic options. Oxadiazole rings have been employed in numerous different ways during drug development efforts. It has been shown that including them in the pharmacophore increases the amount of ligand that may be bound. The exceptional hydrogen bond acceptor properties of oxadiazoles and the distinct hydrocarbon bonding potential of their regioisomers have been established. Beside their anti-diabetic effects, oxadiazoles display a wide range of pharmacological properties. In this study, we made the assumption that molecules containing oxadiazole rings may afford a different approach to the treatment of diabetes, not only for controlling glycemic levels but also for preventing atherosclerosis progression and other complications associated with diabetes. It was observed that oxadiazole fusion with benzothiazole, 5-(2,5,2-trifluoroethoxy) phenyl, β-homophenylalanine, 2-methyl-2-{5-(4-chlorophenyl), diamine-bridged bis-coumarinyl, 5-aryl-2-(6′-nitrobenzofuran-2′-yl), nitrobenzofuran, and/or oxindole leads to potential anti-diabetic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Badrud Duza Mohammad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, G R T Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, GRT Mahalakshmi Nagar, Tiruttani 631209, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mirza Shahed Baig
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Y. B. Chavan College of Pharmacy, Aurangabad 431001, Maharashtra, India
| | - Neeraj Bhandari
- Arni School of Pharmacy, Arni University, Kathgarh, Indora 176401, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Falak A. Siddiqui
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, N.B.S. Institute of Pharmacy, Ausa 413520, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sharuk L. Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, N.B.S. Institute of Pharmacy, Ausa 413520, Maharashtra, India
- Correspondence: (S.L.K.); (P.J.)
| | - Zubair Ahmad
- Unit of Bee Research and Honey Production, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
- Biology Department, College of Arts and Sciences, Dehran Al-Junub, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Farhat S. Khan
- Biology Department, College of Arts and Sciences, Dehran Al-Junub, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Priti Tagde
- Patel College of Pharmacy, Madhyanchal Professional University, Bhopal 462044, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Philippe Jeandet
- Research Unit Induced Resistance and Plant Bioprotection, University of Reims, USC INRAe 1488, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, 51687 Reims, France
- Correspondence: (S.L.K.); (P.J.)
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Khan S, Ullah H, Rahim F, Nawaz M, Hussain R, Rasheed L. Synthesis, in vitro α-amylase, α-glucosidase activities and molecular docking study of new benzimidazole bearing thiazolidinone derivatives. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.133812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Ullah H, Uddin I, Rahim F, Khan F, Sobia, Taha M, Khan MU, Hayat S, Ullah M, Gul Z, Ullah S, Zada H, Hussain J. In vitro α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory potential and molecular docking studies of benzohydrazide based imines and thiazolidine-4-one derivatives. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.132058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Semenova MD, Popov SA, Shul’ts EE, Turks M. Synthesis of New Ursane-Type Hybrids with Morpholinomethyl-, Dialkylamino-, and Hydroxyl-Substituted Azoles. Chem Nat Compd. [DOI: 10.1007/s10600-022-03597-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Katikireddy R, Marri S, Kakkerla R, Murali Krishna MPS, Gandamalla D, Reddy YN. Synthesis, Anticancer Activity and Molecular Docking Studies of Hybrid Benzimidazole-1,3,4-Oxadiazol-2- N-Alkyl/Aryl Amines. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2021.1959352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ramamurthy Katikireddy
- Department of Chemistry, JNTUK, Kakinada, Andhra Pradesh, India
- JN Pharmacity, Enantilabs Pvt. Ltd, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Srinivas Marri
- Department of Chemistry, JNTUK, Kakinada, Andhra Pradesh, India
- Department of Chemistry, Siddhartha Degree and P.G. College, Narsampet, Telangana State, India
| | - Ramu Kakkerla
- Department of Chemistry, Satavahana University, Karimnagar, Telangana State, India
| | | | - Durgaiah Gandamalla
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Kakatiya University, Warangal, Telangana State, India
| | - Y. N. Reddy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Kakatiya University, Warangal, Telangana State, India
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Taha M, Alshamrani FJ, Rahim F, Hayat S, Ullah H, Zaman K, Imran S, Khan KM, Naz F. Synthesis of Novel Triazinoindole-Based Thiourea Hybrid: A Study on α-Glucosidase Inhibitors and Their Molecular Docking. Molecules 2019; 24:E3819. [PMID: 31652777 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24213819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A new class of triazinoindole-bearing thiosemicarbazides (1–25) was synthesized and evaluated for α-glucosidase inhibitory potential. All synthesized analogs exhibited excellent inhibitory potential, with IC50 values ranging from 1.30 ± 0.01 to 35.80 ± 0.80 μM when compared to standard acarbose (an IC50 value of 38.60 ± 0.20 μM). Among the series, analogs 1 and 23 were found to be the most potent, with IC50 values of 1.30 ± 0.05 and 1.30 ± 0.01 μM, respectively. The structure–activity relationship (SAR) was mainly based upon bringing about different substituents on the phenyl rings. To confirm the binding interactions, a molecular docking study was performed.
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