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Monjane IVA, Djedje H, Tamele E, Nhabomba V, Tivane AR, Massicame ZE, Arone DM, Pastori A, Bortolami A, Monne I, Woma T, Lamien CE, Dundon WG. H7N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza in Mozambique, 2023. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024; 13:2321993. [PMID: 38422451 PMCID: PMC10906114 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2321993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
On 13 October 2023, the National Directorate for Livestock Development in Mozambique was notified of a suspected outbreak of avian influenza in commercial layers. Samples were screened by real-time and conventional RT-PCR and were positive for both H7 and N6. Full genome sequences were obtained for three representative samples. Sequence analysis of the H7 cleavage site confirmed that the viruses were highly pathogenic (i.e. 333- PEPPKGPRFRR/GLF-346). In addition, the H7 and N6 sequences were highly similar (from 99.4-99.5% and 99.6-99.7% for the HA gene and the NA gene, respectively) to the sequences of a H7N6 virus identified in the Republic of South Africa in May 2023 indicating a similar origin of the viruses. The identification of H7N6 HPAIV in Mozambique has important implications for disease management and food security in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iolanda Vieira Anahory Monjane
- Directorate of Animal Science, Central Veterinary Laboratory, Agrarian Research Institute of Mozambique, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Hernâni Djedje
- Directorate of Animal Science, Central Veterinary Laboratory, Agrarian Research Institute of Mozambique, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Esmeralda Tamele
- Directorate of Animal Science, Central Veterinary Laboratory, Agrarian Research Institute of Mozambique, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Virgínia Nhabomba
- Directorate of Animal Science, Central Veterinary Laboratory, Agrarian Research Institute of Mozambique, Maputo, Mozambique
| | | | - Zacarias Elias Massicame
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, National Directorate of Livestock Development, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Dercília Mudanisse Arone
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, National Directorate of Livestock Development, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Ambra Pastori
- Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences (BSBIO), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Padova, Italy
| | - Alessio Bortolami
- Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences (BSBIO), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Padova, Italy
| | - Isabella Monne
- Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences (BSBIO), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Padova, Italy
| | - Timothy Woma
- Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD), Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Charles E. Lamien
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, IAEA Laboratories, Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - William G. Dundon
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, IAEA Laboratories, Seibersdorf, Austria
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Norman FF, Gonzalez-Sanz M. Pulmonary infections in the returning traveler. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2024; 30:243-251. [PMID: 38323419 DOI: 10.1097/mcp.0000000000001051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The recent COVID-19 pandemic has shaped the epidemiology of other infectious diseases globally. International tourist arrivals are increasing and recovering to prepandemic levels. This review focuses on respiratory infections in travelers, highlighting the characteristics of the main imported viral, bacterial, fungal, and parasitic infections with pulmonary involvement. RECENT FINDINGS A recent systematic review estimated a prevalence of respiratory symptoms in travelers of around 35%, increasing to nearly 65% in the context of mass gatherings. Common viral and bacterial pathogens account for the majority of respiratory infections with an identified cause; however, recent data focus on the need for surveillance of emerging infections such as MERS-CoV, henipaviruses and multidrug resistant bacteria, which may be spread through travel. Fungal and parasitic respiratory infections are less common, and acquisition is usually associated with specific risk factors or exposure in endemic areas. Special risk groups, such as immunocompromised travelers, may be particularly vulnerable, presenting with severe disease or reactivation of latent infections. SUMMARY The next significant international epidemic could involve another new infectious agent causing respiratory disease and spreading via mobile populations. Official protocols should be adhered to, and public health interventions implemented for effective control. Continued and globally coordinated investments in research for new vaccines, therapeutic agents, disease modeling, and digital tracking strategies are essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca F Norman
- National Referral Unit for Tropical Diseases, Infectious Diseases Department, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, IRYCIS
- Universidad de Alcalá
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Gonzalez-Sanz
- National Referral Unit for Tropical Diseases, Infectious Diseases Department, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, IRYCIS
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Lai CC, Hsueh PR. Human infection caused by avian influenza A (H10N5) virus. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 2024:S1684-1182(24)00074-4. [PMID: 38704275 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2024.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Cheng Lai
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan; School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Po-Ren Hsueh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Laboratory Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Hinjoy S, Thumrin P, Sridet J, Chaiyaso C, Suddee W, Thukngamdee Y, Yasopa O, Prasarnphanich OO, Na Nan S, Smithsuwan P, Rodchangphuen J, Sulpizio CL, Wiratsudakul A. An overlooked poultry trade network of the smallholder farms in the border provinces of Thailand, 2021: implications for avian influenza surveillance. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1301513. [PMID: 38384950 PMCID: PMC10879335 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1301513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction In Thailand, community-level poultry trade is conducted on a small-scale involving farmers and traders with many trade networks. Understanding the poultry movements may help identify different activities that farmers and traders might contribute to the spread of avian influenza. Methods This study aimed to describe the characteristics of players involved in the poultry trade network at the northeastern border of Thailand using network analysis approaches. Mukdahan and Nakhon Phanom provinces, which border Laos, and Ubon Ratchathani province, which borders both Laos and Cambodia, were selected as survey sites. Results Local veterinary officers identified and interviewed 338 poultry farmers and eight poultry traders in 2021. A weighted directed network identified incoming and outgoing movements of where the subdistricts traded chickens. Ninety-nine subdistricts and 181 trade links were captured. A self-looping (trader and consumer in the same subdistrict) feedback was found in 56 of 99 subdistricts. The median distance of the movements was 14.02 km (interquartile range (IQR): 6.04-102.74 km), with a maximum of 823.08 km. Most subdistricts in the network had few poultry trade connections, with a median of 1. They typically connected to 1-5 other subdistricts, most often receiving poultry from 1 to 2.5 subdistricts, and sending to 1-2 subdistricts. The subdistricts with the highest overall and in-degree centrality were located in Mukdahan province, whereas one with the highest out-degree centrality was found in Nakhon Phanom province. Discussion The poultry movement pattern observed in this network helps explain how avian influenza could spread over the networks once introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soawapak Hinjoy
- Office of International Cooperation, Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Pornchai Thumrin
- Office of International Cooperation, Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Jitphanu Sridet
- Office of International Cooperation, Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Chat Chaiyaso
- Office of International Cooperation, Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Weerachai Suddee
- Bureau of Disease Control and Veterinary Services, Department of Livestock Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yupawat Thukngamdee
- Bureau of Disease Control and Veterinary Services, Department of Livestock Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Oiythip Yasopa
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Ong-orn Prasarnphanich
- Division of Global Health Protection, Global Health Center, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Somruethai Na Nan
- Division of Global Health Protection, Global Health Center, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Punnarai Smithsuwan
- Office of International Cooperation, Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Janjao Rodchangphuen
- Office of International Cooperation, Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Carlie L. Sulpizio
- Division of Global HIV and TB, Global Health Center, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Anuwat Wiratsudakul
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Public Health and the Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
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Adlhoch C, Fusaro A, Gonzales JL, Kuiken T, Mirinavičiūtė G, Niqueux É, Ståhl K, Staubach C, Terregino C, Willgert K, Baldinelli F, Chuzhakina K, Delacourt R, Georganas A, Georgiev M, Kohnle L. Avian influenza overview September-December 2023. EFSA J 2023; 21:e8539. [PMID: 38116102 PMCID: PMC10730024 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2023.8539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Between 2 September and 1 December 2023, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5) outbreaks were reported in domestic (88) and wild (175) birds across 23 countries in Europe. Compared to previous years, the increase in the number of HPAI virus detections in waterfowl has been delayed, possibly due to a later start of the autumn migration of several wild bird species. Common cranes were the most frequently affected species during this reporting period with mortality events being described in several European countries. Most HPAI outbreaks reported in poultry were primary outbreaks following the introduction of the virus by wild birds, with the exception of Hungary, where two clusters involving secondary spread occurred. HPAI viruses identified in Europe belonged to eleven different genotypes, seven of which were new. With regard to mammals, the serological survey conducted in all fur farms in Finland revealed 29 additional serologically positive farms during this reporting period. Wild mammals continued to be affected mostly in the Americas, from where further spread into wild birds and mammals in the Antarctic region was described for the first time. Since the last report and as of 1 December 2023, three fatal and one severe human A(H5N1) infection with clade 2.3.2.1c viruses have been reported by Cambodia, and one A(H9N2) infection was reported from China. No human infections related to the avian influenza detections in animals in fur farms in Finland have been reported, and human infections with avian influenza remain a rare event. The risk of infection with currently circulating avian H5 influenza viruses of clade 2.3.4.4b in Europe remains low for the general population in the EU/EEA. The risk of infection remains low to moderate for occupationally or otherwise exposed people to infected birds or mammals (wild or domesticated); this assessment covers different situations that depend on the level of exposure.
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