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Santos LM, Cardoso PES, Diniz EA, Rahhal JG, Sipert CR. Different concentrations of fetal bovine serum affect cytokine modulation in Lipopolysaccharide-activated apical papilla cells in vitro. J Appl Oral Sci 2023; 31:e20230020. [PMID: 37493700 PMCID: PMC10382075 DOI: 10.1590/1678-7757-2023-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fetal bovine serum (FBS) is the most used supplement in culture media; however, it may interfere with in vitro assays via effects on cell proliferation and cytokine production. The ideal FBS concentration for assays using apical papilla cells (APCs) remains unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of FBS on APC activation, cell viability/proliferation, and cytokine production. METHODOLOGY Human APCs were cultured, plated, and maintained in media containing increasing concentrations of FBS for 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, 7 days, and 14 days in the presence of Lipopolysaccharide (LPS - 1 µg/mL). At each time point, the cells were subjected to the MTT assay. The cytokines transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, osteoprotegerin (OPG), and interleukin (IL)-6, along with the chemokine CCL2, were quantified using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay at the 24-h time-point. Statistical analysis was performed using two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey's post-hoc test (p<0.05). RESULTS In general, APCs exhibited increasing metabolic activity in an FBS concentration-dependent fashion, regardless of the presence of LPS. In contrast, FBS interfered with the production of all the cytokines evaluated in this study, affecting the response induced by the presence of LPS. CONCLUSION FBS increased APC metabolism in a concentration-dependent manner and differentially affected the production of TGF-β1, OPG, IL-6, and CCL2 by APCs in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letícia Martins Santos
- Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Dentística, Faculdade de Odontologia, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Patricia E Silva Cardoso
- Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Dentística, Faculdade de Odontologia, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Elisa Abreu Diniz
- Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Dentística, Faculdade de Odontologia, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Juliana Garuba Rahhal
- Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Dentística, Faculdade de Odontologia, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Carla Renata Sipert
- Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Dentística, Faculdade de Odontologia, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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Mavinga M, Palmier M, Rémy M, Jeannière C, Lenoir S, Rey S, Saint-Marc M, Alonso F, Génot E, Thébaud N, Chevret E, Mournetas V, Rousseau B, Boiziau C, Boeuf H. The Journey of SCAPs (Stem Cells from Apical Papilla), from Their Native Tissue to Grafting: Impact of Oxygen Concentration. Cells 2022; 11:cells11244098. [PMID: 36552862 PMCID: PMC9776846 DOI: 10.3390/cells11244098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering strategies aim at characterizing and at optimizing the cellular component that is combined with biomaterials, for improved tissue regeneration. Here, we present the immunoMap of apical papilla, the native tissue from which SCAPs are derived. We characterized stem cell niches that correspond to a minority population of cells expressing Mesenchymal stromal/Stem Cell (CD90, CD105, CD146) and stemness (SSEA4 and CD49f) markers as well as endothelial cell markers (VWF, CD31). Based on the colocalization of TKS5 and cortactin markers, we detected migration-associated organelles, podosomes-like structures, in specific regions and, for the first time, in association with stem cell niches in normal tissue. From six healthy teenager volunteers, each with two teeth, we derived twelve cell banks, isolated and amplified under 21 or 3% O2. We confirmed a proliferative advantage of all banks when cultured under 3% versus 21% O2. Interestingly, telomerase activity was similar to that of the highly proliferative hiPSC cell line, but unrelated to O2 concentration. Finally, SCAPs embedded in a thixotropic hydrogel and implanted subcutaneously in immunodeficient mice were protected from cell death with a slightly greater advantage for cells preconditioned at 3% O2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Mavinga
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, BIOTIS, U1026, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Murielle Rémy
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, BIOTIS, U1026, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Solène Lenoir
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, BIOTIS, U1026, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Sylvie Rey
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, BIOTIS, U1026, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Florian Alonso
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, BIOTIS, U1026, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Elisabeth Génot
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, BIOTIS, U1026, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Noélie Thébaud
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, BIOTIS, U1026, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Edith Chevret
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, BRIC, U1312, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Benoit Rousseau
- Univ. Bordeaux, Animal Facility A2, Service Commun des Animaleries, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Helene Boeuf
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, BIOTIS, U1026, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
- Correspondence:
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Simonovic J, Toljic B, Lazarevic M, Markovic MM, Peric M, Vujin J, Panajotovic R, Milasin J. The Effect of Liquid-Phase Exfoliated Graphene Film on Neurodifferentiation of Stem Cells from Apical Papilla. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2022; 12:nano12183116. [PMID: 36144905 PMCID: PMC9502655 DOI: 10.3390/nano12183116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dental stem cells, which originate from the neural crest, due to their easy accessibility might be good candidates in neuro-regenerative procedures, along with graphene-based nanomaterials shown to promote neurogenesis in vitro. We aimed to explore the potential of liquid-phase exfoliated graphene (LPEG) film to stimulate the neuro-differentiation of stem cells from apical papilla (SCAP). METHODS The experimental procedure was structured as follows: (1) fabrication of graphene film; (2) isolation, cultivation and SCAP stemness characterization by flowcytometry, multilineage differentiation (osteo, chondro and adipo) and quantitative PCR (qPCR); (3) SCAP neuro-induction by cultivation on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) coated with graphene film; (4) evaluation of neural differentiation by means of several microscopy techniques (light, confocal, atomic force and scanning electron microscopy), followed by neural marker gene expression analysis using qPCR. RESULTS SCAP demonstrated exceptional stemness, as judged by mesenchymal markers' expression (CD73, CD90 and CD105), and by multilineage differentiation capacity (osteo, chondro and adipo-differentiation). Neuro-induction of SCAP grown on PET coated with graphene film resulted in neuron-like cellular phenotype observed under different microscopes. This was corroborated by the high gene expression of all examined key neuronal markers (Ngn2, NF-M, Nestin, MAP2, MASH1). CONCLUSIONS The ability of SCAPs to differentiate toward neural lineages was markedly enhanced by graphene film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Simonovic
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Bosko Toljic
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milos Lazarevic
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Mina Peric
- Center for Laser Microscopy, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jasna Vujin
- Graphene Laboratory, Center for Solid State Physics and New Materials, Institute of Physics, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Radmila Panajotovic
- Graphene Laboratory, Center for Solid State Physics and New Materials, Institute of Physics, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Milasin
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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Cui Y, Bai M, Guo D, Yang Y, Chen H, Sun J, Xie J, Zhou X. Insulin-like growth factor 1 promotes neural differentiation of human stem cells from the apical papilla. Arch Oral Biol 2021; 131:105264. [PMID: 34598025 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2021.105264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) is one of the vital factors in regenerative endodontics. Previous studies have focused on the role of IGF1 in the mineralization of dental tissues. However, the role of IGF1 in the neural differentiation of dental stem cells was little discussed. DESIGN IGF1 was overexpressed in human stem cells from the apical papilla (hSCAPs) by lentivirus and knocked down in hSCAPs by small interfering RNA. The neural differentiation level of hSCAPs was investigated histologically by HE staining and Nissl staining after neural induction for 3 days. The expression of proteins was examined by western blot and immunofluorescence. RESULTS IGF1 promoted neural differentiation of hSCAPs, more cell processes and Nissl-positive body stained cells. IGF1 overexpression could both promote glial differentiation in hSCAPs, characterized by the increase of S100β and GFAP proteins, and neuronal differentiation, characterized by the increase of βIII-tubulin and functional GAD67/vGLUT1 proteins. Conversely, IGF1 knockdown suppressed both glial and neuronal differentiation. IGF1 activated AKT to regulate the early neural differentiation of hSCAPs. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate IGF1 could promote neural differentiation of hSCAPs by activating AKT signaling and provide a cue for the candidate of induced neural seeding cells in regenerative endodontics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Mingru Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Daimo Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yueyi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Haoran Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jianxun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jing Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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Calar K, Plesselova S, Bhattacharya S, Jorgensen M, de la Puente P. Human Plasma-Derived 3D Cultures Model Breast Cancer Treatment Responses and Predict Clinically Effective Drug Treatment Concentrations. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12071722. [PMID: 32610529 PMCID: PMC7407241 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12071722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Lack of efficacy and a low overall success rate of phase I-II clinical trials are the most common failures when it comes to advancing cancer treatment. Current drug sensitivity screenings present several challenges including differences in cell growth rates, the inconsistent use of drug metrics, and the lack of translatability. Here, we present a patient-derived 3D culture model to overcome these limitations in breast cancer (BCa). The human plasma-derived 3D culture model (HuP3D) utilizes patient plasma as the matrix, where BCa cell lines and primary BCa biopsies were grown and screened for drug treatments. Several drug metrics were evaluated from relative cell count and growth rate curves. Correlations between HuP3D metrics, established preclinical models, and clinical effective concentrations in patients were determined. HuP3D efficiently supported the growth and expansion of BCa cell lines and primary breast cancer tumors as both organoids and single cells. Significant and strong correlations between clinical effective concentrations in patients were found for eight out of ten metrics for HuP3D, while a very poor positive correlation and a moderate correlation was found for 2D models and other 3D models, respectively. HuP3D is a feasible and efficacious platform for supporting the growth and expansion of BCa, allowing high-throughput drug screening and predicting clinically effective therapies better than current preclinical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Calar
- Cancer Biology and Immunotherapies Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA; (K.C.); (S.B.); (M.J.)
| | - Simona Plesselova
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain;
| | - Somshuvra Bhattacharya
- Cancer Biology and Immunotherapies Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA; (K.C.); (S.B.); (M.J.)
| | - Megan Jorgensen
- Cancer Biology and Immunotherapies Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA; (K.C.); (S.B.); (M.J.)
- MD/PhD Program, University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine, Sioux Falls, SD 57105, USA
| | - Pilar de la Puente
- Cancer Biology and Immunotherapies Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA; (K.C.); (S.B.); (M.J.)
- Department of Surgery, University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine, Sioux Falls, SD 57105, USA
- Flow Cytometry Core, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-605-312-6042
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Yang JW, Shin YY, Seo Y, Kim HS. Therapeutic Functions of Stem Cells from Oral Cavity: An Update. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4389. [PMID: 32575639 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult stem cells have been developed as therapeutics for tissue regeneration and immune regulation due to their self-renewing, differentiating, and paracrine functions. Recently, a variety of adult stem cells from the oral cavity have been discovered, and these dental stem cells mostly exhibit the characteristics of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Dental MSCs can be applied for the replacement of dental and oral tissues against various tissue-damaging conditions including dental caries, periodontitis, and oral cancers, as well as for systemic regulation of excessive inflammation in immune disorders, such as autoimmune diseases and hypersensitivity. Therefore, in this review, we summarized and updated the types of dental stem cells and their functions to exert therapeutic efficacy against diseases.
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7
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J B, M M B, Chanda K. Evolutionary approaches in protein engineering towards biomaterial construction. RSC Adv 2019; 9:34720-34734. [PMID: 35530663 PMCID: PMC9074691 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra06807d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The tailoring of proteins for specific applications by evolutionary methods is a highly active area of research. Rational design and directed evolution are the two main strategies to reengineer proteins or create chimeric structures. Rational engineering is often limited by insufficient knowledge about proteins' structure-function relationships; directed evolution overcomes this restriction but poses challenges in the screening of candidates. A combination of these protein engineering approaches will allow us to create protein variants with a wide range of desired properties. Herein, we focus on the application of these approaches towards the generation of protein biomaterials that are known for biodegradability, biocompatibility and biofunctionality, from combinations of natural, synthetic, or engineered proteins and protein domains. Potential applications depend on the enhancement of biofunctional, mechanical, or other desired properties. Examples include scaffolds for tissue engineering, thermostable enzymes for industrial biocatalysis, and other therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brindha J
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Science, Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai Campus Vandalur-Kelambakkam Road Chennai-600 127 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Balamurali M M
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Science, Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai Campus Vandalur-Kelambakkam Road Chennai-600 127 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Kaushik Chanda
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Science, Vellore Institute of Technology Vellore-632014 Tamil Nadu India
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Tatic N, Rose FRAJ, des Rieux A, White LJ. Stem cells from the dental apical papilla in extracellular matrix hydrogels mitigate inflammation of microglial cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14015. [PMID: 31570730 PMCID: PMC6768850 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50367-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
After spinal cord injury (SCI) chronic inflammation hampers regeneration. Influencing the local microenvironment after SCI may provide a strategy to modulate inflammation and the immune response. The objectives of this work were to determine whether bone or spinal cord derived ECM hydrogels can deliver human mesenchymal stem cells from the apical papilla (SCAP) to reduce local inflammation and provide a regenerative microenvironment. Bone hydrogels (8 and 10 mg/ml, B8 and B10) and spinal cord hydrogels (8 mg/ml, S8) supplemented with fibrin possessed a gelation rate and a storage modulus compatible with spinal cord implantation. S8 and B8 impact on the expression of anti and pro-inflammatory cytokines (Arg1, Nos2, Tnf) in LPS treated microglial cells were assessed using solubilised and solid hydrogel forms. S8 significantly reduced the Nos2/Arg1 ratio and solubilised B8 significantly reduced Tnf and increased Arg1 whereas solid S8 and B8 did not impact inflammation in microglial cells. SCAP incorporation within ECM hydrogels did not impact upon SCAP immunoregulatory properties, with significant downregulation of Nos2/Arg1 ratio observed for all SCAP embedded hydrogels. Tnf expression was reduced with SCAP embedded in B8, reflecting the gene expression observed with the innate hydrogel. Thus, ECM hydrogels are suitable vehicles to deliver SCAP due to their physical properties, preservation of SCAP viability and immunomodulatory capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalija Tatic
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
- Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, Brussels, 1200, Belgium
| | - Felicity R A J Rose
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Anne des Rieux
- Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, Brussels, 1200, Belgium
| | - Lisa J White
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom.
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Wei Z, Volkova E, Blatchley MR, Gerecht S. Hydrogel vehicles for sequential delivery of protein drugs to promote vascular regeneration. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 149-150:95-106. [PMID: 31421149 PMCID: PMC6889011 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2019.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, as the mechanisms of vasculogenesis and angiogenesis have been uncovered, the functions of various pro-angiogenic growth factors (GFs) and cytokines have been identified. Therefore, therapeutic angiogenesis, by delivery of GFs, has been sought as a treatment for many vascular diseases. However, direct injection of these protein drugs has proven to have limited clinical success due to their short half-lives and systemic off-target effects. To overcome this, hydrogel carriers have been developed to conjugate single or multiple GFs with controllable, sustained, and localized delivery. However, these attempts have failed to account for the temporal complexity of natural angiogenic pathways, resulting in limited therapeutic effects. Recently, the emerging ideas of optimal sequential delivery of multiple GFs have been suggested to better mimic the biological processes and to enhance therapeutic angiogenesis. Incorporating sequential release into drug delivery platforms will likely promote the formation of neovasculature and generate vast therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Wei
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Institute for NanoBioTechnology Physical-Sciences Oncology Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Eugenia Volkova
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Institute for NanoBioTechnology Physical-Sciences Oncology Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Michael R Blatchley
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Institute for NanoBioTechnology Physical-Sciences Oncology Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Sharon Gerecht
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Institute for NanoBioTechnology Physical-Sciences Oncology Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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10
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Kang J, Fan W, Deng Q, He H, Huang F. Stem Cells from the Apical Papilla: A Promising Source for Stem Cell-Based Therapy. Biomed Res Int 2019; 2019:6104738. [PMID: 30834270 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6104738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells are biological cells that can self-renew and can differentiate into multiple cell lineages. Stem cell-based therapy is emerging as a promising alternative therapeutic option for various disorders. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent adult stem cells that are isolated from various tissues and can be used as an alternative to embryonic stem cells. Stem cells from the apical papilla (SCAPs) are a novel population of MSCs residing in the apical papilla of immature permanent teeth. SCAPs present the characteristics of expression of MSCs markers, self-renewal, proliferation, migration, differentiation, and immunosuppression, which support the application of SCAPs in stem cell-based therapy, including the immunotherapy and the regeneration of dental tissues, bone, neural, and vascular tissues. In view of these properties and therapeutic potential, SCAPs can be considered as promising candidates for stem cell-based therapy. Thus the aim of our review was to summarize the current knowledge of SCAPs considering isolation, characterization, and multilineage differentiation. The prospects for their use in stem cell-based therapy were also discussed.
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Nada OA, El Backly RM. Stem Cells From the Apical Papilla (SCAP) as a Tool for Endogenous Tissue Regeneration. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2018; 6:103. [PMID: 30087893 PMCID: PMC6066565 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2018.00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells extracted from developing tissues possibly exhibit not only unique but also superior traits against their developed counterparts. Indeed, stem cells from the apical papilla (SCAP); a unique group of dental stem cells related to developing roots have been shown to be a promising tool for regenerative endodontic procedures and regeneration in general. Studies have characterized the phenotypic traits as well as other regenerative potentials of these cells. Specific sub-populations have been highlighted as well as their neurogenic and angiogenic properties. Nevertheless, in light of the previously discussed features and potential applications of SCAP, there is still much to understand and a lot of information to unravel. The current review will discuss the role of specific markers for detection of different functional populations of SCAP; including CD146 and STRO-1, as well as their true multilineage differentiation potential. In particular, the role of the secretome in association with paracrine signaling in inflammatory microenvironments is also tackled. Additionally, the role of SCAP both in vitro and in vivo during regenerative approaches and in response to different growth factors and biologic scaffolds is highlighted. Finally, this review will shed light on current knowledge regarding the clinical translational potential of SCAP and elucidate possible areas for future research applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ola A Nada
- Oral Biology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.,Tissue Engineering Laboratories, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Rania M El Backly
- Tissue Engineering Laboratories, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.,Endodontics, Conservative Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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Amirikia M, Shariatzadeh SMA, Jorsaraei SGA, Mehranjani MS. Auto-fluorescence of a silk fibroin-based scaffold and its interference with fluorophores in labeled cells. Eur Biophys J 2018; 47:573-81. [DOI: 10.1007/s00249-018-1279-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Manavella DD, Cacciottola L, Desmet CM, Jordan BF, Donnez J, Amorim CA, Dolmans MM. Adipose tissue-derived stem cells in a fibrin implant enhance neovascularization in a peritoneal grafting site: a potential way to improve ovarian tissue transplantation. Hum Reprod 2018; 33:270-279. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dex374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Chiti MC, Dolmans MM, Mortiaux L, Zhuge F, Ouni E, Shahri PAK, Van Ruymbeke E, Champagne SD, Donnez J, Amorim CA. A novel fibrin-based artificial ovary prototype resembling human ovarian tissue in terms of architecture and rigidity. J Assist Reprod Genet 2018; 35:41-48. [PMID: 29236205 PMCID: PMC5758477 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-017-1091-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study is to optimize fibrin matrix composition in order to mimic human ovarian tissue architecture for human ovarian follicle encapsulation and grafting. METHODS Ultrastructure of fresh human ovarian cortex in age-related women (n = 3) and different fibrin formulations (F12.5/T1, F30/T50, F50/T50, F75/T75), rheology of fibrin matrices and histology of isolated and encapsulated human ovarian follicles in these matrices. RESULTS Fresh human ovarian cortex showed a highly fibrous and structurally inhomogeneous architecture in three age-related patients, but the mean ± SD of fiber thickness (61.3 to 72.4 nm) was comparable between patients. When the fiber thickness of four different fibrin formulations was compared with human ovarian cortex, F50/T50 and F75/T75 showed similar fiber diameters to native tissue, while F12.5/T1 was significantly different (p value < 0.01). In addition, increased concentrations of fibrin exhibited enhanced storage modulus with F50/T50, resembling physiological ovarian rigidity. Excluding F12.5/T1 from further analysis, only three remaining fibrin matrices (F30/T50, F50/T50, F75/T75) were histologically investigated. For this, frozen-thawed fragments of human ovarian tissue collected from 22 patients were used to isolate ovarian follicles and encapsulate them in the three fibrin formulations. All three yielded similar follicle recovery and loss rates soon after encapsulation. Therefore, based on fiber thickness, porosity, and rigidity, we selected F50/T50 as the fibrin formulation that best mimics native tissue. CONCLUSIONS Of all the different fibrin matrix concentrations tested, F50/T50 emerged as the combination of choice in terms of ultrastructure and rigidity, most closely resembling human ovarian cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Costanza Chiti
- Pôle de Recherche en Gynécologie, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Mounier 52, bte. B1.52.02, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marie-Madeleine Dolmans
- Pôle de Recherche en Gynécologie, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Mounier 52, bte. B1.52.02, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
- Gynecology Department, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lucie Mortiaux
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Bio and Soft Matter, Université Catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 1, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Flanco Zhuge
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Bio and Soft Matter, Université Catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 1, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Emna Ouni
- Pôle de Recherche en Gynécologie, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Mounier 52, bte. B1.52.02, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Parinaz Asiabi Kohneh Shahri
- Pôle de Recherche en Gynécologie, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Mounier 52, bte. B1.52.02, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Evelyne Van Ruymbeke
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Bio and Soft Matter, Université Catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 1, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Sophie-Demoustier Champagne
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Bio and Soft Matter, Université Catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 1, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Jacques Donnez
- Society for Research into Infertility, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christiani Andrade Amorim
- Pôle de Recherche en Gynécologie, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Mounier 52, bte. B1.52.02, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
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15
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Viswanath A, Vanacker J, Germain L, Leprince JG, Diogenes A, Shakesheff KM, White LJ, des Rieux A. Extracellular matrix-derived hydrogels for dental stem cell delivery. J Biomed Mater Res A 2016; 105:319-328. [PMID: 27636889 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Decellularized mammalian extracellular matrices (ECM) have been widely accepted as an ideal substrate for repair and remodelling of numerous tissues in clinical and pre-clinical studies. Recent studies have demonstrated the ability of ECM scaffolds derived from site-specific homologous tissues to direct cell differentiation. The present study investigated the suitability of hydrogels derived from different source tissues: bone, spinal cord and dentine, as suitable carriers to deliver human apical papilla derived mesenchymal stem cells (SCAP) for spinal cord regeneration. Bone, spinal cord, and dentine ECM hydrogels exhibited distinct structural, mechanical, and biological characteristics. All three hydrogels supported SCAP viability and proliferation. However, only spinal cord and bone derived hydrogels promoted the expression of neural lineage markers. The specific environment of ECM scaffolds significantly affected the differentiation of SCAP to a neural lineage, with stronger responses observed with spinal cord ECM hydrogels, suggesting that site-specific tissues are more likely to facilitate optimal stem cell behavior for constructive spinal cord regeneration. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 105A: 319-328, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiswarya Viswanath
- Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials Unit, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.,School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Julie Vanacker
- Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials Unit, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Loïc Germain
- Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials Unit, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Julian G Leprince
- Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials Unit, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Anibal Diogenes
- Department of Endodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio-TX, USA
| | | | - Lisa J White
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Anne des Rieux
- Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials Unit, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.,Université Catholique de Louvain, Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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16
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Paulini F, Vilela JM, Chiti MC, Donnez J, Jadoul P, Dolmans MM, Amorim CA. Survival and growth of human preantral follicles after cryopreservation of ovarian tissue, follicle isolation and short-term xenografting. Reprod Biomed Online 2016; 33:425-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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17
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Poels J, Abou-Ghannam G, Decamps A, Leyman M, Rieux AD, Wyns C. Transplantation of testicular tissue in alginate hydrogel loaded with VEGF nanoparticles improves spermatogonial recovery. J Control Release 2016; 234:79-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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18
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Roura S, Gálvez-Montón C, Bayes-Genis A. Fibrin, the preferred scaffold for cell transplantation after myocardial infarction? An old molecule with a new life. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2016; 11:2304-2313. [PMID: 27061269 DOI: 10.1002/term.2129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fibrin is a topical haemostat, sealant and tissue glue, which consists of concentrated fibrinogen and thrombin. It has broad medical and research uses. Recently, several studies have shown that engineered patches comprising mixtures of biological or synthetic materials and progenitor cells showed therapeutic promise for regenerating damaged tissues. In that context, fibrin maintains cell adherence at the site of injury, where cells are required for tissue repair, and offers a nurturing environment that protects implanted cells without interfering with their expected benefit. Here we review the past, present and future uses of fibrin, with a focus on its use as a scaffold material for cardiac repair. Fibrin patches filled with regenerative cells can be placed over the scarring myocardium; this methodology avoids many of the drawbacks of conventional cell-infusion systems. Advantages of using fibrin also include extraction from the patient's blood, an easy readjustment and implantation procedure, increase in viability and early proliferation of delivered cells, and benefits even with the patch alone. In line with this, we discuss the numerous preclinical studies that have used fibrin-cell patches, the practical issues inherent in their generation, and the necessary process of scaling-up from animal models to patients. In the light of the data presented, fibrin stands out as a valuable biomaterial for delivering cells to damaged tissue and for promoting beneficial effects. However, before the fibrin scaffold can be translated from bench to bedside, many issues must be explored further, including suboptimal survival and limited migration of the implanted cells to underlying ischaemic myocardium. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Roura
- Heart Failure and Cardiac Regeneration (ICREC) Research Programme, Germans Trias i Pujol Health Science Research Institute, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain.,Center of Regenerative Medicine in Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carolina Gálvez-Montón
- Heart Failure and Cardiac Regeneration (ICREC) Research Programme, Germans Trias i Pujol Health Science Research Institute, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antoni Bayes-Genis
- Heart Failure and Cardiac Regeneration (ICREC) Research Programme, Germans Trias i Pujol Health Science Research Institute, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain.,Cardiology Service, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
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19
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Bianco J, De Berdt P, Deumens R, des Rieux A. Taking a bite out of spinal cord injury: do dental stem cells have the teeth for it? Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:1413-37. [PMID: 26768693 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2126-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Dental stem cells are an emerging star on a stage that is already quite populated. Recently, there has been a lot of hype concerning these cells in dental therapies, especially in regenerative endodontics. It is fitting that most research is concentrated on dental regeneration, although other uses for these cells need to be explored in more detail. Being a true mesenchymal stem cell, their capacities could also prove beneficial in areas outside their natural environment. One such field is the central nervous system, and in particular, repairing the injured spinal cord. One of the most formidable challenges in regenerative medicine is to restore function to the injured spinal cord, and as yet, a cure for paralysis remains to be discovered. A variety of approaches have already been tested, with graft-based strategies utilising cells harbouring appropriate properties for neural regeneration showing encouraging results. Here we present a review focusing on properties of dental stem cells that endorse their use in regenerative medicine, with particular emphasis on repairing the damaged spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Bianco
- Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Mounier, 73, B1 73.12, 1200, Brussels, Belgium. .,Integrated Center for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, International Clinical Research Center (FNUSA-ICRC), St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekařská 53, 656 91, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Pauline De Berdt
- Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Mounier, 73, B1 73.12, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ronald Deumens
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate B1.54.10, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Anne des Rieux
- Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Mounier, 73, B1 73.12, 1200, Brussels, Belgium.,Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Université catholique de Louvain, 1348, Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium
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20
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Peters OA, Galicia J, Arias A, Tolar M, Ng E, Shin SJ. Effects of two calcium silicate cements on cell viability, angiogenic growth factor release and related gene expression in stem cells from the apical papilla. Int Endod J 2015; 49:1132-1140. [DOI: 10.1111/iej.12571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- O. A. Peters
- Department of Endodontics; University of the Pacific Arthur A. Dugonic School of Dentistry; San Francisco CA USA
| | - J. Galicia
- Department of Endodontics; University of the Pacific Arthur A. Dugonic School of Dentistry; San Francisco CA USA
| | - A. Arias
- Department of Endodontics; University of the Pacific Arthur A. Dugonic School of Dentistry; San Francisco CA USA
| | - M. Tolar
- Department of Orthodontics; University of the Pacific Arthur A. Dugonic School of Dentistry; San Francisco CA USA
| | - E. Ng
- Department of Endodontics; University of the Pacific Arthur A. Dugonic School of Dentistry; San Francisco CA USA
| | - S. J. Shin
- Department of Endodontics; University of the Pacific Arthur A. Dugonic School of Dentistry; San Francisco CA USA
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Oral Science Research Center; College of Dentistry; Gangnam Severance Hospital; Yonsei University; Seoul Korea
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21
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De Berdt P, Vanacker J, Ucakar B, Elens L, Diogenes A, Leprince J, Deumens R, des Rieux A. Dental Apical Papilla as Therapy for Spinal Cord Injury. J Dent Res 2015; 94:1575-81. [DOI: 10.1177/0022034515604612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cells of the apical papilla (SCAP) represent great promise regarding treatment of neural tissue damage, such as spinal cord injury (SCI). They derive from the neural crest, express numerous neurogenic markers, and mediate neurite outgrowth and axonal targeting. The goal of the present work was to investigate for the first time their potential to promote motor recovery after SCI in a rat hemisection model when delivered in their original stem cell niche—that is, by transplantation of the human apical papilla tissue itself into the lesion. Control groups consisted of animals subjected to laminectomy only (shams) and to lesion either untreated or injected with a fibrin hydrogel with or without human SCAP. Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan locomotor scores at 1 and 3 d postsurgery confirmed early functional decline in all SCI groups. This significant impairment was reversed, as seen in CatWalk analyses, after transplantation of apical papilla into the injured spinal cord wound, whereas the other groups demonstrated persistent functional impairment. Moreover, tactile allodynia did not develop as an unwanted side effect in any of the groups, even though the SCAP hydrogel group showed higher expression of the microglial marker Iba-1, which has been frequently associated with allodynia. Notably, the apical papilla transplant group presented with reduced Iba-1 expression level. Masson trichrome and human mitochondria staining showed the preservation of the apical papilla integrity and the presence of numerous human cells, while human cells could no longer be detected in the SCAP hydrogel group at the 6-wk postsurgery time point. Altogether, our data suggest that the transplantation of a human apical papilla at the lesion site improves gait in spinally injured rats and reduces glial reactivity. It also underlines the potential interest for the application of delivering SCAP in their original niche, as compared with use of a fibrin hydrogel.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. De Berdt
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, Brussels, Belgium
| | - J. Vanacker
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, Brussels, Belgium
| | - B. Ucakar
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, Brussels, Belgium
| | - L. Elens
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Translational Research from Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology to Treatment Optimization, Brussels, Belgium
| | - A. Diogenes
- Department of Endodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - J.G. Leprince
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, Brussels, Belgium
| | - R. Deumens
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Institute of Neuroscience, Brussels, Belgium
| | - A. des Rieux
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, Brussels, Belgium
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Bio- and Soft Matter Unit, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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