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Keleman N, Krasnik R, Mikov A, Dragičević-Cvjetković D. Outcome of early rehabilitation of patients with traumatic brain injury during COVID-19 pandemic in The Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1269564. [PMID: 37840938 PMCID: PMC10569459 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1269564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The COVID-19 pandemic has placed a tremendous burden on the healthcare system. Patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) have to get fast track treatment which is independent of environmental conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate epidemiological and clinical outcomes of early rehabilitation and compare it with the literature data during the non-COVID-19 period. Materials and methods A retrospective study included 174 patients with TBI, average 57 ± 19.08 years. They all underwent treatment in the University Clinical Center, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina during the period January-December 2021. We have analyzed the epidemiological data and clinical course in 174 patients as well as the outcome of early rehabilitation in 107 patients. In clinical evaluation were used: Glasgow Coma Score (GCS), Functional Independence Measure (FIM) and Barthel Index on admission and at discharge, as well as Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) at discharge. ANOVA, SPANOVA, Student t-test and Pearson correlation coefficient were used in statistical analysis. The value (p < 0.05) was used for statistical significance. Results A total of 174 patients with TBI were included in this study. Most of the patients (n = 94) were older than 60, male (n = 125) and the most frequent cause of TBI was falling over (n = 88). About a half (n = 92) had a mild TBI, almost one third of the sample had moderate (n = 52), while only 30 patients had severe TBI. Total of 139 (80.3%) patients had the improved outcome, the worsening was registered in 2 (1.2%), while the fatal outcome was reported with 33 (18.5%) patients. When comparing the scores on admission and at discharge, the improvement of mean parameter values was reported for GCS (9.9 vs. 14.1), for Barthel Index (57.25 vs. 86.85), and for FIM (67.35 vs. 105.15), (p < 0.001). A complete recovery at discharge was found in 63.79%, a mild deficit in 8.62%, while serious deficit was found with 6.32%, and vegetative state with 2.29% patients. Conclusion The COVID-19 pandemic had a significant effect on the epidemiological data but not on the clinical outcome of patients with TBI. Early rehabilitation proved to be effective and to contribute to positive treatment outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataša Keleman
- Clinical Rehabilitation Service, University Clinical Center of the Republic of Srpska, Banja Luka, The Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Rastislava Krasnik
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
- Clinic for Children Habilitation and Rehabilitation, Institute for Children and Youth Health Care of Vojvodina, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Mikov
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
- Clinic for Children Habilitation and Rehabilitation, Institute for Children and Youth Health Care of Vojvodina, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Dragana Dragičević-Cvjetković
- Department of Medical Rehabilitation and Balneoclimatology, Institute for Physical Medicine, Rehabilitation and Orthopedic Surgery “Dr Miroslav Zotović”, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, Banja Luka, The Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina
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Leiphart TJ, Leiphart J. The Effect of the COVID-19 Pandemic and Lockdown on Operative Traumatic Brain Injury in Northern Virginia. Cureus 2023; 15:e44746. [PMID: 37680260 PMCID: PMC10480358 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.44746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION COVID-19 is a disease that causes flu-like symptoms and difficulty breathing. Emerging in 2019, the COVID-19 pandemic has affected the entire world through restrictions and lockdowns. Multiple studies have compared the effects of COVID-19 on different types of head trauma, with each one producing different results. The goal of this study was to use state and hospital data to determine whether the COVID-19 pandemic had a significant impact on surgeries for traumatic brain injury (TBI). METHODS Public state data on COVID-19 incidence, sourced from the Virginia Department of Health, was compared to hospital data of 352 patients receiving surgeries for TBI from a single major level-one trauma hospital in Northern Virginia. We used data from the three years before COVID-19 and the two years during the pandemic, using t-tests and Pearson correlation to analyze the data. This is a retrospective case review study on the number and age of patients receiving TBI surgery from March 2017 through February 2022 at Inova Fairfax Hospital in Northern Virginia to determine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on these factors. RESULTS When comparing the data, there was a 60% reduction in cases of operative TBI during the peak months of COVID-19 compared to the same months in previous years (p<0.005). Comparing data on the number of Virginia and Northern Virginia COVID-19 cases and data on the age of individuals undergoing TBI surgery four weeks later showed a statistically significant negative correlation (p<0.05) in which the average age of individuals undergoing TBI surgery was lower in the four-week block following a four-week block of increased COVID-19 incidence. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate a correlation between the period of decreased activity from COVID-19 restrictions in Virginia and a decline in both the number of TBI surgeries and the age of individuals undergoing these surgeries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaddeus J Leiphart
- Neurosurgery, Inova Health System, Falls Church, USA
- Biology, St. Albans School, Washington, USA
| | - James Leiphart
- Neurosurgery, Inova Health System, Falls Church, USA
- Neurosurgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Falls Church, USA
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Laufer K, Petek K, Rakusa S, Rakusa M, Rakusa M, Cretnik A. Traumatic Brain Injury during the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemics in Slovenia: A Single Center Study. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11237017. [PMID: 36498592 PMCID: PMC9735714 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11237017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic had a significant impact on the management of traumatic brain injury (TBI). We aimed to compare the clinical characteristics and outcomes of TBI patients before and during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.; (2) Methods: We analyzed depicted data from existing medical records on sex, age, mechanism of injury, clinical performance at admission and discharge, neuroimaging, laboratory values at admission, mortality, duration of hospitalization, and referrals after discharge from the traumatology department for all adult patients during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and a year before. Variables were compared using the Chi-square or t-test between both groups.; (3) Results: Most patients had mild (n = 477), followed by moderate (11) and severe (11) TBI. Mild TBI was less frequent during the SARS-CoV-2 period (n = 174 vs. n = 303). The incidence of high falls increased during the SARS-CoV-2 period (14.5% vs. 24.7%; p < 0.05) in the group with mild TBI. Patients had similar mean Glasgow Coma Scales (GCS), Glasgow Outcome Scales-Extended (GOSE), and glucose levels at admission before and during the pandemic. Serum ethanol levels were significantly lower during the SARS-CoV-2 period (1.3 ± 0.7 mmol/L vs. 0.7 ± 1.2 mmol/L; p < 0.001). At discharge, the mean GCS was significantly lower (14.7 ± 1.8 vs. 14.1 ± 0.5; p < 0.05) for patients treated during the SARS-CoV-2 period than before the SARS-CoV-2 period. There were no differences in GOSE; (4) Conclusions: our results demonstrated a significant impact of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on the frequency, mechanism, and consequences of TBI, and may help improve care for our patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Laufer
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska 8, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
- Traumatology Department, Divison of Surgery, University Medical Centre Maribor, Ljubljanska 5, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Karina Petek
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska 8, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
- Division of Neurology, University Medical Centre Maribor, Ljubljanska 5, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Sofia Rakusa
- Division of Neurology, University Medical Centre Maribor, Ljubljanska 5, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Matej Rakusa
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Zaloška 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Martin Rakusa
- Division of Neurology, University Medical Centre Maribor, Ljubljanska 5, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
- Correspondence:
| | - Andrej Cretnik
- Traumatology Department, Divison of Surgery, University Medical Centre Maribor, Ljubljanska 5, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
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Rajalu BM, Indira Devi B, Shukla DP, Shukla L, Jayan M, Prasad K, Jayarajan D, Kandasamy A, Murthy P. Traumatic brain injury during COVID-19 pandemic-time-series analysis of a natural experiment. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e052639. [PMID: 35396279 PMCID: PMC8995573 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-052639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aims to find if the incidence and pattern of traumatic brain injury (TBI) changed during the COVID-19pandemic. We also aim to build an explanatory model for change in TBI incidence using Google community mobility and alcohol sales data. DESIGN A retrospective time-series analysis. SETTING Emergency department of a tertiary level hospital located in a metropolitan city of southern India. This centre is dedicated to neurological, neurosurgical and psychiatric care. PARTICIPANTS Daily counts of TBI patients seen between 1 December 2019 and 3 January 2021 (400 days); n=8893. To compare the profile of TBI cases seen before and during the pandemic, a subset of these cases seen between 1 December 2019 and 31 July 2020 (244 days), n=5259, are studied in detail. RESULTS An optimal changepoint is detected on 20 March 2020 following which the mean number of TBI cases seen every day has decreased and variance has increased (mean 1=29.4, variance 1=50.1; mean 2=19.5, variance 2=59.7, loglikelihood ratio test: χ2=130, df=1, p<0.001). Two principal components of community mobility, alcohol sales and weekday explain the change in the number of TBI cases (pseudo R2=58.1). A significant decrease in traffic accidents, falls, mild/moderate injuries and, an increase in assault and severe injuries is seen during the pandemic period. CONCLUSIONS Decongestion of roads and regulation of alcohol sales can decrease TBI occurrence substantially. An increase in violent trauma during lockdown needs further research in the light of domestic violence. Acute care facilities for TBI should be maintained even during a strict lockdown as the proportion of severe TBI requiring admission increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banu Manickam Rajalu
- Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Bhagavatula Indira Devi
- Neurosurgery, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
- Collaborator in National Institute for Health Research Global Health Research Group on Neurotrauma (NIHRGHRGNT), National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Dhaval P Shukla
- Neurosurgery, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Lekhansh Shukla
- Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
- Centre for Addiction Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Mini Jayan
- Neurosurgery, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Krishna Prasad
- Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Deepak Jayarajan
- Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Arun Kandasamy
- Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
- Centre for Addiction Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Pratima Murthy
- Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
- Director, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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Hakiki B, Grippo A, Scarpino M, Liuzzi P, Mannini A, Macchi C, Cecchi F. Effects of COVID-19 pandemic on intensive rehabilitation after severe acquired brain injuries. Neurol Sci 2022; 43:791-798. [PMID: 34762195 PMCID: PMC8581285 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-021-05709-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE COVID-19 pandemic has affected most components of health systems including rehabilitation. The study aims to compare demographic and clinical data of patients admitted to an intensive rehabilitation unit (IRU) after severe acquired brain injuries (sABIs), before and during the pandemic. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this observational retrospective study, all patients admitted to the IRU between 2017 and 2020 were included. Demographics were collected, as well as data from the clinical and functional assessment at admission and discharge from the IRU. Patients were grouped in years starting from March 2017, and the 2020/21 cohort was compared to those admitted between March 2017/18, 2018/19, and 2019/20. Lastly, the pooled cohort March 2017 to March 2020 was compared with the COVID-19 year alone. RESULTS This study included 251 patients (F: 96 (38%): median age 68 years [IQR = 19.25], median time post-onset at admission: 42 days, [IQR = 23]). In comparison with the pre-pandemic years, a significant increase of hemorrhagic strokes (p < 0.001) and a decrease of traumatic brain injuries (p = 0.048), a reduction of the number of patients with a prolonged disorder of consciousness admitted to the IRU (p < 0.001) and a lower length of stay (p < 0.001) were observed in 2020/21. CONCLUSIONS These differences in the case mix of sABI patients admitted to IRU may be considered another side-effect of the pandemic. Facing this health emergency, rehabilitation specialists need to adapt readily to the changing clinical and functional needs of patients' addressing the IRUs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahia Hakiki
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi-ONLUS, Via di Scandicci, 269 - 50143, Florence, Italy
| | - Antonello Grippo
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi-ONLUS, Via di Scandicci, 269 - 50143, Florence, Italy
| | - Maenia Scarpino
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi-ONLUS, Via di Scandicci, 269 - 50143, Florence, Italy.
| | - Piergiuseppe Liuzzi
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi-ONLUS, Via di Scandicci, 269 - 50143, Florence, Italy
- Istituto Di Biorobotica, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio, 34, 56025, Pontedera (Pisa), Italy
| | - Andrea Mannini
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi-ONLUS, Via di Scandicci, 269 - 50143, Florence, Italy
- Istituto Di Biorobotica, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio, 34, 56025, Pontedera (Pisa), Italy
| | - Claudio Macchi
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi-ONLUS, Via di Scandicci, 269 - 50143, Florence, Italy
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesca Cecchi
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi-ONLUS, Via di Scandicci, 269 - 50143, Florence, Italy
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla, Florence, Italy
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Chieregato A, Veronese G, Curto F, Zaniboni M, Fossi F, Zumbo F, Scattolini C, Compagnone C, Alberti BM, Baciu C, Bergesio L, Carenini SM, Cipolla C, Formentano AC, Guidi A, Massimo F, Galluccio I, Pagani S, Paparone R, Pozzi F, Pressato L, Pugnetti E, Riganti M, Ruggieri F, Tagliaferri F, Trinchero G, Vassena E, Bassi G, Giudici R, Sacchi M, Chiara O, Agostoni EC, Grasselli G, Fumagalli R. Emergently planned exclusive hub-and-spoke system in the epicenter of the first wave of COVID-19 pandemic in Italy: the experience of the largest COVID-19-free ICU hub for time-dependent diseases. Minerva Anestesiol 2021; 87:1091-1099. [PMID: 34102806 DOI: 10.23736/s0375-9393.21.15455-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lombardy was the epicenter in Italy of the first wave of COVID-19 pandemic. To face the contagion growth, from March 8 to May 8 2020, a regional law re-designed the hub-and-spoke system for time-dependent diseases to better allocate resources for COVID-19 patients. METHODS We report the reorganization of the major hospital in Lombardy during COVID-19 pandemic, including the rearrangement of its ICU beds to face COVID-19 pandemic and fulfill its role as extended hub for time-dependent diseases while preserving transplant activity. To highlight the impact of the emergently planned hub-and-spoke system, all patients admitted to a COVID-19-free ICU hub for trauma, neurosurgical emergencies and stroke during the two-month period were retrospectively collected and compared to 2019 cohort. Regional data on organ procurement was retrieved. Observed-to-expected (OE) in-ICU mortality ratios were computed to test the impact of the pandemic on patients affected by time-dependent diseases. RESULTS Dynamic changes in ICU resource allocation occurred according to local COVID-19 epidemiology/trends of patients referred for time-dependent diseases. The absolute increase of admissions for trauma, neurosurgical emergencies and stroke was roughly two-fold. Patients referred to the hub were older and characterized by more severe conditions. An increase in crude mortality was observed, though OE ratios for in-ICU mortality were not statistically different when comparing 2020 vs. 2019. An increase in local organ procurement was observed, limiting the debacle of regional transplant activity. CONCLUSIONS We described the effects of a regional emergently planned hub-and-spoke system for time-dependent diseases settled in the epicenter of COVID-19 pandemic in Italy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Chieregato
- Neurointensive Care Unit, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy -
| | - Giacomo Veronese
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Francesco Curto
- Neurointensive Care Unit, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Zaniboni
- Neurointensive Care Unit, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Fossi
- Neurointensive Care Unit, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Zumbo
- Neurointensive Care Unit, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Carla Scattolini
- Neurointensive Care Unit, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Christian Compagnone
- Neurointensive Care Unit, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Beatrice M Alberti
- Neurointensive Care Unit, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Camelia Baciu
- Neurointensive Care Unit, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Lavinia Bergesio
- Neurointensive Care Unit, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano M Carenini
- Neurointensive Care Unit, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristiana Cipolla
- Neurointensive Care Unit, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Guidi
- Neurointensive Care Unit, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Massimo
- Neurointensive Care Unit, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Irene Galluccio
- Neurointensive Care Unit, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvano Pagani
- Neurointensive Care Unit, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Rosaria Paparone
- Neurointensive Care Unit, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Federico Pozzi
- Neurointensive Care Unit, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Pressato
- Neurointensive Care Unit, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Enrica Pugnetti
- Neurointensive Care Unit, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Mauro Riganti
- Neurointensive Care Unit, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Ruggieri
- Neurointensive Care Unit, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Fernanda Tagliaferri
- Neurointensive Care Unit, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriele Trinchero
- Neurointensive Care Unit, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuele Vassena
- Neurointensive Care Unit, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriele Bassi
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care 1, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Riccardo Giudici
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care 1, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Sacchi
- SOREU, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy.,Local Organ Procurement Organization, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Osvaldo Chiara
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Trauma Team, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Elio C Agostoni
- Stroke Unit, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Giacomo Grasselli
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Fumagalli
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy.,Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care 1, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
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Servadei F, Cannizzaro D. Effects on traumatic brain injured patients of COVID pandemia: which responses from neurosurgical departments? Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2021; 163:1051-1052. [PMID: 33486636 DOI: 10.1007/s00701-021-04724-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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