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Ye J, Huang K, Xu Y, Chen N, Tu Y, Huang J, Shao L, Kong W, Zhao D, Xie Y. Clinical application of nanopore-targeted sequencing technology in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from patients with pulmonary infections. Microbiol Spectr 2024:e0002624. [PMID: 38687074 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00026-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The rapid and effective identification of pathogens in patients with pulmonary infections has posed a persistent challenge in medicine, with conventional microbiological tests (CMTs) proving time-consuming and less sensitive, hindering early diagnosis of respiratory infections. While there has been some research on the clinical performance of targeted sequencing technologies, limited focus has been directed toward bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). This study primarily evaluates the pathogen detection capabilities of nanopore-targeted sequencing (NTS) in BALF, providing a comprehensive analysis. The retrospective study, spanning from January 2022 to November 2023, includes 223 patients exclusively sourced from a single center. We conducted a detailed comparative analysis among NTS, targeted next-generation sequencing (tNGS), and CMTs. Initially, we compared the detection capabilities of NTS and tNGS and found no significant differences in their sensitivity and specificity. Specifically, we observed that the sensitivity of NTS was significantly higher than that of CMTs (74.83% vs 33.11%, P < 0.001). Furthermore, NTS exhibited a higher positivity rate in common pulmonary infections (62.88% vs. 23.48%) and in clinically suspected tuberculosis patients compared to CMTs (87.18% vs. 48.72%). Additionally, NTS showed less susceptibility to antibiotic interference, indicating a more sensitive detection capability, especially in detecting fastidious organisms. It complements GeneXpert in tuberculosis diagnosis and offers excellent advantages in identifying pathogens challenging for CMTs, such as non-tuberculous mycobacteria and viruses. Moreover, NTS significantly shortens the reporting time and is only a quarter of the cost of metagenomic next-generation sequencing. Clearly, NTS can facilitate faster and more cost-effective early diagnosis of respiratory infections.IMPORTANCEThis study holds paramount significance in advancing the field of respiratory infection diagnostics. By assessing the pathogen detection capabilities in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of patients with pulmonary infections, we illuminate the promising potential of nanopore-targeted sequencing (NTS). The findings underscore NTS as a comparable yet distinct alternative to traditional methods like comprehensive conventional microbiological tests (CMTs). Notably, NTS demonstrates a pivotal edge, expanding the spectrum of identified pathogens, particularly excelling in the detection of challenging entities like non-tuberculous mycobacteria and viruses. The study also highlights the complementary role of NTS alongside GeneXpert in the identification of tuberculosis, providing a comprehensive overview of the diagnostic landscape for respiratory infections. This insight carries significant implications for clinicians seeking rapid, cost-effective, and accurate diagnostic tools in the realm of pulmonary infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayuan Ye
- Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shangyu People's Hospital Of Shaoxing, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kai Huang
- Department of General Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yaojiang Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shangyu People's Hospital Of Shaoxing, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Nan Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shangyu People's Hospital Of Shaoxing, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yifei Tu
- Department of Radiology, Shangyu People's Hospital Of Shaoxing, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Department of Respiratory, Shangyu People's Hospital Of Shaoxing, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Longfei Shao
- Key Laboratory of Digital Technology in Medical Diagnostics of Zhejiang Province, Dian Diagnostics Group Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weiliang Kong
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dongdong Zhao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yilian Xie
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
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Si W, Chen W, Chen B, Zhou Y, Zhang H. Detection value of third-generation sequencing to identify the pathogenic organisms in prosthetic joint infection. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2024; 109:116319. [PMID: 38669776 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2024.116319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
To compare the detection value of third-generation sequencing (TGS) with pathogenic microbial culture in prosthetic joint infection (PJI). Arthrocentesis was performed on 29 patients who underwent hip and knee revision surgeries. In the PJI group, TGS detected 85.71 % of positive cases, while pathogenic microbial culture detected only 42.85 %. TGS identified 17 different pathogenic microorganisms, including Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus lactis, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. In the loosening group, TGS was positive in one patient, while microbial culture was negative in all cases. TGS showed higher sensitivity (85.71 % vs. 42.85 %), comparable specificity (93.33 % vs. 100 %), and similar positive predictive value (92.31 % vs. 100 %) compared to culture.However, TGS had a higher negative predictive value (87.5 % vs. 65.22 %).Additionally, TGS provided faster results (mean time 23.8±3.6 h) compared to microbial culture (mean time 108.0±9.4 h).These findings suggest that TGS holds promise for detecting pathogenic microorganisms in PJI and has potential for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenteng Si
- Zhengzhou Orthopaedic Hospital of Joint Surgery, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Wenzhong Chen
- Zhengzhou Orthopaedic Hospital of Joint Surgery, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Bin Chen
- Zhengzhou Orthopaedic Hospital of Joint Surgery, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Zhengzhou Orthopaedic Hospital of Joint Surgery, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Huaguo Zhang
- Department of Nursing, Beijing Millennium Temple Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, China.
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Yu G, Shen Y, Yao L, Xu X. Evaluation of Nanopore Sequencing for Diagnosing Pulmonary Tuberculosis Using Negative Smear Clinical Specimens. Infect Drug Resist 2024; 17:673-682. [PMID: 38405053 PMCID: PMC10887957 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s442229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of nanopore sequencing for diagnosing pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) using smear-negative clinical specimens. Methods We conducted a retrospective study based on a review of patient medical records to assess the accuracy of nanopore sequencing as a diagnostic tool for smear-negative PTB. Compared with clinical diagnosis, we determined the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and area under the curve (AUC) of nanopore sequencing. Results A total of 647 patients were evaluated. Nanopore sequencing demonstrated an overall sensitivity of 91.7%, specificity of 85.3%, PPV of 95.1%, NPV of 76.4%, and AUC of 0.88. Notably, the overall diagnostic accuracy of nanopore sequencing was significantly higher than that of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) culture technique. Conclusion Nanopore sequencing exhibited satisfactory overall diagnostic accuracy for smear-negative PTB, regardless of MTB culture status. Therefore, if conditions permit, nanopore sequencing is recommended as a diagnostic method for smear-negative PTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guocan Yu
- Zhejiang Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Hangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Affiliated Hangzhou Chest Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanqin Shen
- Department of Nursing, Hangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Affiliated Hangzhou Chest Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liwei Yao
- Department of Nursing, Hangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Affiliated Hangzhou Chest Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xudong Xu
- Zhejiang Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Hangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Affiliated Hangzhou Chest Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
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Zhao M, Zhang Y, Chen L, Yan X, Xu T, Fu M, Han Y, Zhang Y, Zhang B, Cao J, Lin J, Shen D, Li S, Zhu C, Zhao W. Nanopore sequencing of infectious fluid is a promising supplement for gold-standard culture in real-world clinical scenario. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1330788. [PMID: 38352054 PMCID: PMC10861792 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1330788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Infectious diseases are major causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, necessitating the rapid identification and accurate diagnosis of pathogens. While unbiased metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) has been extensively utilized in clinical pathogen identification and scientific microbiome detection, there is limited research about the application of nanopore platform-based mNGS in the diagnostic performance of various infectious fluid samples. Methods In this study, we collected 297 suspected infectious fluids from 10 clinical centers and detected them with conventional microbiology culture and nanopore platform-based mNGS. The objective was to assess detective and diagnostic performance of nanopore-sequencing technology (NST) in real-world scenarios. Results Combined with gold-standard culture and clinical adjudication, nanopore sequencing demonstrated nearly 100% positive predictive agreements in microbial-colonized sites, such as the respiratory and urinary tracts. For samples collected from initially sterile body sites, the detected microorganisms were highly suspected pathogens, and the negative predictive agreements were relatively higher than those in the microbial-colonized sites, particularly with 100% in abscess and 95.7% in cerebrospinal fluid. Furthermore, consistent performance was also observed in the identification of antimicrobial resistance genes and drug susceptibility testing of pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Acinetobacter baumannii. Discussion Rapid NST is a promising clinical tool to supplement gold-standard culture, and it has the potential improve patient prognosis and facilitate clinical treatment of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manna Zhao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yongyang Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xuebing Yan
- Department of Infectious Disease, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tianmin Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third People’s Hospital of Changzhou, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Maoying Fu
- Infectious Diseases Department, Kunshan First People’s Hospital, Kunshan, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yangguang Han
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Affiliated People’s Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Infection Medicine, The Fifth People’s Hospital of Wuxi, Affiliated Wuxi Fifth Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Juan Cao
- Emergency Department, Shanghai Shibei Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Lin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dan Shen
- Key Laboratory of Digital Technology in Medical Diagnostics of Zhejiang Province, Dian Diagnostics Group Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shuo Li
- Key Laboratory of Digital Technology in Medical Diagnostics of Zhejiang Province, Dian Diagnostics Group Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Medical Department, Nanjing Dian Diagnostics Group Co., Ltd., Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chuanlong Zhu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weifeng Zhao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
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Wei JL, Zhang L, Xu YL, Gan W, Qi M, Fu XW, Li X. Case-controlled study of tuberculosis in in-vitro fertilisation-embryo transfer and natural pregnancy. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2024; 24:77. [PMID: 38263003 PMCID: PMC10804702 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-024-06260-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To improve the understanding of the clinical features and imaging characteristics of pregnant women with and without in-vitro fertilisation-embryo transfer combined with pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). METHODS A retrospective analysis was conducted involving 50 patients with pregnancy who had pulmonary TB and were admitted to the Third People's Hospital of Kunming (China) between 1 January 2017 and 31 December 2021. These patients were divided into an in-vitro fertilisation and embryo transfer (IVF-ET) conception group and a natural conception group according to the conception method. The clinical and imaging data were then collected and compared. RESULTS The mean age of the IVF-ET group (n = 13, 31.85 ± 5.84 years) was higher than in the natural conception group (n = 37, 27.05 ± 5.5 years). The proportions of fever, haematogenous TB and extrapulmonary TB in the IVF-ET group (92.31%, 84.62% and 76.92%, respectively) were higher than those in the natural conception group (40.54%,16.22%,27.03%,respectively). The percentage of patients with pregnancy who had intracranial TB (76.9%) in the IVF-ET group was higher than in the natural conception group (10.8%). The percentage of pregnancy terminations in the IVF-ET conception group (84.62%) was higher than in the natural conception group (48.65%). All the above results had statistically significant differences (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Overall, IVF-ET conception combined with extensive pulmonary TB lesions lead to heavy systemic toxic symptoms, severe disease and poor pregnancy outcomes. Therefore, screening for TB prior to performing IVF-ET is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Lu Wei
- Department of Radiology, The Third People's Hospital of Kunming/Yunnan Clinical Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, No. 319 of Wujing Street, Guandu District, Kunming, 650041, China
| | - Le Zhang
- Department of ICU, The Third People's Hospital of Kunming/Yunnan Clinical Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Kunming, 650041, China
| | - Yan-Ling Xu
- Department of Radiology, The Third People's Hospital of Kunming/Yunnan Clinical Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, No. 319 of Wujing Street, Guandu District, Kunming, 650041, China
| | - Wei Gan
- Department of Radiology, The Third People's Hospital of Kunming/Yunnan Clinical Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, No. 319 of Wujing Street, Guandu District, Kunming, 650041, China
| | - Min Qi
- Department of Radiology, The Third People's Hospital of Kunming/Yunnan Clinical Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, No. 319 of Wujing Street, Guandu District, Kunming, 650041, China
| | - Xu-Wen Fu
- Department of Radiology, The Third People's Hospital of Kunming/Yunnan Clinical Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, No. 319 of Wujing Street, Guandu District, Kunming, 650041, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Radiology, The Third People's Hospital of Kunming/Yunnan Clinical Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, No. 319 of Wujing Street, Guandu District, Kunming, 650041, China.
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Wang L, Liu N, Zhang L, Cui L, Zhu M, Li Z, Wang P, Wang Z. Performance of next-generation sequencing for diagnosis of blood infections by Klebsiella pneumoniae. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1278482. [PMID: 38106471 PMCID: PMC10725243 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1278482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Klebsiella pneumoniae (Kp) bloodstream infections (BSI) can be a life-threatening opportunistic infection. We aimed to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) for Kp BSI. Methods We retrospectively analyzed 72 patients suspected with bloodstream infection and mNGS Kp positive in peripheral blood, who were hospitalized in our hospital from January 2022 to January 2023. Clinical data and laboratory parameters were collected. All patients had blood drawn and other samples for blood mNGS, blood cultures (BC) and other cultures (OC). The accuracy of mNGS results was analyzed according to infection site, clinical indicators, therapeutic effect and routine culture results. The detection of pathogenic microorganisms by blood mNGS and routine culture was compared. Results Among 72 infection patients, 29 cases (40.28%) were BC positive, 43 cases (59.72%) were other culture (OC) positive, 16 cases (22.22%) were both BC and OC positive, 56 cases were positive for both mNGS and routine culture. Among the 56 double-positive cases, mNGS and conventional cultures were completely consistent in 27 cases, partially consistent in 15 cases, and completely inconsistent in 14 cases. Using the clinical diagnosis as the reference standard, There were 51 cases consistent with the results of mNGS with Kp BSI, the clinical consistency was 70.83% (51/72). The coincidence rate of mNGS and clinical diagnosis was higher than that of BC (54.17%, 39/72), indicating a statistically significant difference between the two methods (P<0.01). Conclusions Current evidence indicates that mNGS exhibits excellent accuracy for the diagnosis of Kp BSI. Although it cannot replace blood culture detection technology, it can be used as a supplement to provide stronger diagnostic capabilities for BSI and optimize treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Zhengbin Wang
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Yang J, Ye W, Zhang C, Lin W, Mei L, Liu S, Liu J. Accuracy of Nanopore Sequencing as a Diagnostic Assay for Pulmonary Tuberculosis versus Smear, Culture and Xpert MTB/RIF: A Head-to-Head Comparison. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:441. [PMID: 37755902 PMCID: PMC10535524 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8090441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Early diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) is pivotal for achieving effective tuberculosis (TB) control. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of nanopore sequencing of sputum, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and pleural fluid samples for achieving early PTB diagnosis and provided head-to-head comparisons of nanopore sequencing results versus results obtained using smear, culture, and Xpert MTB/RIF assays. Patients admitted from October 2021 to April 2023 were screened for PTB using diagnostic imaging and electronic medical records. A total of 172 patients (129 PTB, 43 non-TB patients) were included in the final analysis after the exclusion of patients who did not meet the study's inclusion criteria. PTB-positive rates were determined for each assay, and then, assay diagnostic efficacies were compared. The positive MTB-detection rates obtained using nanopore sequencing were 86.8% for all samples, 62.3% for BALF, and 84.6% for pleural fluid, all of which were significantly higher than the corresponding rates obtained using the other three assays. The overall sensitivity rates, specificity rates, and area under the curve (AUC) values obtained from smear testing were 5.4%, 95.3%, and 0.504, respectively, as compared to the respective results obtained via culture (18.6%, 100.0%, and 0.593), Xpert MTB/RIF (26.4%, 97.7%, and 0.620), and nanopore sequencing (85.3%, 95.4%, and 0.903). The diagnostic efficacy of nanopore sequencing surpassed the diagnostic efficacies of smear, culture, and Xpert MTB/RIF assays. Thus, nanopore sequencing holds promise as an alternative to Xpert MTB/RIF for early PTB detection, particularly for the testing of BALF and pleural fluid samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Yang
- Department of Tuberculosis, Anhui Chest Hospital, Anhui Provincial Institute for Tuberculosis Prevention and Treatment, Hefei 230022, China; (J.Y.); (C.Z.); (W.L.); (L.M.)
| | - Wei Ye
- Department of Pathology, Anhui Chest Hospital, Anhui Provincial Institute for Tuberculosis Prevention and Treatment, Hefei 230022, China;
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Tuberculosis, Anhui Chest Hospital, Anhui Provincial Institute for Tuberculosis Prevention and Treatment, Hefei 230022, China; (J.Y.); (C.Z.); (W.L.); (L.M.)
| | - Wenhong Lin
- Department of Tuberculosis, Anhui Chest Hospital, Anhui Provincial Institute for Tuberculosis Prevention and Treatment, Hefei 230022, China; (J.Y.); (C.Z.); (W.L.); (L.M.)
| | - Lin Mei
- Department of Tuberculosis, Anhui Chest Hospital, Anhui Provincial Institute for Tuberculosis Prevention and Treatment, Hefei 230022, China; (J.Y.); (C.Z.); (W.L.); (L.M.)
| | - Shengsheng Liu
- Department of Tuberculosis, Anhui Chest Hospital, Anhui Provincial Institute for Tuberculosis Prevention and Treatment, Hefei 230022, China; (J.Y.); (C.Z.); (W.L.); (L.M.)
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Tuberculosis Control and Prevention, Anhui Chest Hospital, Anhui Provincial Institute for Tuberculosis Prevention and Treatment, Hefei 230022, China
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