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Rice M, Tili E, Loghmani H, Nuovo GJ. The differential expression of toll like receptors and RIG-1 correlates to the severity of infectious diseases. Ann Diagn Pathol 2023; 63:152102. [PMID: 36634551 DOI: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2022.152102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The toll like receptors (TLRs) and RIG-1 are proteins involved in the initial reaction of the innate immune system to infectious diseases and, thus, can provide much information to the surgical pathologist in terms of the molecular dynamics of the infection. The TLRs (TLR1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8) and RIG-1 distribution as determined by immunohistochemistry was examined in the following diseases: human papillomavirus (n = 30 including 15 squamous intraepithelial lesions (SIL), 5 cancers, and 10 controls); molluscum contagiosum (n = 8 including 4 controls), SARS-CoV2 (n = 52 including 20 mild, 5 fatal, and 27 controls) and reovirus infection as oncolytic therapy. Mild, regressing infection (molluscum contagiosum, mild SARS-CoV2 and low grade SIL) each showed the same pattern: marked up regulation of at least three of the TLRs/RIG-1 with decreased expression of none compared to the controls. Severe infection (fatal SARS-CoV2, and cervical cancer) each showed marked decrease expression in at least three of the TLRs/RIG-1. We recently documented an equivalent marked decrease expression of the TLRs/RIG-1 in the placenta in fatal in utero infections. The reoviral infected tissues showed an overall pattern of marked increase expression of TLRs/RIG-1, consistent with a strong anti-viral response. Thus, the in situ testing of infectious diseases by a panel of these early infectious disease recognition proteins may allow the surgical pathologist to predict the outcome of the disease which, in turn, may assist in the understanding of the role of the TLRs/RIG-1 in determining the fate of a given infectious process.
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Balaji H, Demers I, Wuerdemann N, Schrijnder J, Kremer B, Klussmann JP, Huebbers CU, Speel EM. Causes and Consequences of HPV Integration in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinomas: State of the Art. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4089. [PMID: 34439243 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13164089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A constantly increasing incidence in high-risk Human Papillomaviruses (HPV)s driven head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC)s, especially of oropharyngeal origin, is being observed. During persistent infections, viral DNA integration into the host genome may occur. Studies are examining if the physical status of the virus (episomal vs. integration) affects carcinogenesis and eventually has further-reaching consequences on disease progression and outcome. Here, we review the literature of the most recent five years focusing on the impact of HPV integration in HNSCCs, covering aspects of detection techniques used (from PCR up to NGS approaches), integration loci identified, and associations with genomic and clinical data. The consequences of HPV integration in the human genome, including the methylation status and deregulation of genes involved in cell signaling pathways, immune evasion, and response to therapy, are also summarized.
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He C, Lv X, Huang C, Angeletti PC, Hua G, Dong J, Zhou J, Wang Z, Ma B, Chen X, Lambert PF, Rueda BR, Davis JS, Wang C. A Human Papillomavirus-Independent Cervical Cancer Animal Model Reveals Unconventional Mechanisms of Cervical Carcinogenesis. Cell Rep 2020; 26:2636-2650.e5. [PMID: 30840887 PMCID: PMC6812687 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
HPV infections are common in healthy women and only rarely cause cervical cancer, suggesting that individual genetic susceptibility may play a critical role in the establishment of persistent HPV infection and the development of cervical cancer. Here, we provide convincing in vitro and in vivo evidence showing that differential expression and activation of YAP1 oncogene determine individual susceptibility to HPV infection and cervical carcinogenesis. We found that hyperactivation of YAP1 in mouse cervical epithelium was sufficient to induce invasive cervical cancer. Cervical epithelial cell-specific HPV16 E6/E7 and YAP1 double-knockin mouse model demonstrated that high-risk HPV synergized with hyperactivated YAP1 to promote the initiation and progression of cervical cancer. Our mechanistic studies indicated that hyperactivation of YAP1 in cervical epithelial cells facilitated HPV infection by increasing the putative HPV receptor molecules and disrupting host cell innate immunity. Our finding reveals an unconventional mechanism for cervical carcinogenesis. HPV infections are common in healthy women and only rarely cause cervical cancer. He et al. provide evidence that hyperactivation of the YAP1 oncogene can drive cervical cancer initiation and progression. YAP1 hyperactivation in cervical epithelial cells increases the HPV receptors and disrupts host cell innate immunity, facilitating HPV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunbo He
- Vincent Center for Reproductive Biology, Vincent Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Olson Center for Women's Health, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xiangmin Lv
- Vincent Center for Reproductive Biology, Vincent Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Olson Center for Women's Health, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Cong Huang
- Vincent Center for Reproductive Biology, Vincent Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Peter C Angeletti
- Nebraska Center for Virology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Guohua Hua
- Olson Center for Women's Health, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jixin Dong
- Fred & Pamela Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha NE 68198, USA
| | - Jin Zhou
- Olson Center for Women's Health, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518033, China
| | - Zhengfeng Wang
- Olson Center for Women's Health, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 45001 China
| | - Bowen Ma
- Olson Center for Women's Health, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Xingcheng Chen
- Fred & Pamela Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha NE 68198, USA
| | - Paul F Lambert
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Bo R Rueda
- Vincent Center for Reproductive Biology, Vincent Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - John S Davis
- Olson Center for Women's Health, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; Omaha Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105, USA
| | - Cheng Wang
- Vincent Center for Reproductive Biology, Vincent Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Olson Center for Women's Health, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
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Tobouti PL, Bolt R, Radhakrishnan R, de Sousa SCOM, Hunter KD. Altered Toll-like receptor expression and function in HPV-associated oropharyngeal carcinoma. Oncotarget 2018; 9:236-48. [PMID: 29416610 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have been widely investigated due to their importance in the inflammatory response and possible links to tumor promotion/regression and prognosis. In cancers with an infective etiology, such as human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OPSCC), TLR responses may be activated and play a role in tumorigenesis. Our aim was to assess the expression of all TLRs in OPSCC cell lines (both HPV+ and HPV–) by qPCR, Western Blot and flow cytometry and assess their response to TLR ligands lipopolysaccharide (LPS), LPS ultra-pure (LPS-UP) and peptidoglycan (PGN) by analyzing IL-8 and IL-6 production. We also immunostained 61 OPSCC tissue samples with anti-TLR4. Results showed lower TLR1 and TLR6 mRNA expression and higher TLR9 protein expression in HPV+ when compared to HPV–OPSCC cells. TLR4 expression did not vary by HPV status in OPSCC cells, but TLR4 expression was significantly lower in HPV+OPSCC tissues. After stimulation with PGN, only one cell line (HPV+) did not secrete IL-6 or IL-8. Furthermore, HPV+OPSCC lines showed no IL-6 or IL-8 production on treatment with LPS/LPS-UP. The data suggest changes in TLR4 signaling in HPV+OPSCC, since we have shown lower tissue expression of TLR4 and no pro-inflammatory response after stimulation with LPS and LPS-UP. Also, it suggests that OPSCC may respond to HPV infection by increased expression of TLR9. This study demonstrates differences in expression and function of TLRs in OPSCC, which are dependent on HPV status, and may indicate subversion of the innate immune response by HPV infection.
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