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Kinsella HM, Hostnik LD, Toribio RE. Energy endocrine physiology, pathophysiology, and nutrition of the foal. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2022; 260:S83-S93. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.22.08.0348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Most homeostatic systems in the equine neonate should be functional during the transition from intra- to extrauterine life to ensure survival during this critical period. Endocrine maturation in the equine fetus occurs at different stages, with a majority taking place a few days prior to parturition and continuing after birth. Cortisol and thyroid hormones are good examples of endocrine and tissue interdependency. Cortisol promotes skeletal, respiratory, cardiovascular, thyroid gland, adrenomedullary, and pancreatic differentiation. Thyroid hormones are essential for cardiovascular, respiratory, neurologic, skeletal, adrenal, and pancreatic function. Hormonal imbalances at crucial stages of development or in response to disease can be detrimental to the newborn foal. Other endocrine factors, including growth hormone, glucagon, catecholamines, ghrelin, adipokines (adiponectin, leptin), and incretins, are equally important in energy homeostasis. This review provides information specific to nutrition and endocrine systems involved in energy homeostasis in foals, enhancing our understanding of equine neonatal physiology and pathophysiology and our ability to interpret clinical and laboratory findings, therefore improving therapies and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M. Kinsella
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Laura D. Hostnik
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Ramiro E. Toribio
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
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2
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Chavatte-Palmer P, Derisoud E, Robles M. Pregnancy and placental development in horses: an update. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2022; 79:106692. [PMID: 34823139 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2021.106692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Horses have been domesticated by man and historical information mostly associates horses with men. Nowadays, however, horse riding is essentially by women. Women are also very much involved in equine sciences, with a large contribution to the understanding of fetoplacental development. While highlighting the work of female scientists, this review describes the recent advances in equine fetoplacental studies, focusing on data obtained by new generation sequencing and progress on the understanding of the role of placental progesterone metabolites throughout gestation. A second emphasis is made on fetal programming, a currently very active field, where the importance of maternal nutrition, mare management or the use of embryo technologies has been shown to induce long term effects in the offspring that might affect progeny's performance. Finally, new perspectives for the study of equine pregnancy are drawn, that will rely on new methodologies applied to molecular explorations and imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Chavatte-Palmer
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, Jouy-en-Josas 78350, France; Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, BREED, Maisons-Alfort 94700, France.
| | - E Derisoud
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, Jouy-en-Josas 78350, France; Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, BREED, Maisons-Alfort 94700, France
| | - M Robles
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, Jouy-en-Josas 78350, France; Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, BREED, Maisons-Alfort 94700, France; INRS Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Laval, Québec H7V1B7, Canada
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3
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Clothier J, Small A, Hinch G, Brown WY. Perinatal Stress in Immature Foals May Lead to Subclinical Adrenocortical Dysregulation in Adult Horses: Pilot Study. J Equine Vet Sci 2022; 111:103869. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2022.103869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Marr CM, Mair TS. Peter D Rossdale, OBE, MA, PhD, Dr. (h.c.) Berne, Dr. (h.c.) Edinburgh, DVSc (h.c.) Sydney, DESM, FACVSc, FRCVS. 1927‐2021. EQUINE VET EDUC 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Marr CM, Mair T. Peter D Rossdale, OBE, MA, PhD, Dr (h.c.) Berne, Dr (h.c.) Edinburgh, DVSc (h.c.) Sydney, DESM, FACVSc, FRCVS. 1927-2021. Equine Vet J 2021. [PMID: 34932244 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Celia M Marr
- Equine Veterinary Journal, BEVA Journals Ltd, Fordham, Ely, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Tim Mair
- Equine Veterinary Journal, BEVA Journals Ltd, Fordham, Ely, Cambridgeshire, UK
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Borba LDA, Nogueira CEW, Bruhn FRP, da Silva GC, Feijó LS, Canisso IF, Curcio BDR. Peripheral blood markers of sepsis in foals born from mares with experimentally induced ascending placentitis. Vet Rec 2021; 187:29. [PMID: 33638540 DOI: 10.1136/vr.104710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neonatal sepsis is a leading cause of neonatal death during the first-week postfoaling. Despite recent advancements in the diagnosis and treatment of sepsis in the newborn foal, the non-specific clinical signs and subtle nature of this disease may result in delayed diagnosis until severe progression of the disease; thus, early detection of sepsis remains critical for a favourable outcome. This study aimed to identify early blood markers as predictive of sepsis on foals. METHODS Thirty-five foals were allocated into three groups: healthy control foals (n=7) and foals born from mares with placentitis: septic foals (n=9) and non-septic foals (n=19). Blood samples were obtained immediately after foaling and at 12, 24 and 48 hours. All samples were assessed for glucose, lactate, triglycerides, total cholesterol, urea, creatinine, total solids, fibrinogen, gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), serum amyloid A (SAA) and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) concentrations. RESULTS At foaling, glucose and GGT concentrations were lower in septic foals (P<0.001). Of interest, SAA, AFP, creatinine and total cholesterol were higher in septic foals at parturition (P<0.05). At 12 hours, lactate, triglycerides and total cholesterol concentrations were higher in septic foals. When evaluated at 24 and 48 hours, higher concentrations of SAA and AFP were found in placentitis foals than in the control group. CONCLUSIONS Total cholesterol and lactate appear to be suitable markers for sepsis during the first 24 hours postpartum. Septic foals displayed altered energy metabolisms as determined by increased triglycerides and cholesterol concentrations, hypoglycaemia at birth and reduced activity of the GGT and increased lactate and urea concentrations. Sepsis was associated with high concentrations of SAA and AFP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana de Araujo Borba
- Departamento de Clínicas Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | | | - Fábio Raphael Pascoti Bruhn
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Castro da Silva
- Departamento de Clínicas Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Lorena Soares Feijó
- Departamento de Clínicas Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Igor F Canisso
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Bruna da Rosa Curcio
- Departamento de Clínicas Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
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Abstract
The dynamic physiologic changes and unique diet during the neonatal period contribute to key differences in clinicopathologic test results of healthy foals relative to healthy adult horses. When reporting results, most diagnostic laboratories only provide reference intervals for mature horses. Thus, failure to recognize the unique differences that occur in foals relative to adult horses can lead to erroneous interpretation of neonatal clinical pathologic values. Thus, the main objective of this article was to review distinct features of common clinicopathologic tests in foals, relative to mature horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Henry Barton
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Medical Center, 2200 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Kelsey A Hart
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Medical Center, 2200 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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Fowden AL, Giussani DA, Forhead AJ. Physiological development of the equine fetus during late gestation. Equine Vet J 2020; 52:165-173. [PMID: 31721295 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In many species, the pattern of growth and physiological development in utero has an important role in determining not only neonatal viability but also adult phenotype and disease susceptibility. Changes in fetal development induced by a range of environmental factors including maternal nutrition, disease, placental insufficiency and social stresses have all been shown to induce adult cardiovascular and metabolic dysfunction that often lead to ill health in later life. Compared to other precocious animals, much less is known about the physiological development of the fetal horse or the longer-term impacts on its phenotype of altered development in early life because of its inaccessibility in utero, large size and long lifespan. This review summaries the available data on the normal metabolic, cardiovascular and endocrine development of the fetal horse during the second half of gestation. It also examines the responsiveness of these physiological systems to stresses such as hypoglycaemia and hypotension during late gestation. Particular emphasis is placed on the role of the equine placenta and fetal endocrine glands in mediating the changes in fetal development seen towards term and in response to nutritional and other environmental cues. The final part of the review presents the evidence that the early life environment of the horse can alter its subsequent metabolic, cardiovascular and endocrine phenotype as well as its postnatal growth and bone development. It also highlights the immediate neonatal environment as a key window of susceptibility for programming of equine phenotype. Although further studies are needed to identify the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved, developmental programming of physiological phenotype is likely to have important implications for the health and potential athletic performance of horses, particularly if born with abnormal bodyweight, premature or dysmature characteristics or produced by assisted reproductive technologies, indicative of an altered early life environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Fowden
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - D A Giussani
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - A J Forhead
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Dembek KA, Johnson LM, Timko KJ, Minuto JS, Hart KA, Barr BS, Toribio RE. Multiple adrenocortical steroid response to administration of exogenous adrenocorticotropic hormone to hospitalized foals. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 33:1766-1774. [PMID: 31111575 PMCID: PMC6639474 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis regulates the response to sepsis‐associated stress. Relative adrenal insufficiency or adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH):cortisol imbalance, defined as a poor cortisol response to administration of ACTH, is common and associated with death in hospitalized foals. However, information on other adrenal steroid response to ACTH stimulation in sick foals is minimal. Objective To investigate the response of multiple adrenocortical steroids to administration of ACTH in foals. Animals Hospitalized (n = 34) and healthy (n = 13) foals. Methods In this prospective study, hospitalized foals were categorized into 2 groups using cluster analysis based on adrenal steroids response to ACTH stimulation: Cluster 1 (n = 11) and Cluster 2 (n = 23). After baseline blood sample collection, foals received 10 μg of ACTH with additional samples collected at 30 and 90 minutes after ACTH. Steroid and ACTH concentrations were determined by immunoassays. The area under the curve (AUC) and Delta0‐30 were calculated for each hormone. Results The AUC for cortisol, aldosterone, androstenedione, pregnenolone, 17α‐OH‐progesterone, and progesterone were higher in critically ill (Cluster 1) compared to healthy foals (P < .01). Delta0‐30 for cortisol and 17α‐OH‐progesterone was lower in Cluster 1 (24%, 26.7%) and Cluster 2 (16%, 11.2%) compared to healthy foals (125%, 71%), respectively (P < .05). Foals that died had increased AUC for endogenous ACTH (269 versus 76.4 pg/mL/h, P < .05) accompanied by a low AUC for cortisol (5.5 versus 15.5 μg/dL/h, P < .05), suggesting adrenocortical dysfunction. Conclusion and Clinical Importance The 17α‐OH‐progesterone response to administration of ACTH was a good predictor of disease severity and death in hospitalized foals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna A Dembek
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Lindsey M Johnson
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Kathryn J Timko
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jillian S Minuto
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Kelsey A Hart
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia
| | - Bonnie S Barr
- Internal Medicine, Rood and Riddle Equine Hospital, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Ramiro E Toribio
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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Fratto MA, Hart KA, Norton NA, Barton MH, Giguère S, Hurley DJ. The effect of free and carrier-bound cortisol on equine neutrophil function. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2017; 183:16-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Chavatte-Palmer P, Robles M, Tarrade A, Duranthon V. Gametes, Embryos, and Their Epigenome: Considerations for Equine Embryo Technologies. J Equine Vet Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2016.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Stout TA. Embryo-maternal communication during the first 4 weeks of equine pregnancy. Theriogenology 2016; 86:349-54. [PMID: 27156682 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The first month of equine pregnancy covers a period of rapid growth and development, during which the single-cell zygote metamorphoses into an embryo with a functional circulation and precursors of many important organs, enclosed within extraembryonic membranes responsible for nutrient uptake and gaseous exchange. After exiting the oviduct, the conceptus must influence uterine physiology to ensure adequate nutrition and preparation for implantation, while continued development results in the chorioallantois superseding the yolk sac as the primary interface for maternal interaction and exchange. Throughout the first month, pregnancy maintenance depends absolutely on progesterone secreted by the primary corpus luteum. However, although extension of luteal life span via maternal recognition of pregnancy is clearly essential, it is still not known how the horse conceptus signals its presence. On the other hand, our understanding of how luteolytic prostaglandin F2α release from the endometrium is averted has improved, and we are increasingly aware of the biological and practical significance of various events characteristic of early horse pregnancy, such as selective oviductal transport, the formation and dissolution of the blastocyst capsule, and prolonged intrauterine conceptus migration. It is also increasingly clear that embryo-maternal dialog during the first month is essential not only to conceptus survival but also has more profound and long-lasting implications. In this latter respect, it is now accepted that the maternal environment (e.g., metabolic or health status) may epigenetically alter gene expression capacity of the developing embryo and thereby permanently influence the health of the resulting foal right through adulthood.
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Peugnet P, Robles M, Wimel L, Tarrade A, Chavatte-Palmer P. Management of the pregnant mare and long-term consequences on the offspring. Theriogenology 2016; 86:99-109. [PMID: 26954944 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The study of early developmental conditioning of health and disease in adulthood is particularly relevant in the horse, which is bred mainly to perform in demanding sport challenges. On the basis of this concept, the management of the broodmare could be considered an effective means to produce animals with the desired features. Knowledge on the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease in the equine species remains relatively scarce, with some experimental studies and one single epidemiologic study. Data highlight the determinant role of the maternal environment for postnatal body conformation, immune response, energy homeostasis, osteoarticular status and thyroidal, adrenocortical, and cardiovascular functions of the foal. Most research, however, focuses on the first months/years after birth. Long-term effects on the adult horse phenotype have not been investigated so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Peugnet
- UMR 1198 Developmental Biology and Reproduction, French Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), Jouy-en-Josas, France.
| | - Morgane Robles
- UMR 1198 Developmental Biology and Reproduction, French Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Laurence Wimel
- Experimental farm, French Horse and Riding Institute (IFCE), Chamberet, France
| | - Anne Tarrade
- UMR 1198 Developmental Biology and Reproduction, French Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Pascale Chavatte-Palmer
- UMR 1198 Developmental Biology and Reproduction, French Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), Jouy-en-Josas, France
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Castagnetti C, Mariella J. Anti-inflammatory Drugs in Equine Neonatal Medicine. Part II: Corticosteroids. J Equine Vet Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2015.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Jellyman JK, Valenzuela OA, Fowden AL. HORSE SPECIES SYMPOSIUM: Glucocorticoid programming of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and metabolic function: Animal studies from mouse to horse1,2. J Anim Sci 2015; 93:3245-60. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-8612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J. K. Jellyman
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502
| | - O. A. Valenzuela
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
| | - A. L. Fowden
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
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Stout TA.E, Troedsson MHT. Report of the Havemeyer Foundation Workshop on Equine Implantation: Is early pregnancy loss the only important potential consequence of disturbed preimplantation development? Equine Vet J 2015; 47:381-3. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. A .E. Stout
- Department of Equine Sciences; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Utrecht University; The Netherlands
- Section of Reproduction; Faculty of Veterinary Science; University of Pretoria; Onderstepoort South Africa
| | - M. H. T. Troedsson
- Gluck Equine Research Center; Department of Veterinary Science; University of Kentucky; Lexington USA
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Jellyman JK, Valenzuela OA, Allen VL, Holdstock NB, Fowden AL. Sex‐associated differences in pancreatic β cell function in healthy preweaning pony foals. Equine Vet J 2014; 46:722-8. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J. K. Jellyman
- Department of Physiology Development and Neuroscience University of Cambridge UK
| | - O. A. Valenzuela
- Department of Physiology Development and Neuroscience University of Cambridge UK
| | - V. L. Allen
- Department of Physiology Development and Neuroscience University of Cambridge UK
| | | | - A. L. Fowden
- Department of Physiology Development and Neuroscience University of Cambridge UK
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Murase H, Endo Y, Tsuchiya T, Kotoyori Y, Shikichi M, Ito K, Sato F, Nambo Y. Ultrasonographic evaluation of equine fetal growth throughout gestation in normal mares using a convex transducer. J Vet Med Sci 2014; 76:947-53. [PMID: 24662520 PMCID: PMC4143655 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.13-0259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
It has not been common to perform regular ultrasound examination of the fetus in equine practice, due to the increasing volume of the uterus caused by fetal development. The convex three-dimensional transducer is bulb-shaped and is able to observe wide areas. In addition, its operation is simple, making it easy to create appropriate angles for various indices using a transrectal approach. The aim of this study was to measure Thoroughbred fetal growth indices throughout gestation using a convex transducer and to clarify the detectable period of some indices for clinical use. We demonstrated changes in fetal indices, such as crown rump length (CRL), fetal heart rate (FHR), fetal eye and kidney and the combined thickness of uterus and placenta (CTUP). CTUP increased from 30 weeks of gestation, and FHR peaked at 8 weeks and then decreased to term. CRL could be observed until 13 weeks due to its wide angle, longer than in previous reports. Fetal eye and kidney could be observed from 10 and 28 weeks, respectively, and these increased with pregnancy progress. The present results showed the advantage of transrectal examination using a convex transducer for evaluation of normal fetal development. Although ultrasonographic examination in mid- to late-gestation is not common in equine reproductive practice, our comprehensive results would be a useful basis for equine pregnancy examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harutaka Murase
- Equine Science Division, Hidaka Training and Research Center, Japan Racing Association, 535-13 Nishicha, Urakawa-cho, Urakawa-gun, Hokkaido 057-0171, Japan
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Fowden AL, Jellyman JK, Valenzuela OA, Forhead AJ. Nutritional Programming of Intrauterine Development: A Concept Applicable to the Horse? J Equine Vet Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2013.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Jellyman JK, Allen VL, Holdstock NB, Fowden AL. Glucocorticoid overexposure in neonatal life alters pancreatic beta-cell function in newborn foals1. J Anim Sci 2013; 91:104-10. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2012-5475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J. K. Jellyman
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
| | - V. L. Allen
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
| | - N. B. Holdstock
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
| | - A. L. Fowden
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
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Abstract
Significant progress has been made in understanding and monitoring the causes of equine abortion over past decades. However, not all in utero pathology results in abortion. It has long been recognised that some in utero pathology, such as twinning or chronic placentitis, can result in the birth of live but growth-retarded foals and there is historical evidence that birth weight may influence future athletic performance. Clinical experience (e.g. from twins) and experimental studies (pony-Thoroughbred embryo transfer) have highlighted the importance of reduced functional placental area in limiting growth in utero in horses. Many other nonfatal in utero pathologies (e.g. umbilical cord-related circulatory compromise) can potentially affect either placental function or other organ systems. Their influence on the short- and long-term health of the foal and its future athletic performance is in many cases poorly documented or understood. This review summarises the main causes of in utero pathology and reflects on how these may potentially affect the foal if born alive, highlighting the need for long-term studies on this important subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Foote
- Beaufort Cottage Laboratories, Rossdale and Partners, Newmarket, Suffolk, UK.
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JELLYMAN JK, ALLEN VL, FORHEAD AJ, HOLDSTOCK NB, FOWDEN AL. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function in pony foals after neonatal ACTH-induced glucocorticoid overexposure. Equine Vet J 2012:38-42. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2011.00448.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Abstract
The adrenal cortices produce various steroid hormones that play vital roles in several physiologic processes. Although permanent adrenocortical insufficiency is rare in all species, emerging evidence in both human and equine medicine suggests that transient reversible adrenocortical dysfunction resulting in cortisol insufficiency frequently develops during critical illness. This syndrome is termed relative adrenal insufficiency (RAI) or critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency (CIRCI) and can contribute substantially to morbidity and mortality associated with the primary disease. This review discusses the mechanisms, diagnosis, and clinical consequences of adrenocortical insufficiency, with particular focus on the current understanding of RAI/CIRCI in horses and foals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey A. Hart
- Large Animal Internal Medicine Clinician, Department of Large Animal Medicine, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA
| | - Michelle H. Barton
- Fuller E. Callaway Endowed Chair and Professor of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Department of Large Animal Medicine, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA
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Hart K, Barton M, Ferguson D, Berghaus R, Slovis N, Heusner G, Hurley D. Serum Free Cortisol Fraction in Healthy and Septic Neonatal Foals. J Vet Intern Med 2011; 25:345-55. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0667.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Bailey C, Macpherson M, Pozor M, Troedsson M, Benson S, Giguere S, Sanchez L, Leblanc M, Vickroy T. Treatment efficacy of trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole, pentoxifylline and altrenogest in experimentally induced equine placentitis. Theriogenology 2010; 74:402-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2010.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2009] [Revised: 02/11/2010] [Accepted: 02/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- T A E Stout
- Department of Equine Sciences, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Neuhauser S, Palm F, Ambuehl F, Möstl E, Schwendenwein I, Aurich C. Effect of altrenogest-treatment of mares in late gestation on adrenocortical function, blood count and plasma electrolytes in their foals. Equine Vet J 2009; 41:572-7. [DOI: 10.2746/042516409x394481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Ousey JC, Fowden AL, Wilsher S, Allen WR. The effects of maternal health and body condition on the endocrine responses of neonatal foals. Equine Vet J 2010; 40:673-9. [DOI: 10.2746/042516408x322175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Hendriks W, Colenbrander B, van der Weijden G, Stout T. Maternal age and parity influence ultrasonographic measurements of fetal growth in Dutch Warmblood mares. Anim Reprod Sci 2009; 115:110-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2008.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2007] [Revised: 10/13/2008] [Accepted: 12/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Hart K, Heusner G, Norton N, Barton M. Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Assessment in Healthy Term Neonatal Foals Utilizing a Paired Low Dose/High Dose ACTH Stimulation Test. J Vet Intern Med 2009; 23:344-51. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2008.00271.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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Wong DM, Vo DT, Alcott CJ, Peterson AD, Sponseller BA, Hsu WH. Baseline plasma cortisol and ACTH concentrations and response to low-dose ACTH stimulation testing in ill foals. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2009; 234:126-32. [PMID: 19119977 DOI: 10.2460/javma.234.1.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate baseline plasma cortisol and ACTH concentrations and responses to low-dose ACTH stimulation testing in ill foals. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. ANIMALS 58 ill foals. PROCEDURES Baseline cortisol and ACTH concentrations and cortisol concentrations after administration of a low dose of cosyntropin were determined within 6 hours after admission. Foals were assigned to 4 groups on the basis of age (<or=24 hours vs 1 to 56 days) and presence of septicemia (yes vs no). Values were compared among groups and with values previously reported for healthy foals. RESULTS Plasma cortisol concentrations 30 and 60 minutes after cosyntropin administration in foals<or=24 hours old were significantly higher than corresponding cortisol concentrations in older foals. In all 4 groups, plasma cortisol concentration 30 minutes after cosyntropin administration was significantly higher than baseline cortisol concentration or concentration 60 minutes after cosyntropin administration. No differences in baseline cortisol or ACTH concentration or in the ACTH-to-cortisol ratio were detected between groups or when ill foals were compared with healthy foals. A small number of ill foals had low baseline cortisol and ACTH concentrations or low responses to cosyntropin administration, compared with healthy foals. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that most ill foals in the present study population had adequate responses to cosyntropin administration. However, a small subset of ill foals appeared to have dysfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Wong
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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39
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Abstract
In humans, low birth weight is associated with an increased risk of metabolic dysfunction in adult life. Many of these metabolic disorders have an endocrine origin and are accompanied by abnormal hormone concentrations. This has led to the hypothesis that adult metabolic disease arises in utero as a result of programming of key endocrine systems during suboptimal intrauterine conditions associated with fetal growth retardation. This review examines the experimental evidence for prenatal endocrine programming with particular emphasis on endocrine axes involved in growth and metabolism, namely, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, the endocrine pancreas and the somatotrophic axis. It also considers how changes in these endocrine systems contribute to the programming of metabolism in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail L Fowden
- Department of Physiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK.
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Abstract
The immature foal frequently represents a significant management challenge to even the most experienced clinician. The clinical course typically involves complications to a range of body systems,including the musculoskeletal, respiratory, and gastrointestinal systems. Before the commencement of treatment, it is important to provide the owner with an estimation of short-term and long-term survival, expected costs, and possible complications. Formulation of an accurate prognosis can be a difficult task but is aided by knowledge not only of normal maturation but of the factors that affect this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy D Lester
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch 6150, Western Australia.
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