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Verdoorn TA, Parry TJ, Pinna G, Lifshitz J. Neurosteroid Receptor Modulators for Treating Traumatic Brain Injury. Neurotherapeutics 2023; 20:1603-1615. [PMID: 37653253 PMCID: PMC10684848 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-023-01428-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) triggers wide-ranging pathology that impacts multiple biochemical and physiological systems, both inside and outside the brain. Functional recovery in patients is impeded by early onset brain edema, acute and chronic inflammation, delayed cell death, and neurovascular disruption. Drug treatments that target these deficits are under active development, but it seems likely that fully effective therapy may require interruption of the multiplicity of TBI-induced pathological processes either by a cocktail of drug treatments or a single pleiotropic drug. The complex and highly interconnected biochemical network embodied by the neurosteroid system offers multiple options for the research and development of pleiotropic drug treatments that may provide benefit for those who have suffered a TBI. This narrative review examines the neurosteroids and their signaling systems and proposes directions for their utility in the next stage of TBI drug research and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd A Verdoorn
- NeuroTrauma Sciences, LLC, 2655 Northwinds Parkway, Alpharetta, GA 30009, USA.
| | - Tom J Parry
- NeuroTrauma Sciences, LLC, 2655 Northwinds Parkway, Alpharetta, GA 30009, USA
| | - Graziano Pinna
- Psychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, 1601 W. Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Jonathan Lifshitz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, 475 N. 5th Street, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
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Ohkuma M, Maruyama T, Ishii T, Igarashi N, Azuma K, Inoue T, Obata R, Miyachi EI, Kaneda M. Effects of Progesterone and Other Gonadal Hormones on Glutamatergic Circuits in the Retina. J NIPPON MED SCH 2023; 90:333-345. [PMID: 37690823 DOI: 10.1272/jnms.jnms.2023_90-405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gonadal hormones function in the retina; however, their targets have not yet been identified. Therefore, the present study examined the effects of progesterone and other gonadal hormones on glutamatergic circuits in the retina. METHODS Extracellular glutamate concentrations, which correspond to the amount of glutamate released, were examined using an enzyme-linked fluorescent assay system. The activity of glutamatergic synapses between bipolar cells and ganglion cells was investigated using a patch clamp technique. Changes in retinal thickness during pregnancy were assessed using optical coherence tomography (OCT) images. RESULTS Progesterone and pregnenolone sulfate increased extracellular glutamate concentrations, whereas estrogen and testosterone did not. Progesterone increased the activity of glutamatergic synapses between bipolar cells and ganglion cells. A temporal decrease in the thickness of the peripheral retina was observed in the 1st trimester. CONCLUSIONS Progesterone, but not estrogen or testosterone, activated glutamate release in the mouse retina. Increases in the concentration of progesterone during pregnancy did not induce any detectable change in retinal thickness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Takuma Maruyama
- Department of Physiology, Nippon Medical School
- Present address: Department of Physiology, Division of Neurophysiology, School of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University
| | | | - Nozomi Igarashi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo University
| | - Keiko Azuma
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo University
| | - Tatsuya Inoue
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Yokohama City University
| | - Ryo Obata
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo University
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Abstract
Glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide and is characterized by progressive loss of visual function and retinal ganglion cells (RGC). Current epidemiological, clinical, and basic science evidence suggest that estrogen plays a role in the aging of the optic nerve. Menopause, a major biological life event affecting all women, coincides with a decrease in circulating sex hormones, such as estrogen. While 59% of the glaucomatous population are females, sex is not considered a risk factor for developing glaucoma. In this review, we explore whether menopause is a sex-specific risk factor for glaucoma. First, we investigate how menopause is defined as a sex-specific risk factor for other pathologies, including cardiovascular disease, osteoarthritis, and bone health. Next, we discuss clinical evidence that highlights the potential role of menopause in glaucoma. We also highlight preclinical studies that demonstrate larger vision and RGC loss following surgical menopause and how estrogen is protective in models of RGC injury. Lastly, we explore how surgical menopause and estrogen signaling are related to risk factors associated with developing glaucoma (e.g., intraocular pressure, aqueous outflow resistance, and ocular biomechanics). We hypothesize that menopause potentially sets the stage to develop glaucoma and therefore is a sex-specific risk factor for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Douglass
- grid.484294.7Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Healthcare System, Decatur, GA USA
| | - Michael Dattilo
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Department of Ophthalmology, Emory Eye Center, Emory University School of Medicine, B2503, Clinic B Building, 1365B Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA ,grid.414026.50000 0004 0419 4084Department of Ophthalmology, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, GA USA ,grid.213917.f0000 0001 2097 4943Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Andrew J. Feola
- grid.484294.7Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Healthcare System, Decatur, GA USA ,grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Department of Ophthalmology, Emory Eye Center, Emory University School of Medicine, B2503, Clinic B Building, 1365B Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA ,grid.213917.f0000 0001 2097 4943Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA
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4
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Xu J, Zhou Y, Yan C, Wang X, Lou J, Luo Y, Gao S, Wang J, Wu L, Gao X, Shao A. Neurosteroids: A novel promise for the treatment of stroke and post-stroke complications. J Neurochem 2021; 160:113-127. [PMID: 34482541 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is the primary reason for death and disability worldwide, with few treatment strategies to date. Neurosteroids, which are natural molecules in the brain, have aroused great interest in the field of stroke. Neurosteroids are a kind of steroid that acts on the nervous system, and are synthesized in the mitochondria of neurons or glial cells using cholesterol or other steroidal precursors. Neurosteroids mainly include estrogen, progesterone (PROG), allopregnanolone, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), and vitamin D (VD). Most of the preclinical studies have confirmed that neurosteroids can decrease the risk of stroke, and improve stroke outcomes. In the meantime, neurosteroids have been shown to have a positive therapeutic significance in some post-stroke complications, such as epilepsy, depression, anxiety, cardiac complications, movement disorders, and post-stroke pain. In this review, we report the historical background, modulatory mechanisms of neurosteroids in stroke and post-stroke complications, and emphasize on the application prospect of neurosteroids in stroke therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Xu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang, Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yunxiang Zhou
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Caochong Yan
- The Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianyao Lou
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yi Luo
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Changxing Branch), Changxing, Huzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shiqi Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Junjie Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liang Wu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiangfu Gao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang, Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Anwen Shao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Vernazza S, Oddone F, Tirendi S, Bassi AM. Risk Factors for Retinal Ganglion Cell Distress in Glaucoma and Neuroprotective Potential Intervention. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7994. [PMID: 34360760 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22157994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are a population of neurons of the central nervous system (CNS) extending with their soma to the inner retina and with their axons to the optic nerve. Glaucoma represents a group of neurodegenerative diseases where the slow progressive death of RGCs results in a permanent loss of vision. To date, although Intra Ocular Pressure (IOP) is considered the main therapeutic target, the precise mechanisms by which RGCs die in glaucoma have not yet been clarified. In fact, Primary Open Angle Glaucoma (POAG), which is the most common glaucoma form, also occurs without elevated IOP. This present review provides a summary of some pathological conditions, i.e., axonal transport blockade, glutamate excitotoxicity and changes in pro-inflammatory cytokines along the RGC projection, all involved in the glaucoma cascade. Moreover, neuro-protective therapeutic approaches, which aim to improve RGC degeneration, have also been taken into consideration.
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Shakkour Z, Habashy KJ, Berro M, Takkoush S, Abdelhady S, Koleilat N, Eid AH, Zibara K, Obeid M, Shear D, Mondello S, Wang KK, Kobeissy F. Drug Repurposing in Neurological Disorders: Implications for Neurotherapy in Traumatic Brain Injury. Neuroscientist 2020; 27:620-649. [PMID: 33089741 DOI: 10.1177/1073858420961078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains a significant leading cause of death and disability among adults and children globally. To date, there are no Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs that can substantially attenuate the sequelae of TBI. The innumerable challenges faced by the conventional de novo discovery of new pharmacological agents led to the emergence of alternative paradigm, which is drug repurposing. Repurposing of existing drugs with well-characterized mechanisms of action and human safety profiles is believed to be a promising strategy for novel drug use. Compared to the conventional discovery pathways, drug repurposing is less costly, relatively rapid, and poses minimal risk of the adverse outcomes to study on participants. In recent years, drug repurposing has covered a wide range of neurodegenerative diseases and neurological disorders including brain injury. This review highlights the advances in drug repurposing and presents some of the promising candidate drugs for potential TBI treatment along with their possible mechanisms of neuroprotection. Edaravone, glyburide, ceftriaxone, levetiracetam, and progesterone have been selected due to their potential role as putative TBI neurotherapeutic agents. These drugs are Food and Drug Administration-approved for purposes other than brain injuries; however, preclinical and clinical studies have shown their efficacy in ameliorating the various detrimental outcomes of TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaynab Shakkour
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | | | - Moussa Berro
- Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Samira Takkoush
- Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Samar Abdelhady
- Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Nadia Koleilat
- Division of Child Neurology, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ali H Eid
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Kazem Zibara
- PRASE and Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences-I, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Makram Obeid
- Division of Child Neurology, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon.,Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Deborah Shear
- Brain Trauma Neuroprotection/Neurorestoration, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Stefania Mondello
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Sicilia, Italy
| | - Kevin K Wang
- Program for Neurotrauma, Neuroproteomics & Biomarkers Research, Departments of Emergency Medicine, Psychiatry, Neuroscience and Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Firas Kobeissy
- Program for Neurotrauma, Neuroproteomics & Biomarkers Research, Departments of Emergency Medicine, Psychiatry, Neuroscience and Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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7
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Lan C, Cao N, Chen C, Qu S, Fan C, Luo H, Zeng A, Yu C, Xue Y, Ren H, Li L, Wang H, Jose PA, Xu Z, Zeng C. Progesterone, via yes-associated protein, promotes cardiomyocyte proliferation and cardiac repair. Cell Prolif 2020; 53:e12910. [PMID: 33047378 PMCID: PMC7653240 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The mechanisms responsible for the postnatal loss of mammalian cardiac regenerative capacity are not fully elucidated. The aim of the present study is to investigate the role of progesterone in cardiac regeneration and explore underlying mechanism. Materials and Methods Effect of progesterone on cardiomyocyte proliferation was analysed by immunofluorescent staining. RNA sequencing was performed to screen key target genes of progesterone, and yes‐associated protein (YAP) was knocked down to demonstrate its role in pro‐proliferative effect of progesterone. Effect of progesterone on activity of YAP promoter was measured by luciferase assay and interaction between progesterone receptor and YAP promoter by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP). Adult mice were subjected to myocardial infarction, and then, effects of progesterone on adult cardiac regeneration were analysed. Results Progesterone supplementation enhanced cardiomyocyte proliferation in a progesterone receptor‐dependent manner. Progesterone up‐regulated YAP expression and knockdown of YAP by small interfering RNA reduced progesterone‐mediated cardiomyocyte proliferative effect. Progesterone receptor interacted with the YAP promoter, determined by ChIP and EMSA; progesterone increased luciferase activity of YAP promoter and up‐regulated YAP target genes. Progesterone administration also promoted adult cardiomyocyte proliferation and improved cardiac function in myocardial infarction. Conclusion Our data uncover a role of circulating progesterone withdrawal as a novel mechanism for the postnatal loss of mammalian cardiac regenerative potential. Progesterone promotes both neonatal and adult cardiomyocyte proliferation by up‐regulating YAP expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Lan
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing, China
| | - Nian Cao
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing, China
| | - Caiyu Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing, China
| | - Shuang Qu
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing, China
| | - Chao Fan
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing, China
| | - Hao Luo
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing, China
| | - Andi Zeng
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing, China
| | - Cheng Yu
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuanzheng Xue
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongmei Ren
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing, China
| | - Liangpeng Li
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongyong Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing, China
| | - Pedro A Jose
- Division of Renal Diseases & Hypertension, Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology/Physiology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Zaicheng Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing, China
| | - Chunyu Zeng
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing, China.,Cardiovascular Research Center, Chongqing College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
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8
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Wang Y, Tang Z, Gu P. Stem/progenitor cell-based transplantation for retinal degeneration: a review of clinical trials. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:793. [PMID: 32968042 PMCID: PMC7511341 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-02955-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Retinal degeneration (RD) is one of the dominant causes of irreversible vision impairment and blindness worldwide. However, the current effective therapeutics for RD in the ophthalmologic clinic are unclear and controversial. In recent years, extensively investigated stem/progenitor cells—including retinal progenitor cells (RPCs), embryonic stem cells (ESCs), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs)—with proliferation and multidirectional differentiation potential have presented opportunities to revolutionise the ultimate clinical management of RD. Herein, we provide a comprehensive overview on the progression of clinical trials for RD treatment using four types of stem/progenitor cell-based transplantation to replace degenerative retinal cells and/or to supplement trophic factors from the aspects of safety, effectiveness and their respective advantages and disadvantages. In addition, we also discuss the emerging role of stem cells in the secretion of multifunctional nanoscale exosomes by which stem cells could be further exploited as a potential RD therapy. This review will facilitate the understanding of scientists and clinicians of the enormous promise of stem/progenitor cell-based transplantation for RD treatment, and provide incentive for superior employment of such strategies that may be suitable for treatment of other diseases, such as stroke and ischaemia–reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqi Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, 200011, P.R. China
| | - Zhimin Tang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, 200011, P.R. China
| | - Ping Gu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, 200011, P.R. China.
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Abstract
Progesterone has a broad spectrum of actions in the brain. Among these, the neuroprotective effects are well documented. Progesterone neural effects are mediated by multiple signaling pathways involving binding to specific receptors (intracellular progesterone receptors (PR); membrane-associated progesterone receptor membrane component 1 (PGRMC1); and membrane progesterone receptors (mPRs)) and local bioconversion to 3α,5α-tetrahydroprogesterone (3α,5α-THPROG), which modulates GABAA receptors. This brief review aims to give an overview of the synthesis, metabolism, neuroprotective effects, and mechanism of action of progesterone in the rodent and human brain. First, we succinctly describe the biosynthetic pathways and the expression of enzymes and receptors of progesterone; as well as the changes observed after brain injuries and in neurological diseases. Then, we summarize current data on the differential fluctuations in brain levels of progesterone and its neuroactive metabolites according to sex, age, and neuropathological conditions. The third part is devoted to the neuroprotective effects of progesterone and 3α,5α-THPROG in different experimental models, with a focus on traumatic brain injury and stroke. Finally, we highlight the key role of the classical progesterone receptors (PR) in mediating the neuroprotective effects of progesterone after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachida Guennoun
- U 1195 Inserm and University Paris Saclay, University Paris Sud, 94276 Le kremlin Bicêtre, France
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10
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Farooq J, Park YJ, Cho J, Saft M, Sadanandan N, Cozene B, Borlongan CV. Stem Cells as Drug-like Biologics for Mitochondrial Repair in Stroke. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E615. [PMID: 32630218 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12070615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a devastating condition characterized by widespread cell death after disruption of blood flow to the brain. The poor regenerative capacity of neural cells limits substantial recovery and prolongs disruptive sequelae. Current therapeutic options are limited and do not adequately address the underlying mitochondrial dysfunction caused by the stroke. These same mitochondrial impairments that result from acute cerebral ischemia are also present in retinal ischemia. In both cases, sufficient mitochondrial activity is necessary for cell survival, and while astrocytes are able to transfer mitochondria to damaged tissues to rescue them, they do not have the capacity to completely repair damaged tissues. Therefore, it is essential to investigate this mitochondrial transfer pathway as a target of future therapeutic strategies. In this review, we examine the current literature pertinent to mitochondrial repair in stroke, with an emphasis on stem cells as a source of healthy mitochondria. Stem cells are a compelling cell type to study in this context, as their ability to mitigate stroke-induced damage through non-mitochondrial mechanisms is well established. Thus, we will focus on the latest preclinical research relevant to mitochondria-based mechanisms in the treatment of cerebral and retinal ischemia and consider which stem cells are ideally suited for this purpose.
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11
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Blair NP, Leahy S, Nathanael Matei, Shahidi M. Control of retinal blood flow levels by selected combinations of cervical arterial ligations in rat. Exp Eye Res 2020; 197:108088. [PMID: 32502531 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The effect of various combinations of cervical arterial ligations (Combinations) on retinal blood flow (RBF) levels is not known in rats. We hypothesized: 1) No artery exists between the Circle of Willis and the eye, 2) Selective Combinations enable varying RBF levels between normal and zero, 3) In certain Combinations, the capillary bed of the head participates in supplying the eye. Twenty-six Combinations were studied in one eye of 20 Long-Evans rats under general anesthesia. RBF was quantitatively evaluated with our published imaging methods based on direct measurements of venous diameter and blood velocity from the displacement of fluorescent microspheres over time. For each Combination, one or more RBF values (runs) were measured. Data were obtained from 59 runs (2.9 ± 2.7 runs/rat). Levels of RBF ranged from normal to zero. An artery between the Circle of Willis and the eye was excluded. With some Combinations, flow traversed the capillary bed. Combinations were consolidated into five Groups based on the blood flow paths remaining after the ligations. A mixed linear model accounting for multiple measurements in the same eye demonstrated an effect of Group on RBF (P < 0.0005). By major source of ocular blood supply, the trend of RBF levels was: ipsilateral carotid artery > contralateral carotid artery > ipsilateral distal internal carotid artery retrograde from Circle of Willis. The findings advanced knowledge of the sources of blood supply to the rat eye and demonstrated a method of selective cervical arterial ligations for varying RBF levels with potential to impact future retinal ischemia research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman P Blair
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, United States.
| | - Sophie Leahy
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Southern California, United States.
| | - Nathanael Matei
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Southern California, United States.
| | - Mahnaz Shahidi
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Southern California, United States.
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12
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Espinosa-Garcia C, Atif F, Yousuf S, Sayeed I, Neigh GN, Stein DG. Progesterone Attenuates Stress-Induced NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation and Enhances Autophagy following Ischemic Brain Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3740. [PMID: 32466385 PMCID: PMC7312827 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21113740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
NOD-like receptor pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome inhibition and autophagy induction attenuate inflammation and improve outcome in rodent models of cerebral ischemia. However, the impact of chronic stress on NLRP3 inflammasome and autophagic response to ischemia remains unknown. Progesterone (PROG), a neuroprotective steroid, shows promise in reducing excessive inflammation associated with poor outcome in ischemic brain injury patients with comorbid conditions, including elevated stress. Stress primes microglia, mainly by the release of alarmins such as high-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1). HMGB1 activates the NLRP3 inflammasome, resulting in pro-inflammatory interleukin (IL)-1β production. In experiment 1, adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to social defeat stress for 8 days and then subjected to global ischemia by the 4-vessel occlusion model, a clinically relevant brain injury associated with cardiac arrest. PROG was administered 2 and 6 h after occlusion and then daily for 7 days. Animals were killed at 7 or 14 days post-ischemia. Here, we show that stress and global ischemia exert a synergistic effect in HMGB1 release, resulting in exacerbation of NLRP3 inflammasome activation and autophagy impairment in the hippocampus of ischemic animals. In experiment 2, an in vitro inflammasome assay, primary microglia isolated from neonatal brain tissue, were primed with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and stimulated with adenosine triphosphate (ATP), displaying impaired autophagy and increased IL-1β production. In experiment 3, hippocampal microglia isolated from stressed and unstressed animals, were stimulated ex vivo with LPS, exhibiting similar changes than primary microglia. Treatment with PROG reduced HMGB1 release and NLRP3 inflammasome activation, and enhanced autophagy in stressed and unstressed ischemic animals. Pre-treatment with an autophagy inhibitor blocked Progesterone's (PROG's) beneficial effects in microglia. Our data suggest that modulation of microglial priming is one of the molecular mechanisms by which PROG ameliorates ischemic brain injury under stressful conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Espinosa-Garcia
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (F.A.); (S.Y.); (I.S.); (D.G.S.)
| | - Fahim Atif
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (F.A.); (S.Y.); (I.S.); (D.G.S.)
| | - Seema Yousuf
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (F.A.); (S.Y.); (I.S.); (D.G.S.)
| | - Iqbal Sayeed
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (F.A.); (S.Y.); (I.S.); (D.G.S.)
| | - Gretchen N. Neigh
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA;
| | - Donald G. Stein
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (F.A.); (S.Y.); (I.S.); (D.G.S.)
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Laura Gonzalez
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Bioquímica Humana, Buenos Aires; Laboratorio de Nocicepción y Dolor Neuropático, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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14
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Stanojlović M, Guševac Stojanović I, Zarić M, Martinović J, Mitrović N, Grković I, Drakulić D. Progesterone Protects Prefrontal Cortex in Rat Model of Permanent Bilateral Common Carotid Occlusion via Progesterone Receptors and Akt/Erk/eNOS. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2020; 40:829-43. [PMID: 31865501 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-019-00777-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Sustained activation of pro-apoptotic signaling due to a sudden and prolonged disturbance of cerebral blood circulation governs the neurodegenerative processes in prefrontal cortex (PFC) of rats whose common carotid arteries are permanently occluded. The adequate neuroprotective therapy should minimize the activation of toxicity pathways and increase the activity of endogenous protective mechanisms. Several neuroprotectants have been proposed, including progesterone (P4). However, the underlying mechanism of its action in PFC following permanent bilateral occlusion of common carotid arteries is not completely investigated. We, thus herein, tested the impact of post-ischemic P4 treatment (1.7 mg/kg for seven consecutive days) on previously reported aberrant neuronal morphology and amount of DNA fragmentation, as well as the expression of progesterone receptors along with the key elements of Akt/Erk/eNOS signal transduction pathway (Bax, Bcl-2, cytochrome C, caspase 3, PARP, and the level of nitric oxide). The obtained results indicate that potential amelioration of histological changes in PFC might be associated with the absence of activation of Bax/caspase 3 signaling cascade and the decline of DNA fragmentation. The study also provides the evidence that P4 treatment in repeated regiment of administration might be effective in neuronal protection against ischemic insult due to re-establishment of the compromised action of Akt/Erk/eNOS-mediated signaling pathway and the upregulation of progesterone receptors.
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15
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Heyck M, Bonsack B, Zhang H, Sadanandan N, Cozene B, Kingsbury C, Lee JY, Borlongan CV. The brain and eye: Treating cerebral and retinal ischemia through mitochondrial transfer. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2019; 244:1485-1492. [PMID: 31604382 DOI: 10.1177/1535370219881623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke remains a devastating disease with limited treatment options, despite our growing understanding of its pathology. While ischemic stroke is traditionally characterized by a blockage of blood flow to the brain, this may coincide with reduced blood circulation to the eye, resulting in retinal ischemia, which may in turn lead to visual impairment. Although effective treatment options for retinal ischemia are similarly scarce, new evidence suggests that deleterious changes to mitochondrial structure and function play a major role in both cerebral and retinal ischemia pathologies. Prior studies establish that astrocytes transfer healthy mitochondria to ischemic neurons following stroke; however, this alone is not enough to significantly mitigate the damage caused by primary and secondary cell death. Thus, stem cell-based regenerative medicine targeting amelioration of ischemia-induced mitochondrial dysfunction via the transfer of functional mitochondria to injured neural cells represents a promising approach to improve stroke outcomes for both cerebral and retinal ischemia. In this review, we evaluate recent laboratory evidence supporting the remedial capabilities of mitochondrial transfer as an innovative stroke treatment. In particular, we examine exogenous stem cell transplants in their potential role as suppliers of healthy mitochondria to neurons, brain endothelial cells, and retinal cells.Impact statementStroke constitutes a global health crisis, yet potent, applicable therapeutic options remain effectively inaccessible for many patients. To this end, stem cell transplants stand as a promising stroke treatment and as an emerging subject of research for cell-based regenerative medicine. This is the first review to synthesize the implications of stem cell-derived mitochondrial transfer in both the brain and the eye. As such, this report carries fresh insight into the commonalities between the two stroke-affected organs. We present the findings of this developing area of research inquiry with the hope that our evaluation may advance the use of stem cell transplants as viable therapeutic alternatives for ischemic stroke and related disorders characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction. Such lab-to-clinic translational advancement has the potential to save and improve the ever increasing millions of lives affected by stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt Heyck
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Brooke Bonsack
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Henry Zhang
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Nadia Sadanandan
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Blaise Cozene
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Chase Kingsbury
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Jea-Young Lee
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Cesar V Borlongan
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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16
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Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Retinal ischemia is a major cause of visual impairment in stroke patients, but our incomplete understanding of its pathology may contribute to a lack of effective treatment. Here, we investigated the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in retinal ischemia and probed the potential of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in mitochondrial repair under such pathological condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung Nguyen
- From the Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa (H.N., J.Y.L., P.R.S., C.V.B.)
| | - Jea Young Lee
- From the Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa (H.N., J.Y.L., P.R.S., C.V.B.)
| | - Paul R Sanberg
- From the Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa (H.N., J.Y.L., P.R.S., C.V.B.)
| | - Eleonora Napoli
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California Davis (E.N.)
| | - Cesar V Borlongan
- From the Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa (H.N., J.Y.L., P.R.S., C.V.B.)
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17
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Guennoun R, Zhu X, Fréchou M, Gaignard P, Slama A, Liere P, Schumacher M. Steroids in Stroke with Special Reference to Progesterone. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2018; 39:551-568. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-018-0627-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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18
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Allen RS, Motz CT, Feola A, Chesler KC, Haider R, Ramachandra Rao S, Skelton LA, Fliesler SJ, Pardue MT. Long-Term Functional and Structural Consequences of Primary Blast Overpressure to the Eye. J Neurotrauma 2018; 35:2104-2116. [PMID: 29648979 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2017.5394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Acoustic blast overpressure (ABO) injury in military personnel and civilians is often accompanied by delayed visual deficits. However, most animal model studies dealing with blast-induced visual defects have focused on short-term (≤1 month) changes. Here, we evaluated long-term (≤8 months) retinal structure and function deficits in rats with ABO injury. Adult male Long-Evans rats were subjected to ABO from a single blast (approximately 190 dB SPL, ∼63 kPa, @80 psi), generated by a shock tube device. Retinal function (electroretinography; ERG), visual function (optomotor response), retinal thickness (spectral domain-optical coherence tomography; SD-OCT), and spatial cognition/exploratory motor behavior (Y-maze) were measured at 2, 4, 6, and 8 months post-blast. Immunohistochemical analysis of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in retinal sections was performed at 8 months post-blast. Electroretinogram a- and b-waves, oscillatory potentials, and flicker responses showed greater amplitudes with delayed implicit times in both eyes of blast-exposed animals, relative to controls. Contrast sensitivity (CS) was reduced in both eyes of blast-exposed animals, whereas spatial frequency (SF) was decreased only in ipsilateral eyes, relative to controls. Total retinal thickness was greater in both eyes of blast-exposed animals, relative to controls, due to increased thickness of several retinal layers. Age, but not blast exposure, altered Y-maze outcomes. GFAP was greatly increased in blast-exposed retinas. ABO exposure resulted in visual and retinal changes that persisted up to 8 months post-blast, mimicking some of the visual deficits observed in human blast-exposed patients, thereby making this a useful model to study mechanisms of injury and potential treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael S Allen
- 1 Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Medical Center , Atlanta, Georgia .,2 Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Cara T Motz
- 1 Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Medical Center , Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Andrew Feola
- 1 Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Medical Center , Atlanta, Georgia .,2 Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Kyle C Chesler
- 2 Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Raza Haider
- 1 Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Medical Center , Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Sriganesh Ramachandra Rao
- 3 Ophthalmology, Biochemistry, and Neuroscience Program, SUNY-University at Buffalo , Buffalo, New York
| | - Lara A Skelton
- 4 Research Service, VA Western NY Healthcare System , Buffalo, New York
| | - Steven J Fliesler
- 3 Ophthalmology, Biochemistry, and Neuroscience Program, SUNY-University at Buffalo , Buffalo, New York.,4 Research Service, VA Western NY Healthcare System , Buffalo, New York
| | - Machelle T Pardue
- 1 Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Medical Center , Atlanta, Georgia .,2 Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia
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19
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Abstract
Diseases that affect the eye, including photoreceptor degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and glaucoma, affect 11.8 million people in the US, resulting in vision loss and blindness. Loss of sight affects patient quality of life and puts an economic burden both on individuals and the greater healthcare system. Despite the urgent need for treatments, few effective options currently exist in the clinic. Here, we review research on promising neuroprotective strategies that promote neuronal survival with the potential to protect against vision loss and retinal cell death. Due to the large number of neuroprotective strategies, we restricted our review to approaches that we had direct experience with in the laboratory. We focus on drugs that target survival pathways, including bile acids like UDCA and TUDCA, steroid hormones like progesterone, therapies that target retinal dopamine, and neurotrophic factors. In addition, we review rehabilitative methods that increase endogenous repair mechanisms, including exercise and electrical stimulation therapies. For each approach, we provide background on the neuroprotective strategy, including history of use in other diseases; describe potential mechanisms of action; review the body of research performed in the retina thus far, both in animals and in humans; and discuss considerations when translating each treatment to the clinic and to the retina, including which therapies show the most promise for each retinal disease. Despite the high incidence of retinal diseases and the complexity of mechanisms involved, several promising neuroprotective treatments provide hope to prevent blindness. We discuss attractive candidates here with the goal of furthering retinal research in critical areas to rapidly translate neuroprotective strategies into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Machelle T Pardue
- Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Medical Center, 1670 Clairmont Road, Decatur, GA, 30033, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 313 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
| | - Rachael S Allen
- Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Medical Center, 1670 Clairmont Road, Decatur, GA, 30033, USA
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Sergeeva EG, Espinosa-Garcia C, Atif F, Pardue MT, Stein DG. Neurosteroid allopregnanolone reduces ipsilateral visual cortex potentiation following unilateral optic nerve injury. Exp Neurol 2018; 306:138-148. [PMID: 29729249 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
In adult mice with unilateral optic nerve crush injury (ONC), we studied visual response plasticity in the visual cortex following stimulation with sinusoidal grating. We examined visually evoked potentials (VEP) in the primary visual cortex ipsilateral and contralateral to the crushed nerve. We found that unilateral ONC induces enhancement of visual response on the side ipsilateral to the injury that is evoked by visual stimulation to the intact eye. This enhancement was associated with supranormal spatial frequency thresholds in the intact eye when tested using optomotor response. To probe whether injury-induced disinhibition caused the potentiation, we treated animals with the neurosteroid allopregnanolone, a potent agonist of the GABAA receptor, one hour after crush and on post-injury days 3, 8, 13, and 18. Allopregnanolone diminished enhancement of the VEP and this effect was associated with the upregulated synthesis of the δ-subunit of the GABAA receptor. Our study shows a new aspect of experience-dependent plasticity following unilateral ONC. This hyper-activity in the ipsilateral visual cortex is prevented by upregulation of GABA inhibition with allopregnanolone. Our findings suggest the therapeutic potential of allopregnanolone for modulation of plasticity in certain eye and brain disorders and a possible role for disinhibition in ipsilateral hyper-activity following unilateral ONC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena G Sergeeva
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Emory University, 1365B Clifton Road NE, Suite 5100, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Claudia Espinosa-Garcia
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Emory University, 1365B Clifton Road NE, Suite 5100, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Fahim Atif
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Emory University, 1365B Clifton Road NE, Suite 5100, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Machelle T Pardue
- Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Medical Center, 1670 Clairmont Road, Decatur, GA 30033, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 313 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Donald G Stein
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Emory University, 1365B Clifton Road NE, Suite 5100, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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