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Liao H, Zhong Y, Zhou D, Xie Q, Zhang Z, Wu Y, Liu S, Guo W, Cui L, Wu X. Quassinoids from Eurycoma longifolia and their bone formation evaluation in zebrafish, C3H10 cells and silico. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 367:110140. [PMID: 36087817 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.110140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Phytochemicals with bone formation potential in traditional medicines captured more and more attentions due to their advantages to bone loss and fewer side effects. As a famous aphrodisiac phytomedicine, Eurycoma longifolia (EL) has acquired general recognition in improving male sexual health, and thus been considered as traditional medicine for the treatment of androgen-deficient osteoporosis. Although the aqueous extract of EL had been proved to be beneficial to bone loss, the active constituents and the mechanisms underlying the effects are still obscure. The current study performed a chemical investigation on the roots of EL, which resulted in the isolation and identification of ten quassinoids (EL-1-EL-10), and then conducted their osteogenic activity evaluations in vivo zebrafish model with or without dexamethasone (Dex) and in vitro C3H10 cell model. The result displayed that most tested concentrations of EL-1-EL-5 could significantly increase the mineralization areas and integrated optical densities (IODs) of skull in both zebrafish model. The majority tested concentrations of EL-1-EL-5 could also improve the mRNA expression of early osteogenic associated genes ALPL, Runx2a, Sp7 in zebrafish model without Dex, but only a few could accelerate the mRNA expression of late osteogenic associated genes OCN. These results suggested the ability of EL-1-EL-5 to increase bone formation mainly by accelerating osteogenic differentiation at the early stage. The structure-based virtual screening based on the pharmacophores in ePharmaLib, as well as the molecular docking study, implied that the effects of the quassinoids (EL-1-EL-5) on the enhancement of bone formation might be related with improving the content and the activity of androgen through binding with CYP19A, SHBG and AKR1C2, and activating bone metabolism-related ANDR target genes and signal pathways by combining with ANDR directly. Although the assumptions are in silico model-based and further in vitro and in vivo validations are still necessary, we provided a new perspective to explore the potential of EL to be used as an alternative treatment for not only androgen-deficient osteoporosis, but also estrogen-deficient bone loss, by combining with SHBG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Liao
- The Medical Interdisciplinary Science Research Center of Western Guangdong, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524003, Guangdong Province, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Natural Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Yanting Zhong
- The Medical Interdisciplinary Science Research Center of Western Guangdong, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524003, Guangdong Province, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Natural Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Donghua Zhou
- The Medical Interdisciplinary Science Research Center of Western Guangdong, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524003, Guangdong Province, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Natural Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, Guangdong Province, PR China; Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Qiujie Xie
- Centre Lab of Longhua Branch and Department of Infectious Disease, 2nd Clinical Medical College (Shenzhen People's Hospital) of Jinan University, Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Zhipeng Zhang
- The Medical Interdisciplinary Science Research Center of Western Guangdong, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524003, Guangdong Province, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Natural Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, Guangdong Province, PR China; Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Yangmei Wu
- The Medical Interdisciplinary Science Research Center of Western Guangdong, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524003, Guangdong Province, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Natural Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, Guangdong Province, PR China; Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Sijing Liu
- The Medical Interdisciplinary Science Research Center of Western Guangdong, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524003, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Weitao Guo
- The Medical Interdisciplinary Science Research Center of Western Guangdong, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524003, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Liao Cui
- The Medical Interdisciplinary Science Research Center of Western Guangdong, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524003, Guangdong Province, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Natural Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, Guangdong Province, PR China; Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, Guangdong Province, PR China.
| | - Xin Wu
- The Medical Interdisciplinary Science Research Center of Western Guangdong, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524003, Guangdong Province, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Natural Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, Guangdong Province, PR China; Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, Guangdong Province, PR China; Centre Lab of Longhua Branch and Department of Infectious Disease, 2nd Clinical Medical College (Shenzhen People's Hospital) of Jinan University, Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong Province, PR China.
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Borbélyová V, Šarayová V, Renczés E, Čonka J, Janko J, Šebeková K, Štefíková K, Ostatníková D, Celec P. The effect of long-term hypogonadism on body composition and morphometry of aged male Wistar rats. Physiol Res 2021; 70:S357-S367. [PMID: 35099254 PMCID: PMC8884397 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical studies show that hypogonadism in the aging male is associated with obesity and osteoporosis. Experimental studies are mostly conducted on relatively young adult animals and the induced hypogonadism lasts for a relatively short time. The present study aimed to describe the effect of long-term hypogonadism beginning in puberty on body composition, morphometry, and bone mineral density in aged male rats. Morphometric measurements and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry were conducted at the age of 30 months on control and gonadectomized males. Long-term hypogonadism did not affect body weight, but led to a higher fat mass (by 26 %), lower lean mass (by 44 %), shorter body length (by 9 %), and anogenital distance (by 26 %), as well as to lower tail circumference (by 15 %) in comparison to control males. Lower bone mineral density (by 13 %) and bone mineral content (by 15 %) were observed in gonadectomized males. Results showing sarcopenic obesity and osteoporosis in this model of long-term hypogonadism might mimic the situation in aging males better than the widely used short-term hypogonadism induced in young animals. The morphometric analysis could potentially be a useful tool to study normal weight obesity without the need for specific equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Borbélyová
- Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
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Cypriano ML, Dos Santos Ramos GHA, de Oliveira ACF, Dos Santos DR, Fiais GA, de Oliveira AP, Antoniali C, Dornelles RCM, de Melo Stevanato Nakamune AC, Chaves-Neto AH. Effect of testosterone replacement therapy and mate tea (Ilex paraguariensis) on biochemical, functional and redox parameters of saliva in orchiectomized rats. Arch Oral Biol 2021; 132:105289. [PMID: 34695671 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2021.105289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Evaluate the effects of testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) and mate tea (MT) [Ilex paraguariensis] on biochemical, functional, and redox parameters of saliva in orchiectomized rats (ORX) DESIGN: Sixty young adult male Wistar rats (3 months old) were either castrated bilaterally or underwent fictitious surgery (SHAM) and were distributed into 5 groups: SHAM, ORX, TU (castrated rats that received a single intramuscular injection of testosterone undecanoate 100 mg/kg), MT (castrated rats that received MT 20 mg/kg, via intragastric gavage, daily), and TU + MT. All treatments started 4 weeks after castration (4 months old) and lasted 4 weeks (5 months old). At the end of treatment, pilocarpine-induced salivary secretion was collected to analyze salivary flow rate (SFR) and biochemistry composition through determination of total protein (TP), amylase (AMY), electrolyte, and biomarkers of oxidative stress. RESULTS ORX increased SFR, salivary buffering capacity, calcium, phosphate, chloride, total antioxidant capacity, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARs), and carbonyl protein, reduced TP and AMY activity, and did not change pH, sodium, and potassium compared to SHAM. TU and TU+MT restored all salivary parameters to values of SHAM, while only TBARs and AMY returned to SHAM levels in the MT group. CONCLUSIONS TRT with long-acting TU restored the biochemical, functional, and redox parameters of saliva in orchiectomized rats. Although MT did not have a TRT-like effect on salivary gland function, the more effective reduction in lipid oxidative damage in the MT and TU + MT groups could be considered as adjuvant to alleviate the salivary oxidative stress induced by orchiectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus Lima Cypriano
- Department of Basic Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas - SBFis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Damáris Raissa Dos Santos
- Department of Basic Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas - SBFis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Alice Fiais
- Department of Basic Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas - SBFis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Arthur Passos de Oliveira
- Department of Basic Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristina Antoniali
- Department of Basic Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas - SBFis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rita Cássia Menegati Dornelles
- Department of Basic Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas - SBFis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Cláudia de Melo Stevanato Nakamune
- Department of Basic Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas - SBFis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio Hernandes Chaves-Neto
- Department of Basic Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas - SBFis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Chan KQ, Stewart C, Chester N, Hamzah SH, Yusof A. The effect of Eurycoma Longifolia on the regulation of reproductive hormones in young males. Andrologia 2021; 53:e14001. [PMID: 33559971 DOI: 10.1111/and.14001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Eurycoma longifolia supplementation increases testosterone levels in humans via activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and/or the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis mainly in older adults and nonhealthy populations. This study aimed to assess the impact of Eurycoma longifolia on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axes in healthy young males since this might promote functional testosterone prowess. Thirty-two males (24.4 ± 4.7 years; 1.74 ± 0.07 m; 73.7 ± 8.4 kg) in a placebo-controlled, double-blind, matched-paired study received 600 mg/day Eurycoma longifolia or placebo for two weeks. Blood analysis using repeated measures analysis of variance showed significant interaction and time effects for testosterone (F1,30 = 9.04, p = .005), free testosterone (F1,30 = 7.13, p = .012) and estradiol (F1,30 = 8.07, p = .008) levels in favour of the treatment group, while luteinising hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone and sexual hormone-binding globulin did not. The lack of changes in luteinising hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone levels suggests that a lesser role played by Eurycoma longifolia in activating the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in the young adults. The raised testosterone level may be due to a greater rate of hormone production via the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. The supplementation of Eurycoma longifolia for two weeks demonstrates steroidogenic effects on young men were dose-related. Consequently, the raised testosterone following Eurycoma longifolia supplementations could benefit muscle and strength gain in young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Quin Chan
- Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Tunku Abdul Rahman University College, Jalan Genting Kelang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.,Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Claire Stewart
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Neil Chester
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Sareena H Hamzah
- Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ashril Yusof
- Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Chinnappan SM, George A, Evans M, Anthony J. Efficacy of Labisia pumila and Eurycoma longifolia standardised extracts on hot flushes, quality of life, hormone and lipid profile of peri-menopausal and menopausal women: a randomised, placebo-controlled study. Food Nutr Res 2020; 64:3665. [PMID: 33061884 PMCID: PMC7534949 DOI: 10.29219/fnr.v64.3665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Interest in herbal medicines and non-hormonal therapies for the treatment of menopausal symptoms has increased since the publication of adverse effects of estrogen replacement therapy. Vasomotor symptoms are the most characteristic and notable symptoms of menopause. Objective To investigate the changes in the frequency and severity of hot flush and associated vasomotor symptoms experienced by peri-menopausal and menopausal women supplemented with the herbal formulation (Nu-femme™) comprising Labisia pumila (SLP+®) and Eurycoma longifolia (Physta®) or placebo. Design Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 24-week study enrolled 119 healthy women aged 41–55 years experiencing peri-menopausal or menopausal symptoms and supplemented with Nu-femme™ or placebo. The primary endpoint was comparative changes between treatment groups in the change in the frequency and severity of hot flushes. The secondary objectives were to assess the changes in the frequency and severity of joint pain, Menopause Rating Scale (MRS) and Menopause-Specific Quality of Life (MENQOL) questionnaire domain scores. Concentrations of serum hormone, lipid profile, bone markers, sleep quality and vitality were also studied as secondary objectives. Results At week 12, significant (P < 0.01) improvements in hot flush symptoms were observed in Nu-femme™ and placebo groups. Even though there was no significant difference between groups, higher percentage of improvement, 65%, was seen in Nu-femme™ compared to 60% in placebo. Significant improvements (P < 0.001) in MRS and MENQOL scores at weeks 12 and 24 were observed in both groups, respectively. Luteinising hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone levels were significantly reduced (P < 0.05) at weeks 12 and 24, respectively, compared to baseline in the Nu-femme™ group, with no significant changes observed in the placebo group. There were significant (P < 0.05) reductions in serum low-density lipid and triglycerides levels at week 12 in Nu-femme™ group, but no changes seen in placebo group. At the end of week 24, changes in haematology and clinical chemistry parameters remained within normal clinical ranges in both groups. Conclusion Herbal formulation consists of L. pumila and E. longifolia (Nu-femme™) may support reduction in hot flushes and improvements in hormone and lipid profile in healthy peri-menopausal and menopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasikala M Chinnappan
- Biotropics Malaysia Berhad, Section U1Hicom Glenmarie, Industrial Park Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Annie George
- Biotropics Malaysia Berhad, Section U1Hicom Glenmarie, Industrial Park Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
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M. Chinnappan S, George A, Ashok G, Choudhary YK. Effect of herbal extract Eurycoma longifolia (Physta ®) on female reproductive hormones and bone biochemical markers: an ovariectomised rat model study. BMC Complement Med Ther 2020; 20:31. [PMID: 32024514 PMCID: PMC7076899 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-020-2814-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Each year 1.5 million women experience menopause when menstrual cycles cease resulting from the loss of ovarian function and oestrogen deprivation, a hormone that helps prevent bone loss. This study investigated the effects of Physta®, a standardized herbal extract of Eurycoma longifolia Jack (PEL), on hormonal balance and parameters associated with hormonal imbalance, namely body and uterus weight and bone biochemical markers relevant in menopausal symptoms. METHODS Forty-eight Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into six groups of eight rats each: (A) Sham operated; control (B) Untreated (ovariectomised (OVX) with vehicle), (C) PEL 100 (OVX + 100 mg/kg body weight (bw)), (D) PEL 300 (OVX + 300 mg/kg bw), (E) PEL 500 (OVX + 500 mg/kg bw) and (F) Positive control, testosterone undecanoate (TU) (OVX+ 10 mg/kg bw). Group A and B received daily oral administrations of the vehicle, Group C-E received daily oral administration of PEL and Group F received testosterone undecanoate intramuscularly weekly. At the end of 8 weeks, serum calcium, phosphate, bone alkaline phosphatase (BALP), osteocalcin, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinising hormone (LH), oestrogen, progesterone and testosterone were measured, then the animals were sacrificed and uterus was isolated, while weight was recorded in all experimental groups. RESULTS Treatment of OVX rats with PEL at a dose of 500 mg/kg showed decreased serum FSH (P < 0.001, 4.25 ± 0.22 mIU/ml) and LH (NS, 4.07 ± 0.12 mIU/ml), while there was a significant increase in progesterone (P < 0.05, 2.48 ± 0.08 ng/ml) and oestrogen (P < 0.05, 11.02 ± 0.13 pg/ml) levels when compared to untreated group. PEL treatment at doses of 100 mg/kg, 300 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg showed a non-significant but increasing trend in serum calcium, phosphate, bone alkaline phosphate and testosterone levels. Ovariectomy resulted in a significant reduction (P < 0.001, 238.81 ± 5.39 mg) in uterus weight in the ovariectomised rats, which was alleviated in all PEL treated ovariectomised rats with an increasing trend of uterine weight. CONCLUSION The results suggest that PEL could be protective and beneficial for the management of reproductive hormone and bone markers. Therefore, it could be used to address hormonal imbalances and symptoms associated with menopause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasikala M. Chinnappan
- Biotropics Malaysia Berhad, Lot 21 Jalan U1/19, Section U1Hicom Glenmarie Industrial Park, Shah Alam, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Annie George
- Biotropics Malaysia Berhad, Lot 21 Jalan U1/19, Section U1Hicom Glenmarie Industrial Park, Shah Alam, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Godavarthi Ashok
- Etica Clinpharm Pvt. Ltd, Raipur, Chhattisgarh 492001 India
- Radiant Research Services Pvt. Ltd, 99/A, 8 main, III Phase, Peenya Industrial Area, Bangalore, 560058 India
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