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Li M, Du Y, Zhang X, Zhou W. Research advances of MAL family members in tumorigenesis and tumor progression (Review). Mol Med Rep 2024; 29:57. [PMID: 38362940 PMCID: PMC10884788 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2024.13181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The myelin and lymphocyte protein (MAL) family is a novel gene family first identified and characterized in 2002. This family is comprised of seven members, including MAL, MAL2, plasmolipin, MALL, myeloid differentiation‑associated marker (MYADM), MYADML2 and CMTM8, which are located on different chromosomes. In addition to exhibiting extensive activity during transcytosis, the MAL family plays a vital role in the neurological, digestive, respiratory, genitourinary and other physiological systems. Furthermore, the intimate association between MAL and the pathogenesis, progression and metastasis of malignancies, attributable to several mechanisms such as DNA methylation has also been elucidated. In the present review, an overview of the structural and functional properties of the MAL family and the latest research findings regarding the relationship between several MAL members and various cancers is provided. Furthermore, the potential clinical and scientific significance of MAL is discussed and directions for future research are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyao Li
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Yan Du
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Xianzhuo Zhang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Wence Zhou
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
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An L, Gong H, Yu X, Zhang W, Liu X, Yang X, Shu L, Liu J, Yang L. Downregulation of MAL2 inhibits breast cancer progression through regulating β-catenin/c-Myc axis. Cancer Cell Int 2023; 23:144. [PMID: 37480012 PMCID: PMC10362617 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-023-02993-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Myelin and lymphocyte protein 2 (MAL2) is mainly involved in endocytosis under physiological conditions and mediates the transport of materials across the membranes of cell and organelle. It has been reported that MAL2 is significantly upregulated in diverse cancers. This study aimed to investigate the role of MAL2 in breast cancer (BC). METHODS Bioinformatics analysis and Immunohistochemical assay were applied to detect the correlation between MAL2 expression in breast cancer tissues and the prognosis of breast cancer patients. Functional experiments were carried out to investigate the role of MAL2 in vitro and in vivo. The molecular mechanisms involved in MAL2-induced β-catenin and c-Myc expression and β-catenin/c-Myc-mediated enhancement of BC progression were confirmed by western blot, β-catenin inhibitor and agonist, Co-IP and immunofluorescence colocalization assays. RESULTS Results from the cancer genome atlas (TCGA) and clinical samples confirmed a significant upregulation of MAL2 in BC tissues than in adjacent non-tumor tissues. High expression of MAL2 was associated with worse prognosis. Functional experiments demonstrated that MAL2 knockdown reduced the migration and invasion associating with EMT, increased the apoptosis of BC cells in vitro and reduced the metastatic capacity in vivo. Mechanistically, MAL2 interacts with β-catenin in BC cells. MAL2 silencing reduced the expression of β-catenin and c-Myc, while the β-catenin agonist SKL2001 partially rescued the downregulation of c-Myc and inhibition of migration and invasion caused by MAL2 knockdown in BC cells. CONCLUSION These observations provided evidence that MAL2 acted as a potential tumor promoter by regulating EMT and β-catenin/c-Myc axis, suggesting potential implications for anti-metastatic therapy for BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun An
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medical College, Guizhou Medical University, Dongqing Road, Guian New District, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550004, China
| | - Huiyuan Gong
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medical College, Guizhou Medical University, Dongqing Road, Guian New District, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550004, China
| | - Xiaojing Yu
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medical College, Guizhou Medical University, Dongqing Road, Guian New District, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550004, China
| | - Wangming Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medical College, Guizhou Medical University, Dongqing Road, Guian New District, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550004, China
| | - Xiaohua Liu
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medical College, Guizhou Medical University, Dongqing Road, Guian New District, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550004, China
| | - Xiaomin Yang
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medical College, Guizhou Medical University, Dongqing Road, Guian New District, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550004, China
| | - Liping Shu
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medical College, Guizhou Medical University, Dongqing Road, Guian New District, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550004, China
| | - Jielin Liu
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medical College, Guizhou Medical University, Dongqing Road, Guian New District, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550004, China
| | - Liuqi Yang
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medical College, Guizhou Medical University, Dongqing Road, Guian New District, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550004, China.
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Labat-de-Hoz L, Rubio-Ramos A, Correas I, Alonso MA. The MAL Family of Proteins: Normal Function, Expression in Cancer, and Potential Use as Cancer Biomarkers. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:2801. [PMID: 37345137 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15102801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The MAL family of integral membrane proteins consists of MAL, MAL2, MALL, PLLP, CMTM8, MYADM, and MYADML2. The best characterized members are elements of the machinery that controls specialized pathways of membrane traffic and cell signaling. This review aims to help answer the following questions about the MAL-family genes: (i) is their expression regulated in cancer and, if so, how? (ii) What role do they play in cancer? (iii) Might they have biomedical applications? Analysis of large-scale gene expression datasets indicated altered levels of MAL-family transcripts in specific cancer types. A comprehensive literature search provides evidence of MAL-family gene dysregulation and protein function repurposing in cancer. For MAL, and probably for other genes of the family, dysregulation is primarily a consequence of gene methylation, although copy number alterations also contribute to varying degrees. The scrutiny of the two sources of information, datasets and published studies, reveals potential prognostic applications of MAL-family members as cancer biomarkers-for instance, MAL2 in breast cancer, MAL2 and MALL in pancreatic cancer, and MAL and MYADM in lung cancer-and other biomedical uses. The availability of validated antibodies to some MAL-family proteins sanctions their use as cancer biomarkers in routine clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Labat-de-Hoz
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Armando Rubio-Ramos
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Correas
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Molecular Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A Alonso
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Zhou Y, Dai X, Lyu J, Li Y, Bao X, Deng F, Liu K, Cui L, Cheng L. Construction and validation of a novel prognostic model for thyroid cancer based on N7-methylguanosine modification-related lncRNAs. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e31075. [PMID: 36281116 PMCID: PMC9592387 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000031075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To construct and verify a novel prognostic model for thyroid cancer (THCA) based on N7-methylguanosine modification-related lncRNAs (m7G-lncRNAs) and their association with immune cell infiltration. METHODS In this study, we identified m7G-lncRNAs using co-expression analysis and performed differential expression analysis of m7G-lncRNAs between groups. We then constructed a THCA prognostic model, performed survival analysis and risk assessment for the THCA prognostic model, and performed independent prognostic analysis and receiver operating characteristic curve analyses to evaluate and validate the prognostic value of the model. Furthermore, analysis of the regulatory relationship between prognostic differentially expressed m7G-related lncRNAs (PDEm7G-lncRNAs) and mRNAs and correlation analysis of immune cells and risk scores in THCA patients were carried out. RESULTS We identified 29 N7-methylguanosine modification-related mRNAs and 116 differentially expressed m7G-related lncRNAs, including 87 downregulated and 29 upregulated lncRNAs. Next, we obtained 8 PDEm7G-lncRNAs. A final optimized model was constructed consisting of 5 PDEm7G-lncRNAs (DOCK9-DT, DPP4-DT, TMEM105, SMG7-AS1 and HMGA2-AS1). Six PDEm7G-lncRNAs (DOCK9-DT, DPP4-DT, HMGA2-AS1, LINC01976, MID1IP1-AS1, and SMG7-AS1) had positive regulatory relationships with 10 PDEm7G-mRNAs, while 2 PDEm7G-lncRNAs (LINC02026 and TMEM105) had negative regulatory relationships with 2 PDEm7G-mRNAs. Survival curves and risk assessment predicted the prognostic risk in both groups of patients with THCA. Forest maps and receiver operating characteristic curves were used to evaluate and validate the prognostic value of the model. Finally, we demonstrated a correlation between different immune cells and risk scores. CONCLUSION Our results will help identify high-risk or low-risk patients with THCA and facilitate early prediction and clinical intervention in patients with high risk and poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhou
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Third People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xuezhong Dai
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Third People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Jianhong Lyu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yingyue Li
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Third People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xueyu Bao
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Third People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Fang Deng
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Third People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Kun Liu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Puren Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Liming Cui
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Third People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Li Cheng
- Department of Endocrinology, The Third People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- * Correspondence: Li Cheng, The Third People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, 292 Beijing Road, Guandu District, Kunming City, Yunnan Province 650011, China (e-mail: )
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