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Wang X, Chen J, Zheng J. The state of the art of extracellular vesicle research in protozoan infection. Front Genet 2022; 13:941561. [PMID: 36035188 PMCID: PMC9417467 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.941561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Protozoan diseases seriously affect the health of human beings, livestock and poultry and lead to high economic and medical costs. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membranous structures formed through biological processes that play important roles in immune regulation. Studies have shown that parasites transmit information to hosts through EVs to modulate host immune responses. The major roles played by EVs released from parasites involve facilitating parasitization of the host. In this review, we discuss relevant recently obtained data on EVs secreted by different kinds of protozoa, including their molecular mechanisms, and discuss the roles played by EVs in the occurrence and development of parasitic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlei Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jingtong Zheng
- Department of Pathogenobiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Jingtong Zheng,
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2
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Rodriguez MA. Protein arginine methyltransferases in protozoan parasites. Parasitology 2022; 149:427-435. [PMID: 35331350 PMCID: PMC11010539 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182021002043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Arginine methylation is a post-translational modification involved in gene transcription, signalling pathways, DNA repair, RNA metabolism and splicing, among others, mechanisms that in protozoa parasites may be involved in pathogenicity-related events. This modification is performed by protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs), which according to their products are divided into three main types: type I yields monomethylarginine (MMA) and asymmetric dimethylarginine; type II produces MMA and symmetric dimethylarginine; whereas type III catalyses MMA only. Nine PRMTs (PRMT1 to PRMT9) have been characterized in humans, whereas in protozoa parasites, except for Giardia intestinalis, three to eight PRMTs have been identified, where in each group there are at least two enzymes belonging to type I, the majority with higher similarity to human PRMT1, and one of type II, related to human PRMT5. However, the information on the role of most of these enzymes in the parasites biology is limited so far. Here, current knowledge of PRMTs in protozoan parasites is reviewed; these enzymes participate in the cell growth, stress response, stage transitions and virulence of these microorganisms. Thus, PRMTs are attractive targets for developing new therapeutic strategies against these pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Alberto Rodriguez
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
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3
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Qiu L, Li Z, Zhang L, Zhang TS, Hu SJ, Song JZ, Liu JH, Zhang J, Wang JJ, Cheng W. The Tudor Domain-Containing Protein BbTdp1 Contributes to Fungal Cell Development, the Cell Cycle, Virulence, and Transcriptional Regulation in the Insect Pathogenic Fungus Beauveria bassiana. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0056421. [PMID: 34378960 PMCID: PMC8552692 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00564-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Beauveria bassiana is an insect pathogenic fungus that serves as a model system for exploring the mechanisms of fungal development and host-pathogen interactions. Clinical and experimental studies have indicated that SND1 is closely correlated with the progression and invasiveness of common cancers as a potential oncogene, but this gene has rarely been studied in fungi. Here, we characterized the contributions of an SND1 ortholog (Tdp1) by constructing a BbTdp1 deletion strain and a complemented strain of B. bassiana. Compared with the wild-type (WT) strain, the ΔBbTdp1 mutant lost conidiation capacity (∼87.7%) and blastospore (∼96.3%) yields, increased sensitivity to chemical stress (4.4 to 54.3%) and heat shock (∼44.2%), and decreased virulence following topical application (∼24.7%) and hemocoel injection (∼40.0%). Flow cytometry readings showed smaller sizes of both conidia and blastospores for ΔBbTdp1 mutants. Transcriptomic data revealed 4,094 differentially expressed genes (|log2 ratio| > 2 and a q value of <0.05) between ΔBbTdp1 mutants and the WT strain, which accounted for 41.6% of the total genes, indicating that extreme fluctuation in the global gene expression pattern had occurred. Moreover, deletion of BbTdp1 led to an abnormal cell cycle with a longer S phase and shorter G2/M and G0/G1 phases of blastospores, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay confirmed that the level of phosphorylated cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (Cdk1) in the ΔBbTdp1 strain was ∼31.5% lower than in the WT strain. In summary, our study is the first to report that BbTdp1 plays a vital role in regulating conidia and blastospore yields, fungal morphological changes, and pathogenicity in entomopathogenic fungi. IMPORTANCE In this study, we used Beauveria bassiana as a biological model to report the role of BbTdp1 in entomopathogenic fungi. Our findings indicated that BbTdp1 contributed significantly to cell development, the cell cycle, and virulence in B. bassiana. In addition, deletion of BbTdp1 led to drastic fluctuations in the transcriptional profile. BbTdp1 can be developed as a novel target for B. bassiana development and pathogenicity, which also provides a framework for the study of Tdp1 in other fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Ze Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Tong-Sheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Shun-Juan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Ji-Zheng Song
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Jia-Hua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Juan-Juan Wang
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, China
| | - Wen Cheng
- Maize Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
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Gutierrez‐Beltran E, Elander PH, Dalman K, Dayhoff GW, Moschou PN, Uversky VN, Crespo JL, Bozhkov PV. Tudor staphylococcal nuclease is a docking platform for stress granule components and is essential for SnRK1 activation in Arabidopsis. EMBO J 2021; 40:e105043. [PMID: 34287990 PMCID: PMC8447601 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020105043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tudor staphylococcal nuclease (TSN; also known as Tudor-SN, p100, or SND1) is a multifunctional, evolutionarily conserved regulator of gene expression, exhibiting cytoprotective activity in animals and plants and oncogenic activity in mammals. During stress, TSN stably associates with stress granules (SGs), in a poorly understood process. Here, we show that in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, TSN is an intrinsically disordered protein (IDP) acting as a scaffold for a large pool of other IDPs, enriched for conserved stress granule components as well as novel or plant-specific SG-localized proteins. While approximately 30% of TSN interactors are recruited to stress granules de novo upon stress perception, 70% form a protein-protein interaction network present before the onset of stress. Finally, we demonstrate that TSN and stress granule formation promote heat-induced activation of the evolutionarily conserved energy-sensing SNF1-related protein kinase 1 (SnRK1), the plant orthologue of mammalian AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Our results establish TSN as a docking platform for stress granule proteins, with an important role in stress signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Gutierrez‐Beltran
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y FotosíntesisConsejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)‐Universidad de SevillaSevillaSpain
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología MolecularFacultad de BiologíaUniversidad de SevillaSevillaSpain
| | - Pernilla H Elander
- Department of Molecular SciencesUppsala BioCenterSwedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant BiologyUppsalaSweden
| | - Kerstin Dalman
- Department of Molecular SciencesUppsala BioCenterSwedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant BiologyUppsalaSweden
| | - Guy W Dayhoff
- Department of ChemistryCollege of Art and SciencesUniversity of South FloridaTampaFLUSA
| | - Panagiotis N Moschou
- Institute of Molecular Biology and BiotechnologyFoundation for Research and Technology ‐ HellasHeraklionGreece
- Department of Plant BiologyUppsala BioCenterSwedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant BiologyUppsalaSweden
- Department of BiologyUniversity of CreteHeraklionGreece
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine and USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, Morsani College of MedicineUniversity of South FloridaTampaFLUSA
- Institute for Biological Instrumentation of the Russian Academy of SciencesFederal Research Center “Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences”PushchinoRussia
| | - Jose L Crespo
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y FotosíntesisConsejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)‐Universidad de SevillaSevillaSpain
| | - Peter V Bozhkov
- Department of Molecular SciencesUppsala BioCenterSwedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant BiologyUppsalaSweden
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Medina-Gómez C, Bolaños J, Borbolla-Vázquez J, Munguía-Robledo S, Orozco E, Rodríguez MA. The atypical protein arginine methyltrasferase of Entamoeba histolytica (EhPRMTA) is involved in cell proliferation, heat shock response and in vitro virulence. Exp Parasitol 2021; 222:108077. [PMID: 33465379 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2021.108077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Protein arginine methylation regulates several cellular events, including epigenetics, splicing, translation, and stress response, among others. This posttranslational modification is catalyzed by protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs), which according to their products are classified from type I to type IV. The type I produces monomethyl arginine and asymmetric dimethyl arginine; in mammalian there are six families of this PRMT type (PRMT1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8). The protozoa parasite Entamoeba histolytica has four PRMTs related to type I; three of them are similar to PRMT1, but the other one does not show significant homology to be grouped in any known PRMT family, thus we called it as atypical PRMT (EhPRMTA). Here, we showed that EhPRMTA does not contain several of the canonical amino acid residues of type I PRMTs, confirming that it is an atypical PRMT. A specific antibody against EhPRMTA localized this protein in cytoplasm. The recombinant EhPRMTA displayed catalytic activity on commercial histones and the native enzyme modified its expression level during heat shock and erythrophagocytosis. Besides, the knockdown of EhPRMTA produced an increment in cell growth, and phagocytosis, but decreases cell migration and the survival of trophozoites submitted to heat shock, suggesting that this protein is involved in regulate negatively or positively these events, respectively. Thus, results suggest that this methyltransferase regulates some cellular functions related to virulence and cell surviving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Medina-Gómez
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, CINVESTAV-IPN, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Jeni Bolaños
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, CINVESTAV-IPN, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | | | - Susana Munguía-Robledo
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, CINVESTAV-IPN, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Esther Orozco
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, CINVESTAV-IPN, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Mario A Rodríguez
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, CINVESTAV-IPN, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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Huerta M, Reyes L, García-Rivera G, Bañuelos C, Betanzos A, Díaz-Hernández M, Galindo A, Bolaños J, Cárdenas H, Azuara-Liceaga E, Chávez-Munguía B, Orozco E. A noncanonical GATA transcription factor of Entamoeba histolytica modulates genes involved in phagocytosis. Mol Microbiol 2020; 114:1019-1037. [PMID: 32808689 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we explored the presence of GATA in Entamoeba histolytica and their function as regulators of phagocytosis-related genes. Bioinformatics analyses evidenced a single 579 bp sequence encoding for a protein (EhGATA), smaller than GATA factors of other organisms. EhGATA appeared phylogenetically close to Dictyostelium discoideum and Schistosoma mansoni GATA proteins. Its sequence predicts the presence of a zinc-finger DNA binding domain and an AT-Hook motif; it also has two nuclear localization signals. By transmission electron and confocal microscopy, anti-EhGATA antibodies revealed the protein in the cytoplasm and nucleus, and 65% of nuclear signal was in the heterochromatin. EhGATA recombinant protein and trophozoites nuclear extracts bound to GATA-DNA consensus sequence. By in silico scrutiny, 1,610 gene promoters containing GATA-binding sequences appeared, including Ehadh and Ehvps32 promoters, whose genes participate in phagocytosis. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays showed that EhGATA interact with Ehadh and Ehvps32 promoters. In EhGATA-overexpressing trophozoites (NeoGATA), the Ehadh and Ehvps32 mRNAs amount was modified, strongly supporting that EhGATA could regulate their transcription. NeoGATA trophozoites exhibited rounded shapes, high proliferation rates, and diminished erythrophagocytosis. Our results provide new insights into the role of EhGATA as a noncanonical transcription factor, regulating genes associated with phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Huerta
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Luz Reyes
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Guillermina García-Rivera
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Cecilia Bañuelos
- Programa de Doctorado Transdisciplinario en Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico para la Sociedad, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Abigail Betanzos
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México.,Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Mitzi Díaz-Hernández
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Ausencio Galindo
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Jeni Bolaños
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Helios Cárdenas
- Posgrado en Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Elisa Azuara-Liceaga
- Posgrado en Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Bibiana Chávez-Munguía
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Esther Orozco
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
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