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Avedissian SN, Malik JR, Podany AT, Neely M, Rhodes NJ, Scarsi KK, Scheetz MH, Duryee MJ, Modebelu UO, Mykris TM, Winchester LC, Byrareddy SN, Fletcher CV. In-vitro and in-vivo assessment of nirmatrelvir penetration into CSF, central nervous system cells, tissues, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Sci Rep 2024; 14:10709. [PMID: 38729980 PMCID: PMC11087525 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60935-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Three years after SARS-CoV-2 emerged as a global infectious threat, the virus has become endemic. The neurological complications such as depression, anxiety, and other CNS complications after COVID-19 disease are increasing. The brain, and CSF have been shown as viral reservoirs for SARS-CoV-2, yielding a potential hypothesis for CNS effects. Thus, we investigated the CNS pharmacology of orally dosed nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (NMR/RTV). Using both an in vitro and an in vivo rodent model, we investigated CNS penetration and potential pharmacodynamic activity of NMR. Through pharmacokinetic modeling, we estimated the median CSF penetration of NMR to be low at 18.11% of plasma with very low accumulation in rodent brain tissue. Based on the multiples of the 90% maximal effective concentration (EC90) for SARS-CoV-2, NMR concentrations in the CSF and brain do not achieve an exposure level similar to that of plasma. A median of only 16% of all the predicted CSF concentrations in rats were > 3xEC90 (unadjusted for protein binding). This may have implications for viral persistence and neurologic post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 if increased NMR penetration in the CNS leads to decreased CNS viral loads and decreased CNS inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean N Avedissian
- Antiviral Pharmacology Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986145 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-6145, USA.
| | - Johid R Malik
- Antiviral Pharmacology Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986145 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-6145, USA
| | - Anthony T Podany
- Antiviral Pharmacology Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986145 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-6145, USA
| | - Michael Neely
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Southern California, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nathaniel J Rhodes
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Chicago College of Pharmacy, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, USA
- Pharmacometrics Center of Excellence, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, USA
| | - Kimberly K Scarsi
- Antiviral Pharmacology Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986145 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-6145, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Marc H Scheetz
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Chicago College of Pharmacy, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, USA
- Pharmacometrics Center of Excellence, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, USA
| | - Michael J Duryee
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Neurosciences Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Ukamaka O Modebelu
- Antiviral Pharmacology Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986145 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-6145, USA
| | - Timothy M Mykris
- Antiviral Pharmacology Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986145 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-6145, USA
| | - Lee C Winchester
- Antiviral Pharmacology Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986145 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-6145, USA
| | - Siddappa N Byrareddy
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Neurosciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Courtney V Fletcher
- Antiviral Pharmacology Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986145 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-6145, USA.
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
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Chen SH, Chang TY, Wang YL, Lee EP, Lin JJ, Hsiao YW, Jaing TH, Yang CP, Hung IJ. Outcome of Tocilizumab Treatment in Febrile Neutropenic Children with Severe Sepsis/Septic Shock in a Single-Center Retrospective Case Series. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1512. [PMID: 38672594 PMCID: PMC11048420 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16081512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the efficacy of an IL-6 blockade with tocilizumab on treatment outcome of severe sepsis/septic shock in children with febrile neutropenia. METHODS We performed a retrospective study of febrile neutropenic patients younger than 18 years old who developed severe sepsis/septic shock at a single medical center between November 2022 and October 2023. RESULTS Seven patients with febrile neutropenia complicated with severe sepsis/septic shock were identified. Four of seven patients received tocilizumab in addition to standard of care. The median IL-6 level before administration of tocilizumab was 14,147 pg/mL (range: 672-30,509 pg/mL). All four patients successfully recovered from severe sepsis/septic shock. Three of seven patients received standard of care without tocilizumab. IL-6 levels were checked intwo2 patients, with a median of 1514.5 (range: 838-2191). Only one of three (33%) patients without tocilizumab therapy made a full recovery from severe sepsis/septic shock. The mortality rate was higher in patients without tocilizumab therapy compared to patients with tocilizumab therapy (67% vs. 0%). CONCLUSIONS Administration of tocilizumab reduced mortality of severe sepsis/septic shock in children with febrile neutropenia. However, it warrants confirmation with a larger number of patients and a longer follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Hsiang Chen
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (T.-Y.C.); (Y.-L.W.); (T.-H.J.); (C.-P.Y.); (I.-J.H.)
| | - Tsung-Yen Chang
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (T.-Y.C.); (Y.-L.W.); (T.-H.J.); (C.-P.Y.); (I.-J.H.)
| | - Yi-Lun Wang
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (T.-Y.C.); (Y.-L.W.); (T.-H.J.); (C.-P.Y.); (I.-J.H.)
| | - En-Pei Lee
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (E.-P.L.); (J.-J.L.)
| | - Jainn-Jim Lin
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (E.-P.L.); (J.-J.L.)
| | - Yi-Wen Hsiao
- Department of Nursing, College of Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
| | - Tang-Her Jaing
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (T.-Y.C.); (Y.-L.W.); (T.-H.J.); (C.-P.Y.); (I.-J.H.)
| | - Chao-Ping Yang
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (T.-Y.C.); (Y.-L.W.); (T.-H.J.); (C.-P.Y.); (I.-J.H.)
| | - Iou-Jih Hung
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (T.-Y.C.); (Y.-L.W.); (T.-H.J.); (C.-P.Y.); (I.-J.H.)
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Vasilevska V, Guest PC, Szardenings M, Benros ME, Steiner J. Possible temporal relationship between SARS-CoV-2 infection and anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis: a meta-analysis. Transl Psychiatry 2024; 14:139. [PMID: 38459000 PMCID: PMC10923949 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-024-02831-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The global impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection has raised concerns about secondary diseases beyond acute illness. This review explores the significance and potential underlying mechanisms of how SARS-CoV-2 infection might elicit an immune response targeting N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, and its implications for autoimmune-driven neuropsychiatric manifestations. We identified 19 published case reports of NMDA receptor encephalitis associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination by a systematic literature search. The significance of these reports was limited since it is not clear if a coincidental or causal relationship exists between SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination and manifestation of NMDA receptor encephalitis. The included studies were hampered by difficulties in establishing if these patients had pre-existing NMDA receptor antibodies which entered the brain by infection- or vaccination-associated transient blood-brain barrier leakage. In addition, four cases had comorbid ovarian teratoma, which is a known trigger for development of NMDA receptor encephalitis. Considering that billions of people have contracted COVID-19 or have been vaccinated against this virus, the publication of only 19 case reports with a possible link to NMDA receptor encephalitis, indicates that it is rare. In conclusion, these findings do not support the case that SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination led to an increase of existing or de novo encephalitis mediated by an autoimmune response targeting NMDA receptor function. Nevertheless, this work underscores the importance of ongoing vigilance in monitoring viral outbreaks and their potential impact on the central nervous system through basic, epidemiological and translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Vasilevska
- Department of Psychiatry, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- Laboratory of Translational Psychiatry, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Paul C Guest
- Department of Psychiatry, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- Laboratory of Translational Psychiatry, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Michael Szardenings
- Ligand Development Unit, Fraunhofer Institute of Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael E Benros
- Copenhagen Research Centre for Mental Health, Mental Health Center Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Johann Steiner
- Department of Psychiatry, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.
- Laboratory of Translational Psychiatry, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Magdeburg, Germany.
- Center for Health and Medical Prevention (CHaMP), Magdeburg, Germany.
- German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), Partner Site Halle-Jena-Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.
- Center for Intervention and Research on Adaptive and Maladaptive Brain Circuits Underlying Mental Health (C-I-R-C), Halle-Jena-Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.
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Azargoonjahromi A. Role of the SARS-CoV-2 Virus in Brain Cells. Viral Immunol 2024; 37:61-78. [PMID: 38315740 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2023.0116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
COVID-19, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, can have neurological effects, including cognitive symptoms like brain fog and memory problems. Research on the neurological effects of COVID-19 is ongoing, and factors such as inflammation, disrupted blood flow, and damage to blood vessels may contribute to cognitive symptoms. Notably, some authors and existing evidence suggest that the SARS-CoV-2 virus can enter the central nervous system through different routes, including the olfactory nerve and the bloodstream. COVID-19 infection has been associated with neurological symptoms such as altered consciousness, headaches, dizziness, and mental disorders. The exact mechanisms and impact on memory formation and brain shrinkage are still being studied. This review will focus on pathways such as the olfactory nerve and blood-brain barrier disruption, and it will then highlight the interactions of the virus with different cell types in the brain, namely neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Azargoonjahromi
- Researcher in Neuroscience, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Qin H, Duan G, Zhou K, Qin L, Lai Y, Liu Y, Lu Y, Peng B, Zhang Y, Zhou X, Huang J, Huang J, Liang L, Wei Y, Zhang Q, Li X, OuYang Y, Bin B, Zhao M, Yang J, Deng D. Alteration of white matter microstructure in patients with sleep disorders after COVID-19 infection. Sleep Med 2024; 114:109-118. [PMID: 38181582 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2023.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathophysiology of coronasomnia remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate changes in white matter (WM) microstructure and inflammatory factors in patients with sleep disorders (SD) characterized by poor sleep quantity, quality, or timing following coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection in the acute phase (within one month) and whether these changes could be recovered at 3-month follow-up. METHODS 29 acute COVID-19 patients with SD (COVID_SD) and 27 acute COVID-19 patients without SD (COVID_NonSD) underwent diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), tested peripheral blood inflammatory cytokines level, and measured Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and matched 30 uninfected healthy controls. Analyzed WM abnormalities between groups in acute phase and explored its changes in COVID_SD at 3-month follow-up by using tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS). Correlations between DTI and clinical data were examined using Spearman partial correlation analysis. RESULTS Both COVID_SD and COVID_NonSD exhibited widespread WM microstructure abnormalities. The COVID_SD group showed specific WM microstructure changes in right inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus (IFOF) (lower fractional anisotropy [FA]/axial diffusivity [AD] and higher radial diffusivity [RD]) and left corticospinal tract (CST) (higher FA and lower RD) and higher interleukin-1β (IL-1β) compared with COVID_NonSD group. These WM abnormalities and IL-1β levels were correlated PSQI score. After 3 months, the IFOF integrity and IL-1β levels tended to return to normal accompanied by symptom improvement in the COVID_SD relative to baseline. CONCLUSION Abnormalities in right IFOF and left CST and elevated IL-1β levels were important neurophenotypes correlated with COVID_SD, which might provide new insights into the pathogenesis of neuroinflammation in SD patients induced by COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Qin
- Medical College of Guangxi University, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China; Department of Radiology, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Gaoxiong Duan
- Department of Radiology, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Kaixuan Zhou
- Department of Radiology, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Lixia Qin
- Department of Sleep Medicine, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Yinqi Lai
- Department of Radiology, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Radiology, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Yian Lu
- Department of Sleep Medicine, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Bei Peng
- Department of Radiology, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Radiology, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhou
- Department of Radiology, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Jiazhu Huang
- Department of Radiology, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Jinli Huang
- Department of Radiology, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Lingyan Liang
- Department of Radiology, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Yichen Wei
- Department of Radiology, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Qingping Zhang
- Department of Radiology, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiaocheng Li
- Department of Radiology, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Yinfei OuYang
- Department of Radiology, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Bolin Bin
- Department of Radiology, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Mingming Zhao
- Department of Sleep Medicine, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China.
| | - Jianrong Yang
- Guangxi Clinical Reserch Center for Sleep Medicine, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China.
| | - Demao Deng
- Medical College of Guangxi University, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China; Department of Radiology, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, 530021, Guangxi, China.
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Schiera G, Di Liegro CM, Schirò G, Sorbello G, Di Liegro I. Involvement of Astrocytes in the Formation, Maintenance, and Function of the Blood-Brain Barrier. Cells 2024; 13:150. [PMID: 38247841 PMCID: PMC10813980 DOI: 10.3390/cells13020150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a fundamental structure that protects the composition of the brain by determining which ions, metabolites, and nutrients are allowed to enter the brain from the blood or to leave it towards the circulation. The BBB is structurally composed of a layer of brain capillary endothelial cells (BCECs) bound to each other through tight junctions (TJs). However, its development as well as maintenance and properties are controlled by the other brain cells that contact the BCECs: pericytes, glial cells, and even neurons themselves. Astrocytes seem, in particular, to have a very important role in determining and controlling most properties of the BBB. Here, we will focus on these latter cells, since the comprehension of their roles in brain physiology has been continuously expanding, even including the ability to participate in neurotransmission and in complex functions such as learning and memory. Accordingly, pathological conditions that alter astrocytic functions can alter the BBB's integrity, thus compromising many brain activities. In this review, we will also refer to different kinds of in vitro BBB models used to study the BBB's properties, evidencing its modifications under pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Schiera
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (Dipartimento di Scienzee Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche) (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (G.S.); (C.M.D.L.)
| | - Carlo Maria Di Liegro
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (Dipartimento di Scienzee Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche) (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (G.S.); (C.M.D.L.)
| | - Giuseppe Schirò
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (G.S.); (G.S.)
- Neurology and Multiple Sclerosis Center, Unità Operativa Complessa (UOC), Foundation Institute “G. Giglio”, 90015 Cefalù, Italy
| | - Gabriele Sorbello
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (G.S.); (G.S.)
| | - Italia Di Liegro
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (G.S.); (G.S.)
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Luchian ML, Higny J, Benoit M, Robaye B, Berners Y, Henry JP, Colle B, Xhaët O, Blommaert D, Droogmans S, Motoc AI, Cosyns B, Gabriel L, Guedes A, Demeure F. Unmasking Pandemic Echoes: An In-Depth Review of Long COVID's Unabated Cardiovascular Consequences beyond 2020. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:3368. [PMID: 37958264 PMCID: PMC10647305 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13213368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
At the beginning of 2020, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) emerged as a new pandemic, leading to a worldwide health crisis and overwhelming healthcare systems due to high numbers of hospital admissions, insufficient resources, and a lack of standardized therapeutic protocols. Multiple genetic variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have been detected since its first public declaration in 2020, some of them being considered variants of concern (VOCs) corresponding to several pandemic waves. Nevertheless, a growing number of COVID-19 patients are continuously discharged from hospitals, remaining symptomatic even months after their first episode of COVID-19 infection. Long COVID-19 or 'post-acute COVID-19 syndrome' emerged as the new pandemic, being characterized by a high variability of clinical manifestations ranging from cardiorespiratory and neurological symptoms such as chest pain, exertional dyspnoea or cognitive disturbance to psychological disturbances, e.g., depression, anxiety or sleep disturbance with a crucial impact on patients' quality of life. Moreover, Long COVID is viewed as a new cardiovascular risk factor capable of modifying the trajectory of current and future cardiovascular diseases, altering the patients' prognosis. Therefore, in this review we address the current definitions of Long COVID and its pathophysiology, with a focus on cardiovascular manifestations. Furthermore, we aim to review the mechanisms of acute and chronic cardiac injury and the variety of cardiovascular sequelae observed in recovered COVID-19 patients, in addition to the potential role of Long COVID clinics in the medical management of this new condition. We will further address the role of future research for a better understanding of the actual impact of Long COVID and future therapeutic directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Luiza Luchian
- Department of Cardiology, Université Catholique de Louvain, CHU UCL Namur Site Godinne, Av. Dr. G. Thérasse, 1, 5530 Yvoir, Belgium (A.G.); (F.D.)
| | - Julien Higny
- Department of Cardiology, Université Catholique de Louvain, CHU UCL Namur Site Godinne, Av. Dr. G. Thérasse, 1, 5530 Yvoir, Belgium (A.G.); (F.D.)
| | - Martin Benoit
- Department of Cardiology, Université Catholique de Louvain, CHU UCL Namur Site Godinne, Av. Dr. G. Thérasse, 1, 5530 Yvoir, Belgium (A.G.); (F.D.)
| | - Benoit Robaye
- Department of Cardiology, Université Catholique de Louvain, CHU UCL Namur Site Godinne, Av. Dr. G. Thérasse, 1, 5530 Yvoir, Belgium (A.G.); (F.D.)
| | - Yannick Berners
- Department of Cardiology, Université Catholique de Louvain, CHU UCL Namur Site Godinne, Av. Dr. G. Thérasse, 1, 5530 Yvoir, Belgium (A.G.); (F.D.)
| | - Jean-Philippe Henry
- Department of Cardiology, Université Catholique de Louvain, CHU UCL Namur Site Godinne, Av. Dr. G. Thérasse, 1, 5530 Yvoir, Belgium (A.G.); (F.D.)
| | - Benjamin Colle
- Department of Cardiology, Université Catholique de Louvain, CHU UCL Namur Site Godinne, Av. Dr. G. Thérasse, 1, 5530 Yvoir, Belgium (A.G.); (F.D.)
| | - Olivier Xhaët
- Department of Cardiology, Université Catholique de Louvain, CHU UCL Namur Site Godinne, Av. Dr. G. Thérasse, 1, 5530 Yvoir, Belgium (A.G.); (F.D.)
| | - Dominique Blommaert
- Department of Cardiology, Université Catholique de Louvain, CHU UCL Namur Site Godinne, Av. Dr. G. Thérasse, 1, 5530 Yvoir, Belgium (A.G.); (F.D.)
| | - Steven Droogmans
- Department of Cardiology, Centrum voor Hart-en Vaatziekten, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Andreea Iulia Motoc
- Department of Cardiology, Centrum voor Hart-en Vaatziekten, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bernard Cosyns
- Department of Cardiology, Centrum voor Hart-en Vaatziekten, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laurence Gabriel
- Department of Cardiology, Université Catholique de Louvain, CHU UCL Namur Site Godinne, Av. Dr. G. Thérasse, 1, 5530 Yvoir, Belgium (A.G.); (F.D.)
| | - Antoine Guedes
- Department of Cardiology, Université Catholique de Louvain, CHU UCL Namur Site Godinne, Av. Dr. G. Thérasse, 1, 5530 Yvoir, Belgium (A.G.); (F.D.)
| | - Fabian Demeure
- Department of Cardiology, Université Catholique de Louvain, CHU UCL Namur Site Godinne, Av. Dr. G. Thérasse, 1, 5530 Yvoir, Belgium (A.G.); (F.D.)
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Sievert T, Didriksson I, Spångfors M, Lilja G, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Frigyesi A, Friberg H. Neurofilament light chain on intensive care admission is an independent predictor of mortality in COVID-19: a prospective multicenter study. Intensive Care Med Exp 2023; 11:66. [PMID: 37768470 PMCID: PMC10539241 DOI: 10.1186/s40635-023-00547-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurofilament light chain (NfL), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and total-tau protein (tau) are novel blood biomarkers of neurological injury, and may be used to predict outcomes in critical COVID-19. METHODS A prospective multicentre cohort study of 117 consecutive and critically ill COVID-19 patients in six intensive care units (ICUs) in southern Sweden between May and November 2020. Serial NfL, GFAP and tau were analysed in relation to mortality, the Glasgow Outcome Scale Extended (GOSE) and the physical (PCS) and mental (MCS) components of health-related quality of life at one year. RESULTS NfL, GFAP and tau on ICU admission predicted one-year mortality with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.82 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.74[Formula: see text]0.90), 0.72 (95% CI 0.62[Formula: see text]0.82) and 0.66 (95% CI 0.54[Formula: see text]0.77). NfL on admission was an independent predictor of one-year mortality (p = 0.039). Low NfL and GFAP values were associated with good PCS ([Formula: see text]45) at one year but not with good MCS ([Formula: see text]45) or GOSE ([Formula: see text]5). CONCLUSIONS NfL on ICU admission was an independent predictor of mortality. High levels of NfL, GFAP and tau were associated with mortality but not with poor GOSE in survivors at one year. Low levels of NfL and GFAP were associated with improved physical health-related quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodor Sievert
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Lund University, Lund, SE-22185 Sweden
- Department of Intensive and Perioperative Care, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, SE-22185 Sweden
| | - Ingrid Didriksson
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Lund University, Lund, SE-22185 Sweden
- Department of Intensive and Perioperative Care, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, SE-20502 Sweden
| | - Martin Spångfors
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Lund University, Lund, SE-22185 Sweden
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Kristianstad Hospital, Kristianstad, SE-29133 Sweden
| | - Gisela Lilja
- Department of Neurology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, SE-22185 Sweden
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, SE-43180 Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, SE-43180 Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, SE-43180 Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, SE-43180 Sweden
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
- United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hong Kong, China
- Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States of America
| | - Attila Frigyesi
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Lund University, Lund, SE-22185 Sweden
- Department of Intensive and Perioperative Care, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, SE-22185 Sweden
| | - Hans Friberg
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Lund University, Lund, SE-22185 Sweden
- Department of Intensive and Perioperative Care, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, SE-20502 Sweden
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Shafqat A, Omer MH, Albalkhi I, Alabdul Razzak G, Abdulkader H, Abdul Rab S, Sabbah BN, Alkattan K, Yaqinuddin A. Neutrophil extracellular traps and long COVID. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1254310. [PMID: 37828990 PMCID: PMC10565006 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1254310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-acute COVID-19 sequelae, commonly known as long COVID, encompasses a range of systemic symptoms experienced by a significant number of COVID-19 survivors. The underlying pathophysiology of long COVID has become a topic of intense research discussion. While chronic inflammation in long COVID has received considerable attention, the role of neutrophils, which are the most abundant of all immune cells and primary responders to inflammation, has been unfortunately overlooked, perhaps due to their short lifespan. In this review, we discuss the emerging role of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in the persistent inflammatory response observed in long COVID patients. We present early evidence linking the persistence of NETs to pulmonary fibrosis, cardiovascular abnormalities, and neurological dysfunction in long COVID. Several uncertainties require investigation in future studies. These include the mechanisms by which SARS-CoV-2 brings about sustained neutrophil activation phenotypes after infection resolution; whether the heterogeneity of neutrophils seen in acute SARS-CoV-2 infection persists into the chronic phase; whether the presence of autoantibodies in long COVID can induce NETs and protect them from degradation; whether NETs exert differential, organ-specific effects; specifically which NET components contribute to organ-specific pathologies, such as pulmonary fibrosis; and whether senescent cells can drive NET formation through their pro-inflammatory secretome in long COVID. Answering these questions may pave the way for the development of clinically applicable strategies targeting NETs, providing relief for this emerging health crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Areez Shafqat
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed H. Omer
- School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Khaled Alkattan
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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10
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Gotelli E, Soldano S, Hysa E, Casabella A, Cere A, Pizzorni C, Paolino S, Sulli A, Smith V, Cutolo M. Understanding the Immune-Endocrine Effects of Vitamin D in SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Role in Protecting against Neurodamage. Neuroimmunomodulation 2023; 30:185-195. [PMID: 37557090 PMCID: PMC10614436 DOI: 10.1159/000533286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcitriol and hydroxyderivatives of lumisterol and tachisterol are secosteroid hormones with immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties. Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, several studies have correlated deficient serum concentrations of vitamin D3 (calcifediol) with increased severity of the course of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Among systemic complications, subjective (anosmia, ageusia, depression, dizziness) and objective (ischemic stroke, meningoencephalitis, myelitis, seizures, Guillain-Barré syndrome) neurological symptoms have been reported in up to 80% of severe COVID-19 patients. In this narrative review, we will resume the pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2 infection and the mechanisms of acute and chronic neurological damage. SARS-CoV-2 can disrupt the integrity of the endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to enter the nervous central system. Invasion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and polarization of astrocytes and microglia cells always in a pro-inflammatory sense together with the pro-coagulative phenotype of cerebral endothelial cells in response to both SARS-CoV-2 and immune cells invasion (immunothrombosis) are the major drivers of neurodamage. Calcitriol and hydroxyderivatives of lumisterol and tachisterol could play an adjuvant role in neuroprotection through mitigation of neuroinflammation and protection of endothelial integrity of the BBB. Dedicated studies on this topic are currently lacking and are desirable to confirm the link between vitamin D3 and neuroprotection in COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Gotelli
- Laboratory of Experimental Rheumatology and Academic Division of Clinical Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine and Specialties, University of Genova, IRCCS San Martino Polyclinic Hospital, Genoa, Italy
| | - Stefano Soldano
- Laboratory of Experimental Rheumatology and Academic Division of Clinical Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine and Specialties, University of Genova, IRCCS San Martino Polyclinic Hospital, Genoa, Italy
| | - Elvis Hysa
- Laboratory of Experimental Rheumatology and Academic Division of Clinical Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine and Specialties, University of Genova, IRCCS San Martino Polyclinic Hospital, Genoa, Italy
| | - Andrea Casabella
- Laboratory of Experimental Rheumatology and Academic Division of Clinical Rheumatology, IRCCS San Martino Polyclinic Hospital, Genoa, Italy
| | - Andrea Cere
- Laboratory of Experimental Rheumatology and Academic Division of Clinical Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine and Specialties, University of Genova, IRCCS San Martino Polyclinic Hospital, Genoa, Italy
| | - Carmen Pizzorni
- Laboratory of Experimental Rheumatology and Academic Division of Clinical Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine and Specialties, University of Genova, IRCCS San Martino Polyclinic Hospital, Genoa, Italy
| | - Sabrina Paolino
- Laboratory of Experimental Rheumatology and Academic Division of Clinical Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine and Specialties, University of Genova, IRCCS San Martino Polyclinic Hospital, Genoa, Italy
| | - Alberto Sulli
- Laboratory of Experimental Rheumatology and Academic Division of Clinical Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine and Specialties, University of Genova, IRCCS San Martino Polyclinic Hospital, Genoa, Italy
| | - Vanessa Smith
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Rheumatology, Ghent University Hospital, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
- Unit for Molecular Immunology and Inflammation, Inflammation Research Center, Flemish Institute for Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Maurizio Cutolo
- Laboratory of Experimental Rheumatology and Academic Division of Clinical Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine and Specialties, University of Genova, IRCCS San Martino Polyclinic Hospital, Genoa, Italy
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