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Quan W, Xu CS, Li XC, Yang C, Lan T, Wang MY, Yu DH, Tang F, Wang ZF, Li ZQ. Telmisartan inhibits microglia-induced neurotoxic A1 astrocyte conversion via PPARγ-mediated NF-κB/p65 degradation. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 123:110761. [PMID: 37544025 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes are crucially involved in neuroinflammation. Activated astrocytes exhibit at least two phenotypes, A1 (neurotoxic) and A2 (neuroprotective). The A1 phenotype is the major reactive astrocyte phenotype involved in aging and neurodegenerative diseases. Telmisartan, which is an antihypertensive agent, is a promising neuroprotective agent. This study aimed to investigate the effects of telmisartan on the phenotype of reactive astrocytes. Astrocytes were activated by culturing with the conditioned medium derived from lipopolysaccharide-stimulated microglia. This conditioned medium induced early, transient A2 astrocyte conversion (within 24 h) and late, sustained A1 conversion (beginning at 24 h and lasting up to 7 days), with a concomitant increase in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin [IL]-1β, tumor necrosis factor [TNF]α, and IL-6) and phosphorylation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB)/p65. Telmisartan treatment promoted and inhibited A2 and A1 conversion, respectively. Telmisartan reduced total and phosphorylated p65 protein levels. Losartan, a specific angiotensin II type-1 receptor (AT1R) blocker, did not influence the reactive state of astrocytes. Additionally, AT1R activation by angiotensin II did not induce the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and A1/A2 markers, indicating that the AT1R signaling pathway is not involved in the astrocyte-mediated inflammatory response. A peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) antagonist reversed the effects of telmisartan. Moreover, telmisartan-induced p65 downregulation was reversed by the proteasome inhibitor MG132. These results indicate that telmisartan suppresses activated microglia-induced neurotoxic A1 astrocyte conversion through p65 degradation. Our findings contribute towards the elucidation of the anti-inflammatory activity of telmisartan in brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Quan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Cheng-Shi Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiao-Chong Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Chao Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Tian Lan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Meng-Yue Wang
- Department of Physiology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Dong-Hu Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Feng Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ze-Fen Wang
- Department of Physiology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Zhi-Qiang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Brain Glioma Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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Lu TL, Wu SN. Investigating the Impact of Selective Modulators on the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System: Unraveling Their Off-Target Perturbations of Transmembrane Ionic Currents. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14007. [PMID: 37762309 PMCID: PMC10530685 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) plays a crucial role in maintaining various physiological processes in the body, including blood pressure regulation, electrolyte balance, and overall cardiovascular health. However, any compounds or drugs known to perturb the RAAS might have an additional impact on transmembrane ionic currents. In this retrospective review article, we aimed to present a selection of chemical compounds or medications that have long been recognized as interfering with the RAAS. It is noteworthy that these substances may also exhibit regulatory effects in different types of ionic currents. Apocynin, known to attenuate the angiotensin II-induced activation of epithelial Na+ channels, was shown to stimulate peak and late components of voltage-gated Na+ current (INa). Esaxerenone, an antagonist of the mineralocorticoid receptor, can exert an inhibitory effect on peak and late INa directly. Dexamethasone, a synthetic glucocorticoid, can directly enhance the open probability of large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels. Sparsentan, a dual-acting antagonist of the angiotensin II receptor and endothelin type A receptors, was found to suppress the amplitude of peak and late INa effectively. However, telmisartan, a blocker of the angiotensin II receptor, was effective in stimulating the peak and late INa along with a slowing of the inactivation time course of the current. However, telmisartan's presence can also suppress the erg-mediated K+ current. Moreover, tolvaptan, recognized as an aquaretic agent that can block the vasopressin receptor, was noted to suppress the amplitude of the delayed-rectifier K+ current and the M-type K+ current directly. The above results indicate that these substances not only have an interference effect on the RAAS but also exert regulatory effects on different types of ionic currents. Therefore, to determine their mechanisms of action, it is necessary to gain a deeper understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Te-Ling Lu
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan;
| | - Sheng-Nan Wu
- Department of Research and Education, An Nan Hospital, China Medical University, Tainan 709040, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804201, Taiwan
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Hung TY, Wu SN, Huang CW. Concerted suppressive effects of carisbamate, an anti-epileptic alkyl-carbamate drug, on voltage-gated Na + and hyperpolarization-activated cation currents. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1159067. [PMID: 37293624 PMCID: PMC10244622 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1159067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Carisbamate (CRS, RWJ-333369) is a new anti-seizure medication. It remains unclear whether and how CRS can perturb the magnitude and/or gating kinetics of membrane ionic currents, despite a few reports demonstrating its ability to suppress voltage-gated Na+ currents. In this study, we observed a set of whole-cell current recordings and found that CRS effectively suppressed the voltage-gated Na+ (INa) and hyperpolarization-activated cation currents (Ih) intrinsically in electrically excitable cells (GH3 cells). The effective IC50 values of CRS for the differential suppression of transient (INa(T)) and late INa (INa(L)) were 56.4 and 11.4 μM, respectively. However, CRS strongly decreased the strength (i.e., Δarea) of the nonlinear window component of INa (INa(W)), which was activated by a short ascending ramp voltage (Vramp); the subsequent addition of deltamethrin (DLT, 10 μM) counteracted the ability of CRS (100 μM, continuous exposure) to suppress INa(W). CRS strikingly decreased the decay time constant of INa(T) evoked during pulse train stimulation; however, the addition of telmisartan (10 μM) effectively attenuated the CRS (30 μM, continuous exposure)-mediated decrease in the decay time constant of the current. During continued exposure to deltamethrin (10 μM), known to be a pyrethroid insecticide, the addition of CRS resulted in differential suppression of the amplitudes of INa(T) and INa(L). The amplitude of Ih activated by a 2-s membrane hyperpolarization was diminished by CRS in a concentration-dependent manner, with an IC50 value of 38 μM. For Ih, CRS altered the steady-state I-V relationship and attenuated the strength of voltage-dependent hysteresis (Hys(V)) activated by an inverted isosceles-triangular Vramp. Moreover, the addition of oxaliplatin effectively reversed the CRS-mediated suppression of Hys(V). The predicted docking interaction between CRS and with a model of the hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channel or between CRS and the hNaV1.7 channel reflects the ability of CRS to bind to amino acid residues in HCN or hNaV1.7 channel via hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions. These findings reveal the propensity of CRS to modify INa(T) and INa(L) differentially and to effectively suppress the magnitude of Ih. INa and Ih are thus potential targets of the actions of CRS in terms of modulating cellular excitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Te-Yu Hung
- Department of Pediatrics, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Nan Wu
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Wei Huang
- Department of Neurology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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Ribeiro E, Costa B, Vasques-Nóvoa F, Vale N. In Vitro Drug Repurposing: Focus on Vasodilators. Cells 2023; 12:cells12040671. [PMID: 36831338 PMCID: PMC9954697 DOI: 10.3390/cells12040671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug repurposing aims to identify new therapeutic uses for drugs that have already been approved for other conditions. This approach can save time and resources compared to traditional drug development, as the safety and efficacy of the repurposed drug have already been established. In the context of cancer, drug repurposing can lead to the discovery of new treatments that can target specific cancer cell lines and improve patient outcomes. Vasodilators are a class of drugs that have been shown to have the potential to influence various types of cancer. These medications work by relaxing the smooth muscle of blood vessels, increasing blood flow to tumors, and improving the delivery of chemotherapy drugs. Additionally, vasodilators have been found to have antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects on cancer cells, making them a promising target for drug repurposing. Research on vasodilators for cancer treatment has already shown promising results in preclinical and clinical studies. However, additionally research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms of action of vasodilators in cancer and determine the optimal dosing and combination therapy for patients. In this review, we aim to explore the molecular mechanisms of action of vasodilators in cancer cell lines and the current state of research on their repurposing as a treatment option. With the goal of minimizing the effort and resources required for traditional drug development, we hope to shed light on the potential of vasodilators as a viable therapeutic strategy for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduarda Ribeiro
- OncoPharma Research Group, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
- CINTESIS@RISE, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Bárbara Costa
- OncoPharma Research Group, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
- CINTESIS@RISE, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Francisco Vasques-Nóvoa
- Cardiovascular R&D Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Nuno Vale
- OncoPharma Research Group, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
- CINTESIS@RISE, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences (MEDCIDS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-220426537
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Inhibition of Voltage-Gated Na + Currents Exerted by KB-R7943 (2-[2-[4-(4-nitrobenzyloxy)phenyl]ethyl]isothiourea), an Inhibitor of Na +-Ca 2+ Exchanging Process. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021805. [PMID: 36675319 PMCID: PMC9864174 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
KB-R7943, an isothiourea derivative, has been recognized as an inhibitor in the reverse mode of the Na+-Ca2+ exchanging process. This compound was demonstrated to prevent intracellular Na+-dependent Ca2+ uptake in intact cells; however, it is much less effective at preventing extracellular Na+-dependent Ca2+ efflux. Therefore, whether or how this compound may produce any perturbations on other types of ionic currents, particularly on voltage-gated Na+ current (INa), needs to be further studied. In this study, the whole-cell current recordings demonstrated that upon abrupt depolarization in pituitary GH3 cells, the exposure to KB-R7943 concentration-dependently depressed the transient (INa(T)) or late component (INa(L)) of INa with an IC50 value of 11 or 0.9 μM, respectively. Likewise, the dissociation constant for the KB-R7943-mediated block of INa on the basis of a minimum reaction scheme was estimated to be 0.97 μM. The presence of benzamil or amiloride could suppress the INa(L) magnitude. The instantaneous window Na+ current (INa(W)) activated by abrupt ascending ramp voltage (Vramp) was suppressed by adding KB-R7943; however, subsequent addition of deltamethrin or tefluthrin (Tef) effectively reversed KB-R7943-inhibted INa(W). With prolonged duration of depolarizing pulses, the INa(L) amplitude became exponentially decreased; moreover, KB-R7943 diminished INa(L) magnitude. The resurgent Na+ current (INa(R)) evoked by a repolarizing Vramp was also suppressed by adding this compound; moreover, subsequent addition of ranolazine or Tef further diminished or reversed, respectively, its reduction in INa(R) magnitude. The persistent Na+ current (INa(P)) activated by sinusoidal voltage waveform became enhanced by Tef; however, subsequent application of KB-R7943 counteracted Tef-stimulated INa(P). The docking prediction reflected that there seem to be molecular interactions of this molecule with the hNaV1.2 or hNaV1.7 channels. Collectively, this study highlights evidence showing that KB-R7943 has the propensity to perturb the magnitude and gating kinetics of INa (e.g., INa(T), INa(L), INa(W), INa(R), and INa(P)) and that the NaV channels appear to be important targets for the in vivo actions of KB-R7943 or other relevant compounds.
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The Modulation of Ubiquinone, a Lipid Antioxidant, on Neuronal Voltage-Gated Sodium Current. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14163393. [PMID: 36014898 PMCID: PMC9413396 DOI: 10.3390/nu14163393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquinone, composed of a 1,4-benzoquinone and naturally produced in the body, actively participates in the mitochondrial redox reaction and functions as an endogenous lipid antioxidant, protecting against peroxidation in the pituitary-dependent hormonal system. However, the questions of if and how ubiquinone directly affects neuronal ionic currents remain largely unsettled. We investigated its effects on ionic currents in pituitary neurons (GH3 and MMQ cells) with the aid of patch-clamp technology. Ubiquinone decreased the peak amplitude of the voltage-gated Na+ current (INa) with a slowing of the inactivation rate. Neither menadione nor superoxide dismutase modified the ubiquinone-induced INa inhibition. In response to an isosceles-triangular ramp pulse, the persistent INa (INa(P)) at high- and low- threshold potentials occurred concurrently with a figure-eight hysteresis loop. With ubiquinone, the INa(P) increased with no change in the intersection voltage, and the magnitude of the voltage-dependent hysteresis of the current was enhanced. Ubiquinone was ineffective in modifying the gating of hyperpolarization-activated cation currents. In MMQ lactotrophs, ubiquinone effectively decreased the amplitude of the INa and the current inactivation rate. In sum, the effects of ubiquinone demonstrated herein occur upstream of its effects on mitochondrial redox processes, involved in its modulation of sodium channels and neuronal excitability.
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Inhibitory Effectiveness in Delayed-Rectifier Potassium Current Caused by Vortioxetine, Known to Be a Novel Antidepressant. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10061318. [PMID: 35740340 PMCID: PMC9220334 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10061318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Vortioxetine (VOR) is recognized to exert antidepressant actions. However, whether this drug modifies ionic currents in excitable cells remains unclear. The aim of this study was to explore the electrophysiological effects of VOR and other related compounds in pituitary GH3 cells and in Neuro-2a cells. VOR suppressed the delayed-rectifier K+ current (IK(DR)) in a concentration-, time-, and state-dependent manner. Effective IC50 values needed to inhibit peak and sustained IK(DR) were computed to be 31.2 and 8.5 μM, respectively, while the KD value estimated from minimal binding scheme was 7.9 μM. Cell exposure to serotonin (10 μM) alone failed to alter IK(DR), while fluoxetine (10 μM), a compound structurally similar to VOR, mildly suppressed current amplitude. In continued presence of VOR, neither further addition of propranolol nor risperidone reversed VOR-mediated inhibition of IK(DR). Increasing VOR concentration not only depressed IK(DR) conductance but also shifted toward the hyperpolarized potential. As the VOR concentration was raised, the recovery of IK(DR) block became slowed. The IK(DR) activated by a downsloping ramp was suppressed by its presence. The inhibition of IK(DR) by a train pulse was enhanced during exposure to VOR. In Neuro-2a cells, this drug decreased IK(DR). Overall, inhibitory effects of VOR on ionic currents might constitute another underlying mechanism of its actions.
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Cho HY, Chen PC, Chuang TH, Yu MC, Wu SN. Activation of Voltage-Gated Na+ Current by GV-58, a Known Activator of CaV Channels. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10030721. [PMID: 35327523 PMCID: PMC8945347 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10030721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
GV-58 ((2R)-2-[(6-{[(5-methylthiophen-2-yl)methyl]amino}-9-propyl-9H-purin-2-yl)amino]butan-1-ol) is recognized to be an activator of N- and P/Q-type Ca2+ currents. However, its modulatory actions on other types of ionic currents in electrically excitable cells remain largely unanswered. This study was undertaken to explore the possible modifications caused by GV-58 in ionic currents (e.g., voltage-gated Na+ current [INa], A-type K+ current [IK(A)], and erg-mediated K+ current [IK(erg)]) identified from pituitary GH3 lactotrophs. GH3 cell exposure to GV-58 enhanced the transient and late components of INa with varying potencies; consequently, the EC50 values of GV-58 required for its differential increase in peak and late INa in GH3 cells were estimated to be 8.9 and 2.6 μM, respectively. The INa in response to brief depolarizing pulse was respectively stimulated or suppressed by GV-58 or tetrodotoxin, but it failed to be altered by ω-conotoxin MVIID. Cell exposure to this compound increased the recovery of INa inactivation evoked by two-pulse protocol based on a geometrics progression; however, in its presence, there was a slowing in the inactivation rate of current decay evoked by a train of depolarizing pulses. The existence of GV-58 also resulted in an increase in the amplitude of ramp-induced resurgent and window INa. The presence of this compound inhibited IK(A) magnitude, accompanied by a shortening in inactivation time course of the current; however, it mildly decreased IK(erg). Under current-clamp conditions, GV-58 increased the frequency of spontaneous action potentials in GH3 cells. Moreover, in NSC-34 motor neuron-like cells, the presence of GV-58 not only raised INa amplitude but also reduced current inactivation. Taken together, the overall work provides a noticeable yet unidentified finding which implies that, in addition to its agonistic effect on Ca2+ currents, GV-58 may concertedly modify the amplitude and gating kinetics of INa in electrically excitable cells, hence modifiying functional activities in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Yen Cho
- Department of Physiology, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan City 70101, Taiwan; (H.-Y.C.); (P.-C.C.); (T.-H.C.); (M.-C.Y.)
| | - Pei-Chun Chen
- Department of Physiology, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan City 70101, Taiwan; (H.-Y.C.); (P.-C.C.); (T.-H.C.); (M.-C.Y.)
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan City 70101, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Hsien Chuang
- Department of Physiology, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan City 70101, Taiwan; (H.-Y.C.); (P.-C.C.); (T.-H.C.); (M.-C.Y.)
| | - Meng-Cheng Yu
- Department of Physiology, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan City 70101, Taiwan; (H.-Y.C.); (P.-C.C.); (T.-H.C.); (M.-C.Y.)
| | - Sheng-Nan Wu
- Department of Physiology, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan City 70101, Taiwan; (H.-Y.C.); (P.-C.C.); (T.-H.C.); (M.-C.Y.)
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan City 70101, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-6-2353535-5334; Fax: +886-6-2362780
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Lai MC, Wu SN, Huang CW. Zingerone Modulates Neuronal Voltage-Gated Na + and L-Type Ca 2+ Currents. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063123. [PMID: 35328544 PMCID: PMC8950963 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Zingerone (ZO), a nontoxic methoxyphenol, has been demonstrated to exert various important biological effects. However, its action on varying types of ionic currents and how they concert in neuronal cells remain incompletely understood. With the aid of patch clamp technology, we investigated the effects of ZO on the amplitude, gating, and hysteresis of plasmalemmal ionic currents from both pituitary tumor (GH3) cells and hippocampal (mHippoE-14) neurons. The exposure of the GH3 cells to ZO differentially diminished the peak and late components of the INa. Using a double ramp pulse, the amplitude of the INa(P) was measured, and the appearance of a hysteresis loop was observed. Moreover, ZO reversed the tefluthrin-mediated augmentation of the hysteretic strength of the INa(P) and led to a reduction in the ICa,L. As a double ramp pulse was applied, two types of voltage-dependent hysteresis loops were identified in the ICa,L, and the replacement with BaCl2-attenuated hysteresis of the ICa,L enhanced the ICa,L amplitude along with the current amplitude (i.e., the IBa). The hysteretic magnitude of the ICa,L activated by the double pulse was attenuated by ZO. The peak and late INa in the hippocampal mHippoE-14 neurons was also differentially inhibited by ZO. In addition to acting on the production of reactive oxygen species, ZO produced effects on multiple ionic currents demonstrated herein that, considered together, may significantly impact the functional activities of neuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Chi Lai
- Chi-Mei Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, Tainan 71004, Taiwan;
| | - Sheng-Nan Wu
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (S.-N.W.); (C.-W.H.)
| | - Chin-Wei Huang
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (S.-N.W.); (C.-W.H.)
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Chaves ADS, Magalhães NS, Insuela DBR, Silva PMRE, Martins MA, Carvalho VF. Effect of the renin-angiotensin system on the exacerbation of adrenal glucocorticoid steroidogenesis in diabetic mice: Role of angiotensin-II type 2 receptor. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1040040. [PMID: 36465619 PMCID: PMC9712183 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1040040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Prior investigation shows an increase in the activity of both hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in diabetic patients. Moreover, activation of angiotensin-II type 1 receptor (AT1) has been associated with adrenal steroidogenesis. This study investigates the role of RAS on the overproduction of corticosterone in diabetic mice. Diabetes was induced by intravenous injection of alloxan into fasted Swiss-webster mice. Captopril (angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor), Olmesartan (AT1 receptor antagonist), CGP42112A (AT2 receptor agonist) or PD123319 (AT2 receptor antagonist) were administered daily for 14 consecutive days, starting 7 days post-alloxan. Plasma corticosterone was evaluated by ELISA, while adrenal gland expressions of AT1 receptor, AT2 receptor, adrenocorticotropic hormone receptor MC2R, pro-steroidogenic enzymes steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), and 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11βHSD1) were assessed using immunohistochemistry or western blot. Diabetic mice showed adrenal gland overexpression of AT1 receptor, MC2R, StAR, and 11βHSD1 without altering AT2 receptor levels, all of which were sensitive to Captopril or Olmesartan treatment. In addition, PD123319 blocked the ability of Olmesartan to reduce plasma corticosterone levels in diabetic mice. Furthermore, CGP42112A significantly decreased circulating corticosterone levels in diabetic mice, without altering the overexpression of MC2R and StAR in the adrenal glands. Our findings revealed that inhibition of both angiotensin synthesis and AT1 receptor activity reduced the high production of corticosterone in diabetic mice via the reduction of MC2R signaling expression in the adrenal gland. Furthermore, the protective effect of Olmesartan on the overproduction of corticosterone by adrenals in diabetic mice depends on both AT1 receptor blockade and AT2 receptor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda da Silva Chaves
- Laboratory of Inflammation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Nathalia Santos Magalhães
- Laboratory of Inflammation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Marco Aurélio Martins
- Laboratory of Inflammation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Frias Carvalho
- Laboratory of Inflammation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- 2National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Vinicius Frias Carvalho,
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The Evidence for Sparsentan-Mediated Inhibition of INa and IK(erg): Possibly Unlinked to Its Antagonism of Angiotensin II or Endothelin Type a Receptor. Biomedicines 2021; 10:biomedicines10010086. [PMID: 35052766 PMCID: PMC8773265 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10010086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sparsentan is viewed as a dual antagonist of endothelin type A (ETA) receptor and angiotensin II (AngII) receptor and it could be beneficial in patients with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Moreover, it could improve glomerular filtration rate and augment protective tissue remodeling in mouse models of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. The ionic mechanisms through which it interacts with the magnitude and/or gating kinetics of ionic currents in excitable cells were not thoroughly investigated. Herein, we aimed to examine the effects of varying sparsentan concentrations on ionic currents residing in pituitary GH3 somatolactotrophs. From whole-cell current recordings made in GH3 cells, sparsentan (0.3–100 μM) differentially inhibited the peak and late components of voltage-gated Na+ current (INa). The IC50 value of sparsentan required to exert a reduction in peak and late INa in GH3 cells was 15.04 and 1.21 μM, respectively; meanwhile, the KD value estimated from its shortening in the slow component of INa inactivation time constant was 2.09 μM. The sparsentan (10 μM) presence did not change the overall current–voltage relationship of INa; however, the steady-state inactivation curve of the current was shifted to more negative potential in its presence (10 μM), with no change in the gating charge of the curve. The window INa activated by a brief upsloping ramp was decreased during exposure to sparsentan (10 μM); moreover, recovery of peak INa became slowed in its presence. The Tefluthrin (Tef)-stimulated resurgent INa activated in response to abrupt depolarization followed by the descending ramp pulse was additionally attenuated by subsequent application of sparsentan. In continued presence of Tef (3 μM) or β-pompilidotoxin (3 μM), further application of sparsentan (3 μM) reversed their stimulation of INa. However, sparsentan-induced inhibition of INa failed to be overcome by subsequent application of either endothelin 1 (1 μM) or angiotensin II (1 μM); moreover, in continued presence of endothelin (1 μM) or angiotensin II (1 μM), further addition of sparsentan (3 μM) effectively decreased peak INa. Additionally, the application of sparsentan (3 μM) inhibited the peak and late components of erg-mediated K+ current in GH3 cells, although it mildly decreased the amplitude of delayed-rectifier K+ current. Altogether, this study provides a distinct yet unidentified finding that sparsentan may perturb the amplitude or gating of varying ionic currents in excitable cells.
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Chang WT, Wu SN. Characterization of Direct Perturbations on Voltage-Gated Sodium Current by Esaxerenone, a Nonsteroidal Mineralocorticoid Receptor Blocker. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9050549. [PMID: 34068333 PMCID: PMC8153305 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9050549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Esaxerenone (ESAX; CS-3150, Minnebro®) is known to be a newly non-steroidal mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) antagonist. However, its modulatory actions on different types of ionic currents in electrically excitable cells remain largely unanswered. The present investigations were undertaken to explore the possible perturbations of ESAX on the transient, late and persistent components of voltage-gated Na+ current (INa) identified from pituitary GH3 or MMQ cells. GH3-cell exposure to ESAX depressed the transient and late components of INa with varying potencies. The IC50 value of ESAX required for its differential reduction in peak or late INa in GH3 cells was estimated to be 13.2 or 3.2 μM, respectively. The steady-state activation curve of peak INa remained unchanged during exposure to ESAX; however, recovery of peak INa block was prolonged in the presence 3 μM ESAX. In continued presence of aldosterone (10 μM), further addition of 3 μM ESAX remained effective at inhibiting INa. ESAX (3 μM) potently reversed Tef-induced augmentation of INa. By using isosceles-triangular ramp pulse with varying durations, the amplitude of persistent INa measured at high or low threshold was enhanced by the presence of tefluthrin (Tef), in combination with the appearance of the figure-of-eight hysteretic loop; moreover, hysteretic strength of the current was attenuated by subsequent addition of ESAX. Likewise, in MMQ lactotrophs, the addition of ESAX also effectively decreased the peak amplitude of INa along with the increased current inactivation rate. Taken together, the present results provide a noticeable yet unidentified finding disclosing that, apart from its antagonistic effect on MR receptor, ESAX may directly and concertedly modify the amplitude, gating properties and hysteresis of INa in electrically excitable cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ting Chang
- Department of Biotechnology, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan 71005, Taiwan;
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan 71004, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Nan Wu
- Department of Physiology, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-6-2353535 (ext. 5334); Fax: +886-6-2362780
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Hung TY, Wu SN, Huang CW. The Integrated Effects of Brivaracetam, a Selective Analog of Levetiracetam, on Ionic Currents and Neuronal Excitability. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9040369. [PMID: 33916190 PMCID: PMC8067033 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9040369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Brivaracetam (BRV) is recognized as a novel third-generation antiepileptic drug approved for the treatment of epilepsy. Emerging evidence has demonstrated that it has potentially better efficacy and tolerability than its analog, Levetiracetam (LEV). This, however, cannot be explained by their common synaptic vesicle-binding mechanism. Whether BRV can affect different ionic currents and concert these effects to alter neuronal excitability remains unclear. With the aid of patch clamp technology, we found that BRV concentration dependently inhibited the depolarization-induced M-type K+ current (IK(M)), decreased the delayed-rectifier K+ current (IK(DR)), and decreased the hyperpolarization-activated cation current in GH3 neurons. However, it had a concentration-dependent inhibition on voltage-gated Na+ current (INa). Under an inside-out patch configuration, a bath application of BRV increased the open probability of large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels. Furthermore, in mHippoE-14 hippocampal neurons, the whole-cell INa was effectively depressed by BRV. In simulated modeling of hippocampal neurons, BRV was observed to reduce the firing of the action potentials (APs) concurrently with decreases in the AP amplitude. In animal models, BRV ameliorated acute seizures in both OD-1 and lithium-pilocarpine epilepsy models. However, LEV had effects in the latter only. Collectively, our study demonstrated BRV’s multiple ionic mechanism in electrically excitable cells and a potential concerted effect on neuronal excitability and hyperexcitability disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Te-Yu Hung
- Department of Pediatrics, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan 71004, Taiwan;
| | - Sheng-Nan Wu
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (S.-N.W.); (C.-W.H.)
| | - Chin-Wei Huang
- Department of Neurology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (S.-N.W.); (C.-W.H.)
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