1
|
Fazzina M, Bergonzoni M, Massenzio F, Monti B, Frabetti F, Casadei R. Selection of suitable reference genes for gene expression studies in HMC3 cell line by quantitative real-time RT-PCR. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2431. [PMID: 38287074 PMCID: PMC10825209 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52415-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Microglia represent the primary immune defense system within the central nervous system and play a role in the inflammatory processes occurring in numerous disorders, such as Parkinson's disease (PD). PD onset and progression are associated with factors considered possible causes of neuroinflammation, i.e. genetic mutations. In vitro models of microglial cells were established to identify specific molecular targets in PD through the analysis of gene expression data. Recently, the Human Microglial Clone 3 cell line (HMC3) has been characterized and a new human microglia model has emerged. Here we perform RT-qPCR analyses to evaluate the expression of ten reference genes in HMC3, untreated or stimulated to a pro-inflammatory status. The comparative ∆CT method, BestKeeper, Normfinder, geNorm and RefFinder algorithms were used to assess the stability of the candidate genes. The results showed that the most suitable internal controls are HPRT1, RPS18 and B2M genes. In addition, the most stable and unstable reference genes were used to normalize the expression of a gene of interest in HMC3, resulting in a difference in the statistical significance in cells treated with Rotenone. This is the first reference gene validation study in HMC3 cell line in pro-inflammatory status and can contribute to more reliable gene expression analysis in the field of neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Fazzina
- Department for Life Quality Studies - QUVI, University of Bologna, Rimini, Italy
| | - Matteo Bergonzoni
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology - FABIT, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Massenzio
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology - FABIT, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Barbara Monti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology - FABIT, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Flavia Frabetti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences - DIMEC, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Raffaella Casadei
- Department for Life Quality Studies - QUVI, University of Bologna, Rimini, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang X, Chen X, Zhang L, Sun Y, Liang Y, Li H, Zhang Y. Role of trigger receptor 2 expressed on myeloid cells in neuroinflammation-neglected multidimensional regulation of microglia. Neurochem Int 2023; 171:105639. [PMID: 37926352 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2023.105639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is an inflammatory cascade involved in various neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, and other relevant diseases. The triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is a transmembrane immune receptor that is primarily expressed by microglia in the central nervous system (CNS). While TREM2 is initially believed to be an anti-inflammatory factor in the CNS, increasing evidence suggests that TREM2 plays a more complex role in balancing neuroinflammation. However, the exact mechanism remains unclear. Notably, TREM2 directly regulates microglia inflammation through various signaling pathways. Additionally, studies have suggested that TREM2 mediates microglial phagocytosis, autophagy, metabolism, and microglia phenotypes, which may be involved in the modulation of neuroinflammation. In this review, we aim to discuss the critical role of TREM2 in several microglia functions and the underlying molecular mechanism the modulatory which further mediate neuroinflammation, and elaborate. Finally, we discuss the potential of TREM2 as a therapeutic target in neuroinflammatory disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuqing Sun
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Liang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Huan Li
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yulin Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Murillo Carrasco AG, Giovanini G, Ramos AF, Chammas R, Bustos SO. Insights from a Computational-Based Approach for Analyzing Autophagy Genes across Human Cancers. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1550. [PMID: 37628602 PMCID: PMC10454514 DOI: 10.3390/genes14081550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, there has been a boost in autophagy reports due to its role in cancer progression and its association with tumor resistance to treatment. Despite this, many questions remain to be elucidated and explored among the different tumors. Here, we used omics-based cancer datasets to identify autophagy genes as prognostic markers in cancer. We then combined these findings with independent studies to further characterize the clinical significance of these genes in cancer. Our observations highlight the importance of innovative approaches to analyze tumor heterogeneity, potentially affecting the expression of autophagy-related genes with either pro-tumoral or anti-tumoral functions. In silico analysis allowed for identifying three genes (TBC1D12, KERA, and TUBA3D) not previously described as associated with autophagy pathways in cancer. While autophagy-related genes were rarely mutated across human cancers, the expression profiles of these genes allowed the clustering of different cancers into three independent groups. We have also analyzed datasets highlighting the effects of drugs or regulatory RNAs on autophagy. Altogether, these data provide a comprehensive list of targets to further the understanding of autophagy mechanisms in cancer and investigate possible therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Germán Murillo Carrasco
- Center for Translational Research in Oncology (LIM24), Instituto do Cancer do Estado de Sao Paulo (ICESP), Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo (HCFMUSP), São Paulo 01246-000, Brazil; (A.G.M.C.); (S.O.B.)
- Comprehensive Center for Precision Oncology, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-000, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Giovanini
- Escola de Artes, Ciências e Humanidades, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Arlindo Béttio, 1000, São Paulo 03828-000, Brazil; (G.G.); (A.F.R.)
| | - Alexandre Ferreira Ramos
- Escola de Artes, Ciências e Humanidades, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Arlindo Béttio, 1000, São Paulo 03828-000, Brazil; (G.G.); (A.F.R.)
| | - Roger Chammas
- Center for Translational Research in Oncology (LIM24), Instituto do Cancer do Estado de Sao Paulo (ICESP), Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo (HCFMUSP), São Paulo 01246-000, Brazil; (A.G.M.C.); (S.O.B.)
- Comprehensive Center for Precision Oncology, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-000, Brazil
| | - Silvina Odete Bustos
- Center for Translational Research in Oncology (LIM24), Instituto do Cancer do Estado de Sao Paulo (ICESP), Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo (HCFMUSP), São Paulo 01246-000, Brazil; (A.G.M.C.); (S.O.B.)
- Comprehensive Center for Precision Oncology, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-000, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Guo X, Li B, Wen C, Zhang F, Xiang X, Nie L, Chen J, Mao L. TREM2 promotes cholesterol uptake and foam cell formation in atherosclerosis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:137. [PMID: 37133566 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04786-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Disordered lipid accumulation in the arterial wall is a hallmark of atherosclerosis. Previous studies found that the expression of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2), a transmembrane receptor of the immunoglobulin family, is increased in mouse atherosclerotic aortic plaques. However, it remains unknown whether TREM2 plays a role in atherosclerosis. Here we investigated the role of TREM2 in atherosclerosis using ApoE knockout (ApoE-/-) mouse models, primary vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs), and bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs). In ApoE-/- mice, the density of TREM2-positive foam cells in aortic plaques increased in a time-dependent manner after the mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD). Compared with ApoE-/- mice, the Trem2-/-/ApoE-/- double-knockout mice showed significantly reduced atherosclerotic lesion size, foam cell number, and lipid burden degree in plaques after HFD feeding. Overexpression of TREM2 in cultured vascular SMCs and macrophages exacerbates lipid influx and foam cell formation by upregulating the expression of the scavenger receptor CD36. Mechanistically, TREM2 inhibits the phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and peroxisome proliferator activated-receptor gamma (PPARγ), thereby increasing PPARγ nuclear transcriptional activity and subsequently promoting the transcription of CD36. Our results indicate that TREM2 exacerbates atherosclerosis development by promoting SMC- and macrophage-derived foam cell formation by regulating scavenger receptor CD36 expression. Thus, TREM2 may act as a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Guo
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Bowei Li
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Cheng Wen
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Xuying Xiang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Lei Nie
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Jiaojiao Chen
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Ling Mao
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Huang Z, Hu B, Xiang B, Fang H, Zhang B, Wang Y, Zhuo Y, Deng D, Wang X. Biomimetic Biomembrane Encapsulation and Targeted Delivery of a Nitric Oxide Release Platform for Therapy of Parkinson's Disease. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023; 9:2545-2557. [PMID: 37040524 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c00146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
The existence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the complex inflammatory environment in the brain are two major obstacles in the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). As a target group, we modified the red blood cell membrane (RBCM) on the surface of upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) in this study to effectively target the brain. Mesoporous silicon, coated with UCNPs (UCM), was loaded with S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) as the nitric oxide (NO) donor. Then, UCNPs were excited to emit green light (540 nm) by 980 nm near-infrared (NIR). In addition, it produced a light-responsive anti-inflammatory effect by promoting the release of NO from GSNO and lowering the brain's level of proinflammatory factors. A series of experiments demonstrated that this strategy could effectively mitigate the inflammatory response damage of neurons in the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhixin Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330088, Jiangxi, P. R. China
- The National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330088, Jiangxi, P. R. China
| | - Binbin Hu
- The National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330088, Jiangxi, P. R. China
- The Department of Internal Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, P. R. China
| | - Bohan Xiang
- The National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330088, Jiangxi, P. R. China
| | - Huaqiang Fang
- The National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330088, Jiangxi, P. R. China
- The Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, P. R. China
| | - Bingzhen Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330088, Jiangxi, P. R. China
| | - Ying Wang
- The National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330088, Jiangxi, P. R. China
| | - Yi Zhuo
- The National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330088, Jiangxi, P. R. China
| | - Dan Deng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330088, Jiangxi, P. R. China
- The National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330088, Jiangxi, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolei Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330088, Jiangxi, P. R. China
- The National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330088, Jiangxi, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chen K, Wang H, Ilyas I, Mahmood A, Hou L. Microglia and Astrocytes Dysfunction and Key Neuroinflammation-Based Biomarkers in Parkinson's Disease. Brain Sci 2023; 13:brainsci13040634. [PMID: 37190599 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13040634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease, with symptoms such as tremor, bradykinesia with rigidity, and depression appearing in the late stage of life. The key hallmark of PD is the loss or death of dopaminergic neurons in the region substantia nigra pars compacta. Neuroinflammation plays a key role in the etiology of PD, and the contribution of immunity-related events spurred the researchers to identify anti-inflammatory agents for the treatment of PD. Neuroinflammation-based biomarkers have been identified for diagnosing PD, and many cellular and animal models have been used to explain the underlying mechanism; however, the specific cause of neuroinflammation remains uncertain, and more research is underway. So far, microglia and astrocyte dysregulation has been reported in PD. Patients with PD develop neural toxicity, inflammation, and inclusion bodies due to activated microglia and a-synuclein-induced astrocyte conversion into A1 astrocytes. Major phenotypes of PD appear in the late stage of life, so there is a need to identify key early-stage biomarkers for proper management and diagnosis. Studies are under way to identify key neuroinflammation-based biomarkers for early detection of PD. This review uses a constructive analysis approach by studying and analyzing different research studies focused on the role of neuroinflammation in PD. The review summarizes microglia, astrocyte dysfunction, neuroinflammation, and key biomarkers in PD. An approach that incorporates multiple biomarkers could provide more reliable diagnosis of PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kun Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Haoyang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Iqra Ilyas
- National Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB), University of The Punjab, Lahore 53700, Pakistan
| | - Arif Mahmood
- Center for Medical Genetics and Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Lijun Hou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Redenšek Trampuž S, Vogrinc D, Goričar K, Dolžan V. Shared miRNA landscapes of COVID-19 and neurodegeneration confirm neuroinflammation as an important overlapping feature. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1123955. [PMID: 37008787 PMCID: PMC10064073 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1123955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionDevelopment and worsening of most common neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and multiple sclerosis, have been associated with COVID-19 However, the mechanisms associated with neurological symptoms in COVID-19 patients and neurodegenerative sequelae are not clear. The interplay between gene expression and metabolite production in CNS is driven by miRNAs. These small non-coding molecules are dysregulated in most common neurodegenerative diseases and COVID-19.MethodsWe have performed a thorough literature screening and database mining to search for shared miRNA landscapes of SARS-CoV-2 infection and neurodegeneration. Differentially expressed miRNAs in COVID-19 patients were searched using PubMed, while differentially expressed miRNAs in patients with five most common neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and multiple sclerosis) were searched using the Human microRNA Disease Database. Target genes of the overlapping miRNAs, identified with the miRTarBase, were used for the pathway enrichment analysis performed with Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes and Reactome.ResultsIn total, 98 common miRNAs were found. Additionally, two of them (hsa-miR-34a and hsa-miR-132) were highlighted as promising biomarkers of neurodegeneration, as they are dysregulated in all five most common neurodegenerative diseases and COVID-19. Additionally, hsa-miR-155 was upregulated in four COVID-19 studies and found to be dysregulated in neurodegeneration processes as well. Screening for miRNA targets identified 746 unique genes with strong evidence for interaction. Target enrichment analysis highlighted most significant KEGG and Reactome pathways being involved in signaling, cancer, transcription and infection. However, the more specific identified pathways confirmed neuroinflammation as being the most important shared feature.DiscussionOur pathway based approach has identified overlapping miRNAs in COVID-19 and neurodegenerative diseases that may have a valuable potential for neurodegeneration prediction in COVID-19 patients. Additionally, identified miRNAs can be further explored as potential drug targets or agents to modify signaling in shared pathways.Graphical AbstractShared miRNA molecules among the five investigated neurodegenerative diseases and COVID-19 were identified. The two overlapping miRNAs, hsa-miR-34a and has-miR-132, present potential biomarkers of neurodegenerative sequelae after COVID-19. Furthermore, 98 common miRNAs between all five neurodegenerative diseases together and COVID-19 were identified. A KEGG and Reactome pathway enrichment analyses was performed on the list of shared miRNA target genes and finally top 20 pathways were evaluated for their potential for identification of new drug targets. A common feature of identified overlapping miRNAs and pathways is neuroinflammation. AD, Alzheimer’s disease; ALS, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; HD, Huntington’s disease; KEGG, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes; MS, multiple sclerosis; PD, Parkinson’s disease.
Collapse
|
8
|
Ayyubova G. TREM2 signalling as a multifaceted player in brain homoeostasis and a potential target for Alzheimer's disease treatment. Eur J Neurosci 2023; 57:718-733. [PMID: 36637116 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2 (TREM2) has crucial roles in microglial physiology, differentiation, metabolism and survival. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) show that genetic mutations of the TREM2 increase the risk of late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD) by two to four times, disrupting the microglial function in reducing the progression of the disease. Accumulating data show that TREM2 function in AD is related primarily to the clearance of soluble and insoluble amyloid beta (Aβ42) aggregates from the brain. TREM2 also ameliorates the pathological effects of activated microglia on neuronal tau pathology, demonstrating its protective anti-inflammatory effects. However, since the excessive activation of TREM2 signalling can inhibit pro-inflammatory reactions and suppress the role of microglia in immune surveillance, at the late stages of the disease, it might promote immune tolerance, which is detrimental. The contradictory effects of TREM2 mutations on brain amyloidopathy and tauopathy in multiple mouse models, as well as studies revealing various effects of TREM2 overexpression, complicate the understanding of the role that TREM2 plays in AD aetiopathogenesis. In this review, we summarize the latest developments regarding the significance of TREM2 signalling in the stability of microglial pro- and anti-inflammatory activations and propose the mechanisms that should be targeted in the future to treat AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gunel Ayyubova
- Department of Cytology, Embryology and Histology, Azerbaijan Medical University, Baku, Azerbaijan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ma WY, Wang SS, Wu QL, Zhou X, Chu SF, Chen NH. The versatile role of TREM2 in regulating of microglia fate in the ischemic stroke. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 109:108733. [PMID: 35525233 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are the earliest activated and the longest lasting immune cells after stroke, and they participate in almost all the pathological reactions after stroke. However, their regulatory mechanism has not been fully elucidated. Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2 (TREM2) is a cell surface receptor that is mainly expressed in microglia of the central nervous system. The receptor plays an important role in regulating microglia energy metabolism and phenotypic transformation. At present, TREM2 has been developed as a potential target for AD, coronary atherosclerosis and other diseases. However, TREM2 does not provide a systematic summary of the functional transformation and intrinsic molecular mechanisms of microglia after stroke. In this paper, we have summarized the functional changes of TREM2 in microglia after stroke in recent years, and found that TREM2 has important effects on energy metabolism, phagocytosis and anti-inflammatory function of microglia after stroke, suggesting that TREM2 is a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yu Ma
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Sha-Sha Wang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Qing-Lin Wu
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medical & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Shi-Feng Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medical & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Nai-Hong Chen
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China; State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medical & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
| |
Collapse
|