Association Between Antihypertensive Medication Use and Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Association between long-term use of calcium channel blockers (CCB) and the risk of breast cancer: a retrospective longitudinal observational study protocol

INTRODUCTION

Calcium channel blockers (CCB), a commonly prescribed antihypertensive (AHT) medicine, may be associated with increased risk of breast cancer. The proposed study aims to examine whether long-term CCB use is associated with the development of breast cancer and to characterise the dose-response nature of any identified association, to inform future hypertension management.

METHODS AND ANALYSIS

The study will use data from 2 of Australia's largest cohort studies; the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health, and the 45 and Up Study, combined with the Rotterdam Study. Eligible women will be those with diagnosed hypertension, no history of breast cancer and no prior CCB use at start of follow-up (2004-2009). Cumulative dose-duration exposure to CCB and other AHT medicines will be captured at the earliest date of: the outcome (a diagnosis of invasive breast cancer); a competing risk event (eg, bilateral mastectomy without a diagnosis of breast cancer, death prior to any diagnosis of breast cancer) or end of follow-up (censoring event). Fine and Gray competing risks regression will be used to assess the association between CCB use and development of breast cancer using a generalised propensity score to adjust for baseline covariates. Time-varying covariates related to interaction with health services will also be included in the model. Data will be harmonised across cohorts to achieve identical protocols and a two-step random effects individual patient-level meta-analysis will be used.

ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION

Ethical approval was obtained from the following Human research Ethics Committees: Curtin University (ref No. HRE2022-0335), NSW Population and Health Services Research Ethics Committee (2022/ETH01392/2022.31), ACT Research Ethics and Governance Office approval under National Mutual Acceptance for multijurisdictional data linkage research (2022.STE.00208). Results of the proposed study will be published in high-impact journals and presented at key scientific meetings.

TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER

NCT05972785.

Antihypertensive drug targets and breast cancer risk: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study

Findings on the correlation between the use of antihypertensive medication and the risk of breast cancer (BC) have been inconsistent. We performed a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) using instrumental variables to proxy changes in gene expressions of antihypertensive medication targets to interrogate this. Genetic instruments for expression of antihypertensive drug target genes were identified with expression quantitative trait loci in blood, which should be associated with systolic blood pressure to proxy for the effect of antihypertensive drug. The association between genetic variants and BC risk were obtained from genome-wide association study summary statistics. The summary-based MR was employed to estimate the drug effects on BC risk. We further performed sensitivity analyses to confirm the discovered MR associations such as assessment of horizontal pleiotropy, colocalization, and multiple tissue enrichment analyses. The overall BC risk was only associated with SLC12A2 gene expression at a Bonferroni-corrected threshold. One standard deviation (SD) decrease of SLC12A2 gene expression in blood was associated with a decrease of 1.12 (95%CI, 0.80-1.58) mmHg of systolic blood pressure, but a 16% increased BC risk (odds ratio, 1.16, 95% confidential interval, 1.06-1.28). This signal was further observed for estrogen receptor positive (ER +) BC (1.17, 1.06-1.28). In addition, one SD decrease in expression of PDE1B in blood was associated with 7% decreased risk of ER + BC (0.93, 0.90-0.97). We detected no evidence of horizontal pleiotropy for these associations and the probability of the causal variants being shared between the gene expression and BC risk was 81.5, 40.5 and 66.8%, respectively. No significant association was observed between other target gene expressions and BC risk. Changes in expression of SLC12A2 and PDE1B mediated possibly via antihypertensive drugs may result in increased and decreased BC risk, respectively.

The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) signaling pathways and cancer: foes versus allies

The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), is an old system with new fundamental roles in cancer biology which influences cell growth, migration, death, and metastasis. RAAS signaling enhances cell proliferation in malignancy directly and indirectly by affecting tumor cells and modulating angiogenesis. Cancer development may be influenced by the balance between the ACE/Ang II/AT1R and the ACE2/Ang 1-7/Mas receptor pathways. The interactions between Ang II/AT1R and Ang I/AT2R as well as Ang1-7/Mas and alamandine/MrgD receptors in the RAAS pathway can significantly impact the development of cancer. Ang I/AT2R, Ang1-7/Mas, and alamandine/MrgD interactions can have anticancer effects while Ang II/AT1R interactions can be involved in the development of cancer. Evidence suggests that inhibitors of the RAAS, which are conventionally used to treat cardiovascular diseases, may be beneficial in cancer therapies.Herein, we aim to provide a thorough description of the elements of RAAS and their molecular play in cancer. Alongside this, the role of RAAS components in sex-dependent cancers as well as GI cancers will be discussed with the hope of enlightening new venues for adjuvant cancer treatment.

Renin-angiotensin system inhibitors improve the survival of cholangiocarcinoma: a propensity score-matched cohort study

BACKGROUND

Hypertension is a risk factor for cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). The effect of anti-hypertensive drugs on the prognosis of CCA is not clear.

METHODS

This is a retrospective study of 102 patients (56.9% males, median age 66 years) diagnosed with CCA and hypertension concurrently and received radical surgery (R0), with a median follow-up of 36.7 months. Kaplan-Meier analysis, Cox regressions, and propensity score (PS) matching were applied for statistical analysis.

RESULTS

Results of multivariable cox analysis showed that renin-angiotensin system inhibitors (RASis) usage was a protective factor for progression-free survival (PFS) (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.55, 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 0.32-0.96) and overall survival (OS) (HR = 0.40, 95% CI: 0.20-0.79), respectively. Calcium channel blockers, diuretics, and β-blockers didn't show significant associations. The association of RASis usage and PFS and OS was derived by PS matching, with a cohort of 28 RASis users and 56 RASis non-users. The median PFS and OS of RASis users (PFS, 17.6 months (9.2-34.4); OS, 24.8 months (16.5-42.3)) were longer than RASis non-users (PFS, 10.5 months (4.1-24.1); OS, 14.6 months (10.6-28.4)). The 1 year, 2 years, and 3 years' survival rates of RASis users (89.1%, 77.0%, and 65.5%) were higher than RASis non-users (70.9%, 54.0%, and 40.0%).

CONCLUSIONS

RASis usage improves the survival of patients with CCA and hypertension concurrently.

The risk of second primary malignancies in colorectal cancer patients using calcium channel blockers

Calcium channel blockers are among the most commonly used agents in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. There are several known side-effects associated with their long-term use, whereas other potential adverse effects are yet to be proven. This study aims to evaluate the association between calcium channel blockers exposure and the incidence of second primary malignancy. We established a cohort of 1401 patients with colorectal cancer diagnosed in our institution between January 2003 and December 2016. Patients were followed-up until December 2020. The tumor characteristics and basic clinical data including medication information were obtained from the hospital information system database. Second malignancy was detected in 301 patients (21.5%), and occurred in 27.8% of patients who used calcium channel blockers compared to only 19.9% among non-users. Their use was associated with an increased incidence of bladder cancer in particular. Subanalysis of patients with second malignancy displayed a higher proportion of right-sided colon cancer compared to rectal carcinoma in non-users. Survival analysis revealed significantly better outcomes in early-stage colorectal cancer patients without a history of calcium channel blockers treatment or second primary malignancy.

Apitherapy combination improvement of blood pressure, cardiovascular protection, and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory responses in dexamethasone model hypertensive rats

Hypertension-induced ventricular and vascular remodeling causes myocardial infarction, heart failure, and sudden death. Most available pharmaceutical products used to treat hypertension lead to adverse effects on human health. Limited data is available on apitherapy (bee products) combinations for treatment of hypertension. This study aims to evaluate the antihypertensive effects of combinations of natural apitherapy compounds used in the medical sector to treat a variety of diseases. Rats were assigned into six groups consisting of one control group and five hypertensive groups where hypertension (blood pressure > 140/90) was induced with dexamethasone. One of these groups was used as a hypertension model, while the remaining four hypertensive groups were treated with a propolis, royal jelly, and bee venom combination (PRV) at daily oral doses of 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg/kg, and with losartan 10 mg/kg. The PRV combination at all doses decreased arterial blood pressure below the suboptimal value (p < 0.001), and PRV combination treatment improved dexamethasone-induced-ECG changes. The same treatment decreased angiotensin-II, endothelin-1, and tumor growth factor β serum levels in hypertensive rats. Additionally, PRV combination improved histopathological structure, and decreased serum levels of NF-kB and oxidative stress biomarkers. We concluded that PRV combination therapy may be used as a potential treatment for a variety of cardiovascular diseases.

Gestational Hypertensive Disorders and Maternal Breast Cancer Risk in a Nationwide Cohort of 40,720 Parous Women

BACKGROUND

Preeclampsia and gestational hypertension are hypothesized to be associated with reduced maternal breast cancer risk, but the epidemiologic evidence is inconclusive. Our objective was to examine associations between gestational hypertensive disorders and breast cancer in a nationwide cohort of women with a family history of breast cancer.

METHODS

Women ages 35-74 years who had a sister previously diagnosed with breast cancer, but had never had breast cancer themselves, were enrolled in the Sister Study from 2003 to 2009 (N = 50,884). At enrollment, participants reported diagnoses of eclampsia, preeclampsia, or gestational hypertension in each pregnancy. We used Cox proportional hazards models to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between history of a gestational hypertensive disorder and incident invasive breast cancer or ductal carcinoma in situ among 40,720 parous women. We used age as the time scale and adjusted for birth cohort, race-ethnicity, and reproductive, socioeconomic, and behavioral factors. We examined effect measure modification by risk factors for gestational hypertensive disease and breast cancer and assessed possible etiologic heterogeneity across tumor characteristics.

RESULTS

The prevalence of gestational hypertensive disease was 12%. During follow-up (mean = 10.9 years), 3,198 eligible women self-reported a breast cancer diagnosis. History of a gestational hypertensive disorder was not associated with breast cancer risk (HR = 1.0; 95% CI = 0.90, 1.1). We did not observe clear evidence of effect measure modification or etiologic heterogeneity.

CONCLUSIONS

History of a gestational hypertensive disorder was not associated with breast cancer risk in a cohort of women with a first-degree family history of breast cancer.

The relationships between antihypertensive medications and the overall survival of patients with pancreatic cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Antihypertensive medications may have some impacts on cancer. The influence of antihypertensive medications, including angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs)/angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers (CCBs) and diuretics, on patients with pancreatic cancer (PC) remains controversial. This meta-analysis was conducted to investigate whether antihypertensive medications had a negative effect on the prognosis of patients with PC.

METHODS

The PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and the Cochrane Library databases were searched up to 30 November 2021. The Newcastle-Ottawa scale was used to evaluate the quality of each study. This meta-analysis was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42021279169) and was carried out by using RevMan 5.3.

RESULTS

Twelve studies with 120,549 patients were included in this study. ACEIs/ARBs [HR = 0.89, 95% CI (0.70-1.14)], CCB (HR = 0.69, 95% CI (0.47-0.99)], beta-blockers [HR = 0.95, 95% CI (0.84-1.07)] and diuretics [HR = 1.08, 95% CI (0.91-1.29)] use had no effects on overall survival among patients with PC (all P ≥ 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Antihypertensive medication will not have a negative effect on overall survival in patients with PC. PC patients with hypertension should continue to use antihypertensive medications to reduce the morbidity and mortality of cardiovascular events.

Association of Hypertension and Breast Cancer: Antihypertensive Drugs as an Effective Adjunctive in Breast Cancer Therapy

Breast cancer (BC) is the most common malignancy affecting women, and its incidence in younger women is rising worldwide. Early-onset of BC is a multi-step process involving various biological aggressive tumors such as triple negative and human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2)-positive cancers. BC prevention is still arduous across the globe. A series of observational studies have established a conclusive non-genetic clinical link between hypertension (HTN) and the development of invasive BC. Those clinical associations have driven a pharmacological seek to use the anti-hypertension (AHTN) drugs as an effective adjunctive in BC therapy. The use of AHTN, especially beta-blockers and thiazides, has been recognized as a potent anti-tumor drug to mitigate BC progression, reduce the side effects of cancer treatment, and stop the reoccurrence of cancer in the survivors. Considering the dire need to disseminate the research on how AHTN drugs can be opted as the effective adjunctive therapy to cure the BC, the current review aimed to provide an update on novel understandings on association and mechanisms of AHTN-drugs against BC as an additional cancer therapy.

Angiotensin-converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers as Potential Therapeutic Options for Pancreatic Cancer

The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has been reported to have a role in carcinogenesis, and therefore it may be of value as a potential therapeutic target in inhibiting tumor growth. It has been shown that inhibition of RAS via angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin II type-1 receptor (ARBs) inhibitors may have a protective effect against several malignancies. Here, we provide an overview of the potential value of the RAS pathway and targeting via ACE/ARB inhibitors in pancreatic cancer. Whilst the potential role of RAS as a target for the treatment of pancreatic cancer has been reported, the use of candesartan with gemcitabine failed to improve outcomes in pancreatic cancer. Another study of 1-3 years using ARB was found to reduce the risk of pancreatic cancer. In line with these trials, others have demonstrated that the ARBs in combination with gemcitabine might improve clinical outcomes in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. Prospective trials are warranted to investigate this hypothesis.