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Zhang R, Zhang Z, Yan C, Chen Z, Li X, Zeng B, Hu B. Comparative physiological, biochemical, metabolomic, and transcriptomic analyses reveal the formation mechanism of heartwood for Acacia melanoxylon. BMC Plant Biol 2024; 24:308. [PMID: 38644502 PMCID: PMC11034122 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-04884-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Acacia melanoxylon is well known as a valuable commercial tree species owing to its high-quality heartwood (HW) products. However, the metabolism and regulatory mechanism of heartwood during wood development remain largely unclear. In this study, both microscopic observation and content determination proved that total amount of starches decreased and phenolics and flavonoids increased gradually from sapwood (SW) to HW. We also obtained the metabolite profiles of 10 metabolites related to phenolics and flavonoids during HW formation by metabolomics. Additionally, we collected a comprehensive overview of genes associated with the biosynthesis of sugars, terpenoids, phenolics, and flavonoids using RNA-seq. A total of ninety-one genes related to HW formation were identified. The transcripts related to plant hormones, programmed cell death (PCD), and dehydration were increased in transition zone (TZ) than in SW. The results of RT-PCR showed that the relative expression level of genes and transcription factors was also high in the TZ, regardless of the horizontal or vertical direction of the trunk. Therefore, the HW formation took place in the TZ for A. melanoxylon from molecular level, and potentially connected to plant hormones, PCD, and cell dehydration. Besides, the increased expression of sugar and terpenoid biosynthesis-related genes in TZ further confirmed the close connection between terpenoid biosynthesis and carbohydrate metabolites of A. melanoxylon. Furthermore, the integrated analysis of metabolism data and RNA-seq data showed the key transcription factors (TFs) regulating flavonoids and phenolics accumulation in HW, including negative correlation TFs (WRKY, MYB) and positive correlation TFs (AP2, bZIP, CBF, PB1, and TCP). And, the genes and metabolites from phenylpropanoid and flavonoid metabolism and biosynthesis were up-regulated and largely accumulated in TZ and HW, respectively. The findings of this research provide a basis for comprehending the buildup of metabolites and the molecular regulatory processes of HW formation in A. melanoxylon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Tropical Forestry, Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, 510520, China
| | - Zhiwei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Tropical Forestry, Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, 510520, China
| | - Caizhen Yan
- Sihui fengfu forestry development co., ltd, Sihui, 526299, China
| | - Zhaoli Chen
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Tropical Forestry, Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, 510520, China
| | - Xiangyang Li
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Tropical Forestry, Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, 510520, China
| | - Bingshan Zeng
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Tropical Forestry, Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, 510520, China.
| | - Bing Hu
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Tropical Forestry, Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, 510520, China.
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Su C, Kokosza A, Xie X, Pěnčík A, Zhang Y, Raumonen P, Shi X, Muranen S, Topcu MK, Immanen J, Hagqvist R, Safronov O, Alonso-Serra J, Eswaran G, Venegas MP, Ljung K, Ward S, Mähönen AP, Himanen K, Salojärvi J, Fernie AR, Novák O, Leyser O, Pałubicki W, Helariutta Y, Nieminen K. Tree architecture: A strigolactone-deficient mutant reveals a connection between branching order and auxin gradient along the tree stem. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2308587120. [PMID: 37991945 PMCID: PMC10691325 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2308587120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to their long lifespan, trees and bushes develop higher order of branches in a perennial manner. In contrast to a tall tree, with a clearly defined main stem and branching order, a bush is shorter and has a less apparent main stem and branching pattern. To address the developmental basis of these two forms, we studied several naturally occurring architectural variants in silver birch (Betula pendula). Using a candidate gene approach, we identified a bushy kanttarelli variant with a loss-of-function mutation in the BpMAX1 gene required for strigolactone (SL) biosynthesis. While kanttarelli is shorter than the wild type (WT), it has the same number of primary branches, whereas the number of secondary branches is increased, contributing to its bush-like phenotype. To confirm that the identified mutation was responsible for the phenotype, we phenocopied kanttarelli in transgenic BpMAX1::RNAi birch lines. SL profiling confirmed that both kanttarelli and the transgenic lines produced very limited amounts of SL. Interestingly, the auxin (IAA) distribution along the main stem differed between WT and BpMAX1::RNAi. In the WT, the auxin concentration formed a gradient, being higher in the uppermost internodes and decreasing toward the basal part of the stem, whereas in the transgenic line, this gradient was not observed. Through modeling, we showed that the different IAA distribution patterns may result from the difference in the number of higher-order branches and plant height. Future studies will determine whether the IAA gradient itself regulates aspects of plant architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Su
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Program, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki00014, Finland
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki00014, Finland
| | - Andrzej Kokosza
- Mathematics and Computer Science, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań61-614, Poland
| | - Xiaonan Xie
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya321-8505, Japan
| | - Aleš Pěnčík
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Faculty of Science of Palacký University, OlomoucCZ-78371, Czech Republic
| | - Youjun Zhang
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm14476, Germany
- Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, 4000Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Pasi Raumonen
- Mathematics, Tampere University, Tampere33720, Finland
| | - Xueping Shi
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan430070, China
| | - Sampo Muranen
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Program, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki00014, Finland
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki00014, Finland
| | - Melis Kucukoglu Topcu
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Program, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki00014, Finland
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki00014, Finland
| | - Juha Immanen
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Program, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki00014, Finland
- Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Helsinki00790, Finland
| | - Risto Hagqvist
- Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Helsinki00790, Finland
| | - Omid Safronov
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Program, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki00014, Finland
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Program, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, and Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki00014, Finland
| | - Juan Alonso-Serra
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Lyon69342, France
| | - Gugan Eswaran
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Program, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki00014, Finland
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki00014, Finland
| | - Mirko Pavicic Venegas
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN37830
- National Plant Phenotyping Infrastructure, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Biocenter Finland, Helsinki00014, Finland
| | - Karin Ljung
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183Umeå, Sweden
| | - Sally Ward
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, CambridgeCB2 1LR, United Kingdom
| | - Ari Pekka Mähönen
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Program, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki00014, Finland
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki00014, Finland
| | - Kristiina Himanen
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Program, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki00014, Finland
- National Plant Phenotyping Infrastructure, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Biocenter Finland, Helsinki00014, Finland
| | - Jarkko Salojärvi
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Program, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki00014, Finland
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore637551, Singapore
| | - Alisdair R. Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm14476, Germany
- Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, 4000Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Faculty of Science of Palacký University, OlomoucCZ-78371, Czech Republic
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Olomouc78371, Czech Republic
| | - Ottoline Leyser
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, CambridgeCB2 1LR, United Kingdom
| | - Wojtek Pałubicki
- Mathematics and Computer Science, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań61-614, Poland
| | - Ykä Helariutta
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Program, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki00014, Finland
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki00014, Finland
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, CambridgeCB2 1LR, United Kingdom
| | - Kaisa Nieminen
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Program, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki00014, Finland
- Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Helsinki00790, Finland
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Soheili F, Abdul-Hamid H, Almasi I, Heydari M, Tongo A, Woodward S, Naji HR. How Tree Decline Varies the Anatomical Features in Quercus brantii. Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:377. [PMID: 36679089 PMCID: PMC9866467 DOI: 10.3390/plants12020377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Drought has serious effects on forests, especially semi-arid and arid forests, around the world. Zagros Forest in Iran has been severely affected by drought, which has led to the decline of the most common tree species, Persian oak (Quercus brantii). The objective of this study was to determine the effects of drought on the anatomical structure of Persian oak. Three healthy and three declined trees were sampled from each of two forest sites in Ilam Forest. Discs were cut at breast height, and three sapwood blocks were taken near the bark of each tree for sectioning. The anatomical characteristics measured included fiber length (FL), fiber wall thickness (FWT), number of axial parenchymal cells (NPC), ray number (RN), ray width (RW), and number of calcium oxalate crystals. Differences between healthy and declined trees were observed in the abundance of NPC and in RN, FL, and FWT, while no differences occurred in the number of oxalate crystals. The decline had uncertain effects on the FL of trees from sites A and B, which showed values of 700.5 and 837.3 μm compared with 592.7 and 919.6 μm in healthy trees. However, the decline resulted in an increase in the FWT of trees from sites A and B (9.33 and 11.53 μm) compared with healthy trees (5.23 and 9.56 μm). NPC, RN, and RW also increased in declined individuals from sites A and B (28.40 and 28.40 mm−1; 41.06 and 48.60 mm−1; 18.60 and 23.20 μm, respectively) compared with healthy trees (20.50 and 19.63 mm−2; 31.60 and 28.30 mm−2; 17.93 and 15.30 μm, respectively). Thus, drought caused measurable changes in the anatomical characteristics of declined trees compared with healthy trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forough Soheili
- Department of Forest Sciences, Ilam University, Ilam 67187-73654, Iran
| | - Hazandy Abdul-Hamid
- Faculty of Forestry and Environment, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Isaac Almasi
- Faculty of Science, Department of Statistics, Razi University, Kermanshah 67144-14971, Iran
| | - Mehdi Heydari
- Department of Forest Sciences, Ilam University, Ilam 67187-73654, Iran
| | - Afsaneh Tongo
- Department of Forest Science and Engineering, Sari University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Sari 48181-68984, Iran
| | - Stephen Woodward
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UU, UK
| | - Hamid Reza Naji
- Department of Forest Sciences, Ilam University, Ilam 67187-73654, Iran
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Anadon-Rosell A, Dawes MA, Fonti P, Hagedorn F, Rixen C, von Arx G. Xylem anatomical and growth responses of the dwarf shrub Vaccinium myrtillus to experimental CO 2 enrichment and soil warming at treeline. Sci Total Environ 2018; 642:1172-1183. [PMID: 30045499 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Plant growth responses to environmental changes may be linked to xylem anatomical adjustments. The study of such links is essential for improving our understanding of plant functioning under global change. We investigated the xylem anatomy and above-ground growth of the dwarf shrub Vaccinium myrtillus in the understorey of Larix decidua and Pinus uncinata at the Swiss treeline after 9 years of free-air CO2 enrichment (+200 ppm) and 6 years of soil warming (+4 °C). We aimed to determine the responses of xylem anatomical traits and growth to these treatments, and to analyse xylem anatomy-growth relationships. We quantified anatomical characteristics of vessels and ray parenchyma and measured xylem ring width (RW), above-ground biomass and shoot elongation as growth parameters. Our results showed strong positive correlations between theoretical hydraulic conductivity (Kh) and shoot increment length or total biomass across all treatments. However, while soil warming stimulated shoot elongation and RW, it reduced vessel size (Dh) by 14%. Elevated CO2 had smaller effects than soil warming: it increased Dh (5%) in the last experimental years and only influenced growth by increasing basal stem size. The abundance of ray parenchyma, representing storage capacity, did not change under any treatment. Our results demonstrate a link between growth and stem Kh in V. myrtillus, but its growth responses to warming were not explained by the observed xylem anatomical changes. Smaller Dh under warming may increase resistance to freezing events frequently occurring at treeline and suggests that hydraulic efficiency is not limiting for V. myrtillus growing on moist soils at treeline. Our findings suggest that future higher atmospheric CO2 concentrations will have smaller effects on V. myrtillus growth and functioning than rising temperatures at high elevations; further, growth stimulation of this species under future warmer conditions may not be synchronized with xylem adjustments favouring hydraulic efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Anadon-Rosell
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, Soldmannstrasse 15, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany; Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, E-08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8093 Birmensdorf, Switzerland.
| | - Melissa A Dawes
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8093 Birmensdorf, Switzerland; WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research - SLF, Flüelastrasse 11, CH-7260 Davos, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Fonti
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8093 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Frank Hagedorn
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8093 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Christian Rixen
- WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research - SLF, Flüelastrasse 11, CH-7260 Davos, Switzerland
| | - Georg von Arx
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8093 Birmensdorf, Switzerland; Climatic Change and Climate Impacts, Institute for Environmental Sciences, 66 Blvd Carl Vogt, CH-1205 Geneva, Switzerland
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5
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Olano JM, González-Muñoz N, Arzac A, Rozas V, von Arx G, Delzon S, García-Cervigón AI. Sex determines xylem anatomy in a dioecious conifer: hydraulic consequences in a drier world. Tree Physiol 2017; 37:1493-1502. [PMID: 28575521 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpx066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Increased drought frequency and severity may reshape tree species distribution in arid environments. Dioecious tree species may be more sensitive to climate warming if sex-related vulnerability to drought occurs, since lower performance of one sex may drive differential stress tolerance, sex-related mortality rates and biased sex ratios. We explored the effect of sex and environment on branch hydraulic (hydraulic conductivity and vulnerability to embolism) and trunk anatomical traits in both sexes of the dioecious conifer Juniperus thurifera L. at two sites with contrasting water availability. Additionally, we tested for a trade-off between hydraulic safety (vulnerability to embolism) and efficiency (hydraulic conductivity). Vulnerability to embolism and hydraulic conductivity were unaffected by sex or site at branch level. In contrast, sex played a significant role in xylem anatomy. We found a trade-off between hydraulic safety and efficiency, with larger conductivities related to higher vulnerabilities to embolism. At the anatomical level, females' trunk showed xylem anatomical traits related to greater hydraulic efficiency (higher theoretical hydraulic conductivity) over safety (thinner tracheid walls, lower Mork's Index), whereas males' trunk anatomy followed a more conservative strategy, especially in the drier site. Reconciling the discrepancy between branch hydraulic function and trunk xylem anatomy would require a thorough and integrated understanding of the tree structure-function relationship at the whole-plant level. Nevertheless, lower construction costs and higher efficiency in females' xylem anatomy at trunk level might explain the previously observed higher growth rates in mesic habitats. However, prioritizing efficiency over safety in trunk construction might make females more sensitive to drought, endangering the species' persistence in a drier world.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Olano
- Área de Botánica, Departamento de Ciencias Agroforestales, EU de Ingenierías Agrarias, iuFOR-Universidad de Valladolid, Campus Duques de Soria, 42004 Soria, Spain
| | | | - Alberto Arzac
- Institute of Ecology and Geography, Siberian Federal University, 79 Svobodny pr., 660041 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Vicente Rozas
- Área de Botánica, Departamento de Ciencias Agroforestales, EU de Ingenierías Agrarias, iuFOR-Universidad de Valladolid, Campus Duques de Soria, 42004 Soria, Spain
| | - Georg von Arx
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf 8903, Switzerland
- Climatic Change and Climate Impacts, Institute for Environmental Sciences, 66 Blvd Carl Vogt, CH-1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sylvain Delzon
- BIOGECO, INRA, University of Bordeaux, 33615 Pessac, France
| | - Ana I García-Cervigón
- CASEM - Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales,Campus Universitario de Puerto Real, 11510 Puerto Real (Cádiz), Spain
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Lim KJ, Paasela T, Harju A, Venäläinen M, Paulin L, Auvinen P, Kärkkäinen K, Teeri TH. Developmental Changes in Scots Pine Transcriptome during Heartwood Formation. Plant Physiol 2016; 172:1403-1417. [PMID: 27600814 PMCID: PMC5100788 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.01082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) wood is desired in woodworking industries due to its favorable timber characteristics and natural durability that is contributed by heartwood extractives. It has been discussed whether the Scots pine heartwood extractives (mainly stilbenes and resin acids) are synthesized in the cells of the transition zone between sapwood and heartwood, or if they are transported from the sapwood. Timing of heartwood formation during the yearly cycle has also not been unambiguously defined. We measured steady-state mRNA levels in Scots pine transition zone and sapwood using RNA sequencing. Year-round expression profiles of selected transcripts were further investigated by quantitative RT-PCR. Differentially accumulating transcripts suggest that, of the Scots pine heartwood extractives, stilbenes are synthesized in situ in the transition zone and gain their carbon-skeletons from Suc and triglycerides. Resin acids, on the other hand, are synthesized early in the spring mainly in the sapwood, meaning that they must be transported to the heartwood transition zone. Heartwood formation is marked by programmed cell death that occurs during the summer months in the transition zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kean-Jin Lim
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (K.-J.L., T.P., T.H.T.)
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luonnonvarakeskus, LUKE), 58450 Punkaharju, Finland (A.H., M.V.)
- Institute of Biotechnology, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (L.P., P.A.); and
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luonnonvarakeskus, LUKE), 90014 University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Tanja Paasela
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (K.-J.L., T.P., T.H.T.)
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luonnonvarakeskus, LUKE), 58450 Punkaharju, Finland (A.H., M.V.)
- Institute of Biotechnology, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (L.P., P.A.); and
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luonnonvarakeskus, LUKE), 90014 University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Anni Harju
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (K.-J.L., T.P., T.H.T.)
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luonnonvarakeskus, LUKE), 58450 Punkaharju, Finland (A.H., M.V.)
- Institute of Biotechnology, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (L.P., P.A.); and
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luonnonvarakeskus, LUKE), 90014 University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Martti Venäläinen
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (K.-J.L., T.P., T.H.T.)
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luonnonvarakeskus, LUKE), 58450 Punkaharju, Finland (A.H., M.V.)
- Institute of Biotechnology, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (L.P., P.A.); and
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luonnonvarakeskus, LUKE), 90014 University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Lars Paulin
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (K.-J.L., T.P., T.H.T.)
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luonnonvarakeskus, LUKE), 58450 Punkaharju, Finland (A.H., M.V.)
- Institute of Biotechnology, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (L.P., P.A.); and
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luonnonvarakeskus, LUKE), 90014 University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Petri Auvinen
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (K.-J.L., T.P., T.H.T.)
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luonnonvarakeskus, LUKE), 58450 Punkaharju, Finland (A.H., M.V.)
- Institute of Biotechnology, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (L.P., P.A.); and
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luonnonvarakeskus, LUKE), 90014 University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Katri Kärkkäinen
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (K.-J.L., T.P., T.H.T.)
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luonnonvarakeskus, LUKE), 58450 Punkaharju, Finland (A.H., M.V.)
- Institute of Biotechnology, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (L.P., P.A.); and
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luonnonvarakeskus, LUKE), 90014 University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Teemu H Teeri
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (K.-J.L., T.P., T.H.T.);
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luonnonvarakeskus, LUKE), 58450 Punkaharju, Finland (A.H., M.V.);
- Institute of Biotechnology, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (L.P., P.A.); and
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luonnonvarakeskus, LUKE), 90014 University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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von Arx G, Crivellaro A, Prendin AL, Čufar K, Carrer M. Quantitative Wood Anatomy-Practical Guidelines. Front Plant Sci 2016; 7:781. [PMID: 27375641 PMCID: PMC4891576 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative wood anatomy analyzes the variability of xylem anatomical features in trees, shrubs, and herbaceous species to address research questions related to plant functioning, growth, and environment. Among the more frequently considered anatomical features are lumen dimensions and wall thickness of conducting cells, fibers, and several ray properties. The structural properties of each xylem anatomical feature are mostly fixed once they are formed, and define to a large extent its functionality, including transport and storage of water, nutrients, sugars, and hormones, and providing mechanical support. The anatomical features can often be localized within an annual growth ring, which allows to establish intra-annual past and present structure-function relationships and its sensitivity to environmental variability. However, there are many methodological challenges to handle when aiming at producing (large) data sets of xylem anatomical data. Here we describe the different steps from wood sample collection to xylem anatomical data, provide guidance and identify pitfalls, and present different image-analysis tools for the quantification of anatomical features, in particular conducting cells. We show that each data production step from sample collection in the field, microslide preparation in the lab, image capturing through an optical microscope and image analysis with specific tools can readily introduce measurement errors between 5 and 30% and more, whereby the magnitude usually increases the smaller the anatomical features. Such measurement errors-if not avoided or corrected-may make it impossible to extract meaningful xylem anatomical data in light of the rather small range of variability in many anatomical features as observed, for example, within time series of individual plants. Following a rigid protocol and quality control as proposed in this paper is thus mandatory to use quantitative data of xylem anatomical features as a powerful source for many research topics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg von Arx
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorf, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Georg von Arx
| | - Alan Crivellaro
- Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro Forestali, Università degli Studi di PadovaPadua, Italy
| | - Angela L. Prendin
- Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro Forestali, Università degli Studi di PadovaPadua, Italy
| | - Katarina Čufar
- Department of Wood Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of LjubljanaLjubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marco Carrer
- Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro Forestali, Università degli Studi di PadovaPadua, Italy
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